基于分层聚类的黑色签字笔笔迹拉曼光谱研究

提出一种结合分层聚类和判别分析对笔迹成分进行分类检验的方法。利用激光显微共聚焦拉曼光谱仪对收集的市面上常见的130支黑色签字笔笔迹样本进行检测。对测量数据进行Savitzky-Golay卷积平滑和Z-score标准化处理,利用组间连接法、组内连接法和离差平方和法三种分层聚类方法对数据进行分类,将三种聚类方法所得分类结果作为判别依据进行判别分析,检验聚类方法的正确率。结合聚类树状图与正确率,最终选择在分类数为4时原始分类结果正确率为100%、留一交叉验证分类结果正确率为98.5%的离差平方和法,提出了适用于黑色签字笔笔迹拉曼光谱数据的分层聚类方法和判别验证方法。     

基于显微共聚焦拉曼光谱技术快速检测3种梭菌中肉毒梭菌

提出了一种基于显微共聚焦拉曼光谱技术的肉毒梭菌快速鉴别方法.利用共聚焦显微拉曼光谱技术(CRM)采集了肉毒梭菌、艰难梭菌和产气荚膜梭菌的拉曼光谱,比较了3种梭菌的平均拉曼光谱,采用基线校正、标准正态变换、Savitzky-Golay 5点平滑和最大最小值归一化预处理后,借助主成分分析(PCA)降维并提取特征变量,对样本...     

基于显微共聚焦拉曼技术对三种食源性致病菌的快速鉴别研究

采用显微共聚焦拉曼技术,建立了对三种常见食源性致病菌快速鉴别的检测方法。使用XploRA PLUS共聚焦拉曼光谱仪,在激光功率为5 mW、积分时间为30s、积分次数为1次的条件下,对德尔卑沙门氏菌、副溶血性弧菌和金黄色葡萄球菌进行了拉曼光谱数据的采集。对拉曼光谱采用多项式平滑算法和荧光背底扣除后,采用主成分分析法(PCA)对预处理后的数据进行降维,提取出前三个主成分的累计方差贡献率达到了95.4％,样本明显的聚为了3类。同时结合Fisher判别分析法(FLD)构建分类模型,对三种样本进行交叉验证,分类准确率达到了100％。结果表明,采用显微共聚焦拉曼技术与PCA-FLD方法结合可实现对三种食源性致病菌的快速准确鉴别且模型检测精度高,方法具有一定的实用性及参考价值。     

拉曼光谱结合聚类分析法区分检验塑钢窗

应用拉曼光谱法并结合聚类分析对26种不同品牌、厂家、型号的塑钢窗进行了深入的检验研究。采用显微激光拉曼光谱分析技术分别对样品进行检测,得到在780nm激光光源的一阶导数扩展拉曼光谱中,塑钢窗的光谱形态差异显著,荧光背景干扰弱,重叠的谱峰得到有效的分离,可构建具有高鉴别能力的聚类分析模型,采集光谱数据将其定量化,选择离差平方和法作为类间距离,采用欧氏距离作为度量区间表征样品之间的亲疏程度,进行系统聚类分析,同时结合多种方法验证衡量聚类效果,成功将26种塑钢窗样本分为了18类,实现了基于全波段光谱信息结合系统聚类分析建立模型用于准确鉴定塑钢窗种类的目的,为现场物证的区分检验方法提供了一定的理论依据。     

差分拉曼光谱结合聚类分析对塑料牙刷柄的检验研究

应用差分拉曼光谱技术对39个不同品牌的塑料牙刷柄样本进行检验,得到的塑料牙刷柄差分拉曼光谱无干扰峰,只保留纯净的拉曼峰,并且其特征峰差异显著,采集其特征峰的光谱数据并将其定量化,选择离差平方和法(ward)作为其类间距离,采用平方欧氏距离作为测量区间描述样本间的亲疏程度,对定量化的光谱数据进行系统聚类分析,成功将39个塑料牙刷柄样本分成了11类,同时通过K均值法以及判别分析法验证了系统聚类的可靠性和准确性,并且成功根据判别函数建立了预测模型。该方法操作简单、结果准确且无损检材,可为公安机关实际办案提供一定的帮助。     

