基于光度观测的空间目标姿态与角速度估计

基于目标形状反射以及太阳、地球和空间目标三者的运动关系建立了空间目标的光度量测模型,分析了姿态角、角速度和目标形状对光度观测数据的影响。建立了目标姿态角与角速度的运动学模型,实现了对姿态和角速度的联合估计,并探讨了算法的自适应估计能力。仿真结果表明,该光度观测方案可实现未知姿态角与自旋角速度的估计,姿态角和角速度缓慢变化时算法具备自适应估计能力,但随着目标侧面数的增加,姿态和角速度估计误差增大且算法收敛速度变慢。     

利用地球红外辐射的旋转飞行体姿态估计方法

针对导航控制系统对姿态测试技术多元化、新型化和低成本的要求, 提出了一种基于地球红外辐射的旋转飞行体姿态估计方法. 首先, 根据地球红外辐射的产生机理, 结合红外辐射在大气中的传播规律, 建立了地球红外辐射模型. 然后, 分析了旋转飞行体的运动特征, 构建了红外传感器的测量模型. 为了探索红外传感器的输出信号与旋转飞行体的姿态信息之间的内在联系, 研究了不同姿态角和视场角下的传感器输出信号特征. 最后, 为了提高旋转飞行体的姿态测试精度, 设计了基于三轴红外传感器的扩展卡尔曼滤波算法来估计姿态角和横滚角速度. 结果表明: 利用地球红外辐射场进行姿态测试的方法有效可行, 俯仰角估计误差在±0.1°, 横滚角估计误差在±0.05°, 横滚角速度估计误差在±1 rad/s. 该姿态测量方法简单有效, 能够满足旋转飞行体的姿态测量要求.     

低空摄影测量在弹丸落点坐标测试中的应用

靶场现有落点坐标测试设备大多数基于地面观测平台,存在通视要求的局限性,无法及时预测落点概略坐标,且对于连发密集型射击试验无法区分弹序。针对该问题,根据物点与像点的几何位置关系,提出了3种将观测平台设置为空中的无人机弹丸落点测量方法:内差法、距离比例法以及求解姿态角法。介绍了3种算法的基本原理和数学模型,然后结合模拟试验现场的测试数据对3种方法进行了验证,最后计算出满足要求所需要的相机最低技术指标。实验结果表明:内差法和比例法测量精度低于3 m,求解姿态角法的精度小于0.3 m。     

基于视觉测量技术的控制力矩陀螺框架伺服系统标定研究

控制力矩陀螺作为航天器姿态控制的一个重要部分,对其输出力矩的速度及精度要求越来越高。目前,对于高精度的框架控制性能进行标定和验证,大都是依靠控制力矩陀螺自身角度位置传感器进行评价,精度存在一定的误差。针对这种情况,设计了一种独立于控制力矩陀螺的视觉测量标定方式。在力矩陀螺上安装6个测量靶标,靶标在相机成像平面上呈现出由离散点组成的圆弧,对标志点中心进行定位,获得高精度像元提取精度,进一步处理得到二维像点坐标,拟合出圆心和半径;根据相片上像点位置及时间信息,计算得出控制力矩陀螺在不同时刻的角速度。采用快速傅里叶变换对角度信息进行处理,得到频率和相应的幅值,根据幅值计算框架绝对稳定度及相对稳定度,最后对框架角速度控制精度和角速度稳定度进行分析。试验表明,角速度绝对稳定度不低于0.02,相对稳定度不低于0.7%,且随着角度的增大稳定度逐渐提高;角位置测量精度经过实验验证可以达到1″,满足控制力矩陀螺高精度标定要求。     

数字域时间延迟积分时间CMOS相机高分“凝视”成像设计分析

为实现凝视卫星高分跟踪成像,设计了数字域时间延迟积分(TDI)互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)传感器在凝视姿态下的成像匹配模型,推导了卫星凝视跟踪成像时相对轨道坐标系的姿态变化,采用坐标变换方法实时计算其在凝视过程中随姿态变化的行转移时间,利用蒙特卡罗方法统计计算了凝视模式下姿态指向精度和稳定度对成像的影响。利用数字域TDI CMOS原理样机和小卫星姿态控制系统全物理仿真平台对成像进行了仿真分析。结果表明,卫星的姿态控制精度在成像过程中会引起纵向的像移速度失配和横向匹配的残余像移,成像积分级数越高,图像信噪比越大。积分级数的增加对卫星姿态提出较高要求,仿真平台姿态角和姿态角速度控制精度分别优于0.05°,0.005°/s时,采用积分级数为48级能较好地满足成像质量要求。     

