非均匀磁场约束条件下的电子束空气等离子体特性

为了揭示大气环境电子束等离子体的性质,基于蒙特卡罗程序包Geant4建立了一个包含电离、激发以及轫致辐射等物理过程的计算模型,用于模拟非均匀磁场约束条件下高能强流稳态电子束的输运特性、以及大气环境等离子体的性质。结果表明:非均匀磁场可以有效控制电子束在空气中的输运轨迹,显著降低电子束的发散;随着电子束在空气中行程的增加,电子束能谱开始展宽并向低能区移动;输运装置出口能量损失比电子束射程末端高2个量级,且随着电子束输运距离的增加,等离子体密度降低;等离子体密度的高低与电子束能量直接相关。     

高超声速类HTV2模型全目标电磁散射特性实验研究

针对临近空间高超声速飞行器目标探测与识别研究的需求,开展了高超声速飞行器非均匀等离子体电磁散射特性模拟测量研究.利用弹道靶设备发射高超声速类HTV2模型形成模拟的超高速复杂外形目标,弹道靶高精度阴影成像系统和雷达测量系统分别测量高超声速类HTV2模型姿态、全目标C波段/X波段电磁散射特性,获得了不同实验条件下模型全目标雷达散射截面积(RCS)等实验数据.研究结果表明:在不同实验状态下,包覆等离子体鞘套的高超声速类HTV2模型同一测量波段的RCS差别超过1个数量级,模型姿态角对包覆等离子体鞘套的高超声速类HTV2模型RCS影响较大,最大相差1个多数量级;在给定的实验条件下,模型尾迹C波段RCS远小于包覆等离子体鞘套的模型RCS,模型尾迹X波段RCS显著增强;高超声速类HTV2模型全目标C波段电磁散射能量主要分布在模型及其绕流区域, X波段电磁散射能量主要分布在模型及其绕流区域和等离子体尾迹区域.根据弹道靶实验条件,开展了包覆等离子体鞘套的高超声速类HTV2模型电磁散射特性数值仿真,仿真结果与实验结果之间的最大误差小于4 d B,验证了本文提出的非均匀等离子体包覆目标电磁散射特性建模方法的...     

非均匀等离子体对强激光传播及电子束输运的影响

本文介绍近期针对非均匀等离子体对强激光传播和电子束输运影响取得的研究进展,首先研究弱无序分布等离子体对强激光传播的影响,提出强激光在弱无序等离子体中存在非线性分支流传输机制,并阐明光电离效应及相对论效应对分支流的重要影响。此外,研究等离子体密度梯度对相对论电子束输运过程的影响,发现相对论电子束输运所激发的静电波在空间固定点处的波数或相速度随时间变化,并且不依赖于等离子体密度的上升或下降,静电波的局域空间波数最终随时间逐渐增大,这导致在非均匀等离子体中静电波通过朗道阻尼方式将能量耗散转移给背景电子,表现为一种由背景等离子体密度梯度引起的束流能量耗散新机制。     

静态强磁场对临近空间飞行器中天线辐射性能的影响

为了增强临近空间超高声速飞行器中的北斗天线的辐射性能,采用了施加静态强磁场削弱特定区域等离子体电子密度的方案,开展多物理场时域建模分析方法研究.首先利用具有谱精度的时域谱元(SETD)法对静态强磁场作用下等离子鞘套中北斗天线周围电子浓度的削减程度进行分析,再利用共形时域有限差分(CFDTD)方法对临近空间高超声速飞行器的北斗天线辐射特性进行建模仿真分析.本文所提方法预测了真实流场空间中静态强磁场对飞行器中北斗天线辐射性能的影响.仿真结果表明,施加静态强磁场能够对电子浓度起到“吹散”作用,从而提升等离子鞘套中北斗天线的辐射性能,为减弱等离子鞘套对临近空间高超声速飞行器中北斗天线辐射性能的影响提供理论指导.     