超光谱技术结合化学计量法区分直液式走珠笔墨迹种类

为了填补直液式走珠笔墨迹种类区分的空白,试验对市面上常见的29种直液式走珠笔墨迹样品进行了400～1 000nm光谱区间的超光谱成像,将得到的光谱数据进行简单的平滑预处理后,按照其光谱走势进行了初步的鉴别分类,采用SPSS.25分析软件中的沃尔德系统聚类分析法进一步分类,并采用主成分分析法评价了聚类分析的分类结果。试验结果表明:按照650～1 000nm光谱区间曲线上升趋势的差异,可将29个墨迹样品分为第Ⅰ大类和第Ⅱ大类,根据系统聚类分析的树状图和按集中计划表绘制的散点图能够进一步将这29种墨迹样品分为8小类,利用主成分分析法分别提取Ⅰ、Ⅱ大类光谱数据中7个和4个主成分,其中,前两个主成分累计方差贡献率分别达到了87%,97%,用其绘制主成分得分图,结果显示8个小类中的样品均能聚在一起,表明系统聚类效果良好。     

显微拉曼光谱技术在印章油墨微量物证分析中的应用

显微拉曼光谱技术耦合高灵敏度拉曼光谱和显微镜,能快速、灵敏、无需繁琐制样及可无损地检测微量物证样品,如印章油墨等。本文采用共聚焦显微拉曼光谱技术对常用的蓝色印章油墨进行分析。方法利用10倍放大物镜,激发功率4mW～8mW可调,曝光时间0.01s～0.03s可调,扫描次数50～80次可调。该分析方法不受载体纸张的影响,能分析出不同种类、完全渗透固化、μg级的印章油墨拉曼信号。这种光谱技术为将来拓展分析其他的微量物证样品打下良好的基础。     

InVia-Reflex显微共焦拉曼光谱仪的使用与管理维护

显微共聚焦拉曼光谱仪可有效分析物质的化学成分、微观结构、应力应变等特性,广泛应用于生命、医学、食品、化学、材料等领域,在拉曼研究中占有重要地位. 介绍了InVia-Reflex显微共焦拉曼光谱仪的工作原理及使用方法,对激光损伤样品、激光强度变化引起拉曼光谱特征改变、拉曼信号隐藏在强背底信号中等常见问题进行了分析,给出了相应的解决方案. 最后,详细阐述了如何有效地管理和维护设备,以提高仪器的使用效率,为同类型仪器的运行提供管理经验.     

利用显微拉曼光谱结合化学计量学检验包装物中的毒品

利用显微拉曼光谱对包装物中的常见毒品进行了检验,分别分析了同种包装物中的五种常见毒品,以及同种毒品在物证袋、塑料袋、半透明文件夹、玻璃片、牛皮纸袋等五种不同的包装物中的拉曼光谱。并测量了硅片上的毒品样品粉末作为对照。实验结果表明,通过将激光光斑聚焦于包装物中的毒品,可以通过其特征峰对毒品的种类进行识别,但是需要排除2875.0 cm^-1处毒品和物证袋共有的特征峰的干扰。该方法可以适用于各类透明和半透明包装物,对于非透明包装物,可以采用太赫兹光谱等技术作为补充。为了使分类结果更加直观,采用主成分分析法对实验数据进行进一步分析,并且将聚类结果用热图的形式加以体现。本研究为检验包装物中的毒品提供了一种快速、有效的技术方法,在毒品的现场、原位检验中具有良好的应用前景。     

显微共焦拉曼光谱研究电化学合成聚苯胺膜

显微共焦拉曼技术被用来研究电化学合成的聚苯胺（PANI）膜. 研究结果表明：在不同的激发光聚焦深度，聚苯胺膜的拉曼光谱有明显变化.从而反映出聚苯胺膜的掺杂程度在膜生长过程中随膜厚度的增长而增加. 并由X射线电子能谱（XPS）和紫外吸收光谱（UV）分析证实.     

Nondestructive classification and identification of ballpoint pen inks by Raman spectroscopy for forensic document examinations

As a non-destructive analytical method, Raman spectroscopy often provides insufficient information to identify or differentiate the ink used for the preparation of a questioned document. In this study, blue and black ballpoint pen inks deposited on paper substrate were examined in situ by conventional Raman spectroscopy. Inks were successfully classified based on the total number of prominent bands in Raman spectra. It was found that more than 90% of the samples of the same type and color could be differentiated visually using only Raman spectra, i.e. 94 and 95% for blue and black inks, respectively. As a result of this study, a flow chart has been constructed for blue and black ballpoint pen inks allowing their systematic identification. Raman spectroscopy proved to be a fast and precise technique for forensic ink analysis.     