电子束长程传输中离子通道的振荡特性研究

离子通道可以有效抑制电子束在等离子体环境内传输过程中的径向扩散,已有工作研究了离子通道对电子束的影响,但离子通道建立过程和暂态特性研究则更有助于理解和利用离子通道在电子束长程传输中的作用。本文利用PIC方法对离子通道的时空分布进行二维模拟,并基于单粒子理论推导出描述离子通道振荡的解析模型,对上述两种模型的结果相互校验。上述模型的计算结果表明,在长程传输过程中,相对论电子束在等离子体内部建立的离子通道是持续周期振荡的,电子束密度、电子束初始半径以及环境等离子体密度都会对离子通道的振荡规律产生影响,针对不同的等离子体环境选择合适的电子束参数可以有效提高离子通道的稳定性,进而提升传输过程中电子束的束流质量。     

太赫兹波在飞行器等离子体鞘套中的传输特性

针对临近空间飞行器的黑障问题,根据模拟的RAM C-Ⅲ飞行器周围的流场分布结果,计算了等离子体电子密度和碰撞频率,并根据其分布建立了非均匀的等离子体模型。在此基础上,利用散射矩阵方法分析了太赫兹波在等离子体中的传输特性随着等离子体密度、等离子体厚度、等离子体碰撞频率的变化以及外加磁场对传输特性的影响。结果表明,太赫兹波的传输损耗随着等离子体电子密度和等离子体厚度的增加而增加,而碰撞频率的增加会使得透射率先减小后增加。在外加磁场的作用下,左旋太赫兹波的传输特性会得到改善;而对于右旋太赫兹波,磁场的施加会引入吸收峰,并且随着磁感应强度的增加向高频方向移动。     

热化学模型对高超声速磁流体控制数值模拟影响分析

针对等离子体流场的模拟准确性问题及其对高超声速磁流体控制的影响,通过数值求解三维非平衡Navier-Stokes流场控制方程和Maxwell电磁场控制方程,建立了三维低磁雷诺数磁流体数值模拟方法及程序,分析了不同空气组分化学反应模型和壁面有限催化效率等因素对高超声速磁流体控制的影响.研究表明:不同空气组分化学反应模型对高超声速磁流体流场结构、气动力/热特性控制的影响不容忽视;对于本文计算条件,Park化学反应模型在组分模型一致性、等离子体模拟准确性等方面具有一定优势;磁控热防护效果,受壁面有限催化复合系数影响较大,两者呈非线性关系,不同表面区域差异较大;磁场对磁阻力伞及其磁阻力特性影响,受壁面催化效应的影响相对较小.     

外部磁场与氩气流对等离子体天线辐射性能影响研究

本文建立了等离子体天线的二维轴对称模型,利用有限元法分析研究了低气压条件下氩气流和外部磁场对等离子体天线辐射性能的影响.本文通过改变外部磁场强度和氩气流速等条件,引起等离子体天线内部电子密度等物理参量的空间分布变化,并分析讨论空间分布变化产生的原因及其对天线辐射性能的影响.研究结果表明通过控制外部磁场强度、氩气流的大小可在一定程度上改善等离子天线的辐射性能.     

同轴枪脉冲放电等离子体输运过程中密度变化的实验研究

同轴枪放电等离子体具有密度高、输运速度快等特点,在核物理、航天工程等领域具有广阔的应用前景,已成为国际前沿研究热点.同轴枪中的等离子体密度是反映其应用特性的重要参数之一,因此等离子体密度在输运过程中的变化对理论研究和实际应用都具有重要意义.利用发射光谱法测量了H_β谱线的Stark展宽,从而计算出同轴枪放电等离子体密度在输运过程中的变化.结果显示,当电源注入能量为1.08 kJ、同轴枪内空气气压为4.0Pa时,等离子体密度在输运过程中不断增加;相同能量注入条件下,当同轴枪内空气气压增加至10 Pa时,等离子体密度在输运过程中出现了先增加后减小的趋势;当电源的注入能量达到7.68 kJ时,等离子体密度在10 Pa气压条件下输运时也出现了一直增加的现象.此外,当同轴枪内的工作气体变为氩气时,在注入能量为1.08 kJ、枪内气压4.0 Pa条件下,等离子体密度在输运过程中一直减小.     

亚大气压六相交流电弧放电等离子体射流特性数值模拟

以临近空间高超声速飞行器和航天器再入大气环境飞行过程中其表面产生的高密度非平衡态等离子体为研究对象,基于本研究组所建立的多相交流电弧放电等离子体实验平台(MPX-2015),开展了非平衡态氩等离子体射流特性的二维数值模拟研究.在亚音速条件下二维、非平衡数值模拟所得到的计算结果与实验测量结果符合良好.超音速条件下的数值模拟结果表明,随着真空腔压强的降低,等离子体射流流速明显增大,覆盖钝体头部的等离子体鞘套的厚度先减小,而后又增加,鞘套的空间均匀性以及等离子体向钝体表面的总传热量均显著降低,而钝体头部的局部电子数密度则增大.数值模拟结果为在MPX-2015上开展超音速条件下的实验研究提供了理论指导.     