Classification and dating of black gel pen ink by ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatography

A novel approach for classification and dating of the black gel pen ink entries on document was developed based on ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatography (IP-HPLC). Ninety-three black gel pens were collected and divided into two groups, dye-based and pigment-based, by preliminary solubility test. The chromatographic conditions for separation of the dye-based black gel pen inks were optimized and the dye components in inks were satisfactorily separated by using 40 mmol/L tetrabutylammonium bromide as ion-pairing reagent. According to the number and the chromatographic retention times of the main dye components, the 50 dye-based inks were categorized into four classes. The inks within a class can be further identified by the percentage of each dye component. The compositional changes of the dye components in the black gel pen ink entries on paper were investigated in light and natural aging conditions and it has been found that the dye components in the ink entries underwent obvious decomposition, and the decomposing extent of the dye components was related to the aging time. The results can provide scientific evidences for dating of the suspicious black gel pen ink entries on documents.     

Characterizing different types of black fountain pen ink using the chemical approach

Fountain pen ink contains dyes, pigments, or nanoparticles as colorants; water and ethylene glycol or an organic solvent as the vehicle. The dyes in fountain pen ink are usually negatively charged acid dyes. In this study, various types of black fountain pen ink (5 dye-based and 5 nanoparticle-based) were investigated by ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) absorption spectroscopy, Ion Pair High Performance Liquid Chromatography Diode-Array Detector (IP-HPLC-DAD), Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), and Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC-Q/TOF-MS) analysis. UV–Vis spectroscopy of fountain pen ink samples showed different profiles despite their similar color. MALDI-TOF-MS analyses successfully differentiated 10 of the inks. Nanoparticle-based ink, which is usually darker than dye-based ink, showed the same UV absorption at 240 nm. The use of LC-Q/TOF-MS, however, allowed the 5 dye-based fountain pen ink samples to be differentiated from one another. On the basis of the combined results of all analytical methods mentioned above, the discriminating power values were 0.71–1.00. Among them, MALDI-TOF-MS could successfully distinguish fountain pen ink samples with similar black colors and provide an easy analytical approach for the differentiation and identification of various types of fountain pens.     

Applicability of surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering for the direct discrimination of ballpoint pen inks

In situ surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy (SERRS) with excitation at 685 nm is suitable for the direct discrimination of blue and black ballpoint pen inks on paper. For black inks, shorter excitation wavelengths can also be used. For blue inks, SERRS at 514.5 and 457.9 nm does not provide adequate discriminative power. At these excitation wavelengths, the SERRS signals of the Methyl Violet derivatives present in inks easily dominate the overall spectrum because of resonance enhancement and preferential interaction with silver sol particles. At 685 nm, this problem is not encountered as the Methyl Violet derivatives do not show resonance enhancement, while other components may still exhibit resonance. Thirteen blue and thirteen black ink lines were examined. For the blue and black inks, on the basis of the 685 nm SERR spectra, eight and six groups of spectra, respectively, could be distinguished. This discrimination largely agrees with information from thin layer chromatography (TLC) experiments, although some differences in group compositions are found. The in situ SERR spectra show good repeatability with regard to the Raman frequencies, band shapes and relative intensities of the spectral bands. However, absolute intensities cannot be used for discrimination purposes.     

Forensic classification of ballpoint pen inks using high performance liquid chromatography and infrared spectroscopy with principal components analysis and linear discriminant analysis

Several varieties of blue ballpoint pen inks were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The chromatographic data extracted at four wavelengths (254, 279, 370 and 400 nm) was analyzed individually and at a combination of these wavelengths by the soft independent modeling of class analogies (SIMCA) technique using principal components analysis (PCA) to estimate the separation between the pen samples. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) measured the probability with which an observation could be assigned to a pen class. The best resolution was obtained by HPLC using data from all four wavelengths together, differentiating 96.4% pen pairs successfully using PCA and 97.9% pen samples by LDA. PCA separated 60.7% of the pen pairs and LDA provided a correct classification of 62.5% of the pens analyzed by IR. The results of this study indicate that HPLC coupled with chemometrics provided a better discrimination of ballpoint pen inks compared to IR. The need to develop a suitable IR method for analysing blue ballpoint pen inks has been emphasized and it is hoped that the development of such a method would indeed provide a valuable tool for the non-destructive analysis of blue ballpoint pen ink samples for forensic purposes.     

Multivariate classification of pigments and inks using combined Raman spectroscopy and LIBS

The authenticity of objects and artifacts is often the focus of forensic analytic chemistry. In document fraud cases, the most important objective is to determine the origin of a particular ink. Here, we introduce a new approach which utilizes the combination of two analytical methods, namely Raman spectroscopy and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The methods provide complementary information on both molecular and elemental composition of samples. The potential of this hyphenation of spectroscopic methods is demonstrated for ten blue and black ink samples on white paper. LIBS and Raman spectra from different inks were fused into a single data matrix, and the number of different groups of inks was determined through multivariate analysis, i.e., principal component analysis, soft independent modelling of class analogy, partial least-squares discriminant analysis, and support vector machine. In all cases, the results obtained with the combined LIBS and Raman spectra were found to be superior to those obtained with the individual Raman or LIBS data sets.     

Discrimination of natural gas-related bacteria by means of micro-Raman spectroscopy

Methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) are a unique group of gram-negative bacteria that are proved to be biological indicator for gas prospecting since they utilize methane as a sole source of carbon and energy. Herein the feasibility of a novel and efficient gas prospecting method using Raman spectroscopy is studied. Confocal Raman spectroscopy is utilized to establish a Raman database of 11 species of methanotrophs and other closely related bacteria with similar morphology that generally coexist in the upper soil of natural gas. After strict and consistent spectral preprocessing, Raman spectra from the whole cell area are analyzed using the combination of principal component analysis (PCA) and Mahalanobis distance (MD) that allow unambiguous classification of the different cell types with an accuracy of 95.91%. The discrimination model based on multivariate analysis is further evaluated by classifying Raman spectra from independently cultivated bacteria, and achieves an overall accuracy of 94.04% on species level. Our approach using Raman spectroscopy in combination with statistical analysis of various gas reservoirs related bacteria provides rapid distinction that can potentially play a vital role in gas exploration.     

Forensic Identification of Dyes in Ballpoint Pen Inks Using LC–ESI–MS

The aim of this work was to develop a new technique using flow injection analysis combined with LC–ESI–MS which allows identification of dyes in ballpoint pen inks. A sample preparation procedure for the extraction of dyes from ballpoint pen strokes has been developed. The characteristic group of ions for each sample of 21 studied ballpoint pen inks corresponding to the present dyes has been determined using flow injection method. LC separation conditions for identified dyes have been optimized on reversed-phase sorbent based on silica gel. The best composition of the mobile phase for the dyes mixture LC separation was 0.1% aqueous formic acid and acetonitrile. Detection of dyes was carried out using mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization in positive and negative modes after reversed-phase liquid chromatography separation. Dye composition of ink was additionally confirmed comparing the data obtained from the literature. Flow injection analysis allows obtaining intensive ions of unknown strokes. It is difficult to get this information using only chromatographic methods, because dyes peak intensity can be low and noise of basic line high. Flow injection method allows distinguishing the analyzed 21 ballpoint pens by determining a characteristic set of dyes. The developed flow injection technique is very simple and quick. As a result, a novel approach for the identification of dyes in the ballpoint pen inks by flow injection analysis with LC–ESI–MS and UV detection without using standard dye samples has been established. It can be an effective alternative to the existing LC–DAD–MS and IR spectroscopy methods.     

表面增强拉曼光谱法快速检测中成药中吡罗昔康

建立中成药中吡罗昔康的表面增强拉曼光谱快速筛查方法。选取乙酸乙酯为提取剂,以20 mg石墨碳化黑+10 mg N-丙基乙二胺为净化剂,利用拉曼表面增强试剂对吡罗昔康拉曼光谱信号进行增强,进而对中成药中的吡罗昔康进行检测。该方法适用于胶囊、片剂、口服液、固体冲泡颗粒以及凉茶等多种中成药基质中吡罗昔康的检测,检出限为0.5~1.0 mg/kg。该方法检出限低,分析范围广,操作简便、快速,可用于中成药中违禁添加抗风湿解热镇痛类药物吡罗昔康的快速检测。     

裂解气相色谱法分析蓝色中性笔字迹的书写墨水种类及墨迹随书写时间的变化规律

中性笔是当前比较流行的一种书写工具,其墨水多采用颜料作为色料成分,很难用水和有机溶剂进行提取,故无法利用分析圆珠笔油墨和水性笔墨水所采用的气相色谱或高效液相色谱等方法进行检验。目前在法庭科学领域内还没有一种有效的方法用于分析中性笔字迹的书写墨水。采用裂解气相色谱法分析了蓝色中性笔字迹的书写墨水,根据色谱峰的个数和保留时间将收集的65个样品分成3类,其中大部分样品属于具有铜酞菁颜料主要色谱峰的第二大类。色谱峰的保留时间和峰面积比值的分析结果表明所建立的分析方法重现性好且稳定。在此基础上,对蓝色中性笔墨迹随书写时间的变化规律进行了初步研究,得出了老化曲线。