Theoretical Studies of the Laser Induced Plasma Profile Near the Critical Density Region for an Adiabatic Plasma Model

A theoretical study of the variation of density and flow velocity due to pondermotive force, near critical density region of a laser – produced plasma, obeying an adiabatic pressure law is reported. The ion-continuity, momentum and wave equations are solved in a steady state. The density and flow velocity as a function of incident laser intensity are calculated and plotted for both underdense and overdense regions for adiabatic exponent γ = 4/3, 5/3, 2. The velocity decreases and density increases in the overdense region and velocity increase and density decreases in the underdense region with the increase of larger power at sonic point. It is found that the velocity is subsonic in the overdense region and supersonic in the underdense region. The nature of variation is similar to the isothermal model.     

Analysis of the Evolution of a Supersonically Expanding Plasma

A supersonically expanding arc plasma in argon is analyzed both experimentally and theoretically. The plasma is created in a cascaded arc and extracted through a hole in the anode. It emanates in a large vacuum system, where it expands supersonically. This expansion is limited by a shock wave. After the shock wave a subsonic plasma beam is created. A quasi one-dimensional model, based on the conservation of mass, momentum and energy is presented. The shock wave is treated as a discontinuity. The electron density, the gas velocity and the gas temperature are measured as a function of the position in the expansion by means of Stark broadening and Doppler spectroscopy. The model calculations agree well with the measurements, especially in the first part of the supersonic flow.     

Stability of the collisional plasma flow in a magnetic field

A collisional plasma flow moving along a magnetic field at a velocity lower than the speed of sound is considered. It has been found that stationary small perturbations increase downstream in the flow. The mechanism of the increase is related to the fact that subsonic ideal-plasma flows respond to external perturbations primarily by a change in the pressure of the plasma. As a result, the pressure under perturbation of the velocity changes so that the stationary flow is decelerated and accelerated if the force is directed along and against the velocity, respectively. This phenomenon can be explained under the assumption that the effective mass of the plasma is negative. If the velocity of the flow is inhomogeneous in the transverse direction, the viscosity force plays a role of the external perturbing force. In this case, the effective transverse viscosity coefficient, which should be treated as negative, can be renormalized instead of the effective mass. The sign of the effective specific heat or the effective transverse thermal conductivity coefficient changes similarly if the velocity of the flow is lower than the speed of sound but is higher than the thermal velocity of ions calculated from the sum of the ion and electron temperatures. A downstream increase in the stationary perturbations is called in this work spatial instability. The downstream growth rate has been determined. The numerical analysis of the evolution of perturbations illustrates the development of the spatial instability of subsonic collisional plasma flows moving along the magnetic field.     

On Current Distribution through the Cross-Section of an Arc Moving in a Narrow Insulating Slot

Current distribution across the arc plasma cross-section constructed in a narrow slot between isolating walls and other factors affecting the distribution are considered. Experimental data on current density distribution of the arc moving at subsonic velocity are analyzed. Data available on the mean current density in an arc moving at supersonic velocity and under phase transition conditions on an active surface of the walls (gas-gen erating) are summarized. Possible influence of conditions of heat transfer with walls and pressure inside the column on the extent of non-uniformity of current distribution on the arc cross-section are shown. The problems under consideration are of practical application for avoiding thermal overload of arc chambers of magnetic-blast breakers.     

超音速等离子体炬的数值模拟

介绍了描述大气压下超音速等离子体炬内等离子体特性的磁流体力学模型，在二维近似下，对会聚-扩展型喷口等离子体炬进行了数值模拟，获得了等离子体炬内等离子体速度、温度、压力以及马赫数的分布.结果表明超音速等离子体炬内的流场特性可以分为亚音速、跨音速和超音速三个明显的区域. 关键词： 等离子体炬 磁流体力学 数值模拟     

On the outflow conditions for spectral solution of the viscous blunt-body problem

The purpose of this paper is to study and identify suitable outflow boundary conditions for the numerical simulation of viscous supersonic/hypersonic flow over blunt bodies, governed by the compressible Navier–Stokes equations, with an emphasis motivated primarily by the use of spectral methods without any filtering. The subsonic/supersonic composition of the outflow boundary requires a dual boundary treatment for well-posedness. All compatibility relations, modified to undertake the hyperbolic/parabolic behaviour of the governing equations, are used for the supersonic part of the outflow. Regarding the unknown downstream information in the subsonic region, different subsonic outflow conditions in the sense of the viscous blunt-body problem are examined. A verification procedure is conducted to make out the distinctive effect of each outflow condition on the solution. Detailed comparisons are performed to examine the accuracy and performance of the outflow conditions considered for two model geometries of different surface curvature variations. Numerical simulations indicate a noticeable influence of pressure from subsonic portion to supersonic portion of the boundary layer. It is demonstrated that two approaches for imposing subsonic outflow conditions namely (1) extrapolating all flow variables and (2) extrapolation of pressure along with using proper compatibility relations are more suitable than the others for accurate numerical simulation of viscous high-speed flows over blunt bodies using spectral collocation methods.     

Numerical simulation and experimental validation of multiphysics field coupling mechanisms for a high power ICP wind tunnel

We take the established inductively coupled plasma(ICP) wind tunnel as a research object to investigate the thermal protection system of re-entry vehicles. A 1.2-MW high power ICP wind tunnel is studied through numerical simulation and experimental validation. The distribution characteristics and interaction mechanism of the flow field and electromagnetic field of the ICP wind tunnel are investigated using the multi-field coupling method of flow, electromagnetic, chemical, and thermodynamic field. The accuracy of the numerical simulation is validated by comparing the experimental results with the simulation results. Thereafter, the wind tunnel pressure, air velocity, electron density, Joule heating rate, Lorentz force, and electric field intensity obtained using the simulation are analyzed and discussed. The results indicate that for the 1.2-MW ICP wind tunnel, the maximum values of temperature, pressure, electron number density, and other parameters are observed during coil heating. The influence of the radial Lorentz force on the momentum transfer is stronger than that of the axial Lorentz force. The electron number density at the central axis and the amplitude and position of the Joule heating rate are affected by the radial Lorentz force. Moreover, the plasma in the wind tunnel is constantly in the subsonic flow state, and a strong eddy flow is easily generated at the inlet of the wind tunnel.     

Effects of downstream magnetic field collimation on ion behavior inelectron cyclotron resonance microwave plasma

Effects of a magnetic held collimation on ion behavior in the downstream region of an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma device are clarified experimentally using a directional ion energy analyzer. The drift energy and its spread of the ion beam observed in the downstream region decrease and the beam temperature increases with the collimating magnetic flux density. Then, the ion temperature measured perpendicular to the axis of the plasma stream slightly decreases. The ion beam is found to be almost parallel to the magnetic field lines, that is, the beam tends to be collimated     

Structures and properties of the potassium-doped carbon clusters KCn/KCn +/KCn −(n = 1−10)

We have reported a theoretical study on the interaction mechanism between dust particles in the presence of asymmetric ion flow and an external magnetic field in complex plasma. The recent experimental and numerical results on the particle-wake interaction ensures the dominance of the wake effect in the subsonic regime of plasma flow using the cold ion approximation. The recent developments in dusty plasma research and its growing interest towards more realistic magnetized dusty plasma scenarios also demand serious attention to study the wake effect both in the sub and supersonic regimes in the presence of a magnetic field. It is a challenging task to develop a correct, quantitative theory of wake potential for different regimes of magnetic field and ion flow velocity. Analytic expressions for the wake potential have been reported in this paper for both subsonic and supersonic regimes in the presence of an external magnetic field along with Debye-Hückel type potentials. The results show that the wake potential plays a dominant role in the subsonic regime and its strength increases with an increase in magnetic field. The behaviour of the wake potential is found to have an interesting effect on the Coulomb crystallization of dust grains and is studied with the help of molecular dynamic (MD) simulation.     

Supersonic flow in ablative discharge capillaries

The Mach number equation for plasma flow in ablative discharge capillaries was derived from a set of 1-D flow equations which incorporate the ablation and Ohmic dissipation processes. By examining this equation it is concluded that, while in the case of a capillary with a constant cross section the flow is subsonic and the sound velocity can be reached only at the open end, there is a possibility to reach supersonic plasma velocities inside a capillary with a monotonically increasing cross-sectional area.