微光凝视成像曝光自适应研究

为实现高分视频卫星微光条件下对目标进行长周期凝视曝光成像,设计了适应凝视跟踪稳像姿态变化的自适应曝光周期算法.建立卫星对地实时凝视跟踪数学模型,搭建矢量映射的速度匹配曝光成像关系,利用蒙特卡洛方法对卫星三轴姿态角和姿态角速度控制准确度在微光成像曝光时间内引起的像移量进行统计计算,分析了一定姿态控制准确度下满足高分卫星微光成像的曝光周期.最后,利用灵巧验证卫星进行微光成像曝光周期自适应稳像姿态的在轨试验.结果表明,卫星姿态控制准确度分别为0.08°与0.0088°/s和0.04°与0.003°/s时,对应的成像曝光时间分别为18ms和55.2ms,通过对微光成像的目标点进行分析,曝光过程中成像目标点的实际偏差像元量小于1个像元,此偏差对成像质量影响较小,成像影像的信噪比高.     

旋转粗糙目标动态散斑统计特性研究

针对旋转目标视线角和角速度的特征识别问题,基于激光散射理论,分析了可见光波段激光中旋转对称目标动态特性,设计了多姿态旋转运动目标的时序散斑测量光路.研究结果表明:采用多幅图相关函数计算方法对时序图进行处理,得到了不同视线角和角速度的动态散斑归一化时间相关函数曲线.给出了目标范围为0.5r/min~6r/min角速度,范围为20°~90°视线角与时间统计特性的关系.     

大失准角传递对准算法研究

经典Kalman滤波器不适用于大失准角情况下的传递对准,故只能采用非线性滤波器进行失准角的次优估计,其工程实现效果无法满足惯性姿态系统对姿态精度的要求。针对上述问题,提出了动态解析对准与传递对准相结合的大失准角传递对准算法,设计了"速度+角速度"匹配的传递对准滤波模型。该算法利用动态解析对准算法完成大失准角的初步补偿,解决传递对准非线性误差模型无法进行线性化的问题。基于Kalman滤波最优估计理论,设计FIR低通滤波器完成观测信息去噪滤波,实现姿态失准角的最优估计补偿,以达到惯性姿态系统大失准角条件下快速精确传递对准的目的。试验结果表明,在大失准角条件下,惯性姿态系统可在50s内完成方位精度为3′、水平姿态精度为1′的初始对准。     

基于单目视觉和棋盘靶标的平面姿态测量方法EI北大核心CSCD

针对平面目标姿态测量问题,提出了一种基于棋盘靶标的单目视觉测量方法,设计安装简单,在保证测量精度的同时简化了测量过程。首先,基于棋盘靶标对摄像机进行标定;然后,利用单应性条件得到外参矩阵,并利用Givens矩阵对外参矩阵进行分解,求得姿态角;最后,在靶标任意安装的情况下,基于旋转矩阵约束条件研究了安装偏差的自标定方法。实验结果表明:距离3m时,在静态测量时垂直光轴方向姿态角的测量精度可达0.02°,其他两个姿态角的测量精度可达0.05°;动态测量时垂直光轴方向姿态角的测量精度可达0.1°,其他两个姿态角的测量精度可达0.5°。     

基于单目视觉和棋盘靶标的平面姿态测量方法

针对平面目标姿态测量问题,提出了一种基于棋盘靶标的单目视觉测量方法,设计安装简单,在保证测量精度的同时简化了测量过程。首先,基于棋盘靶标对摄像机进行标定;然后,利用单应性条件得到外参矩阵,并利用Givens矩阵对外参矩阵进行分解,求得姿态角;最后,在靶标任意安装的情况下,基于旋转矩阵约束条件研究了安装偏差的自标定方法。实验结果表明:距离3m时,在静态测量时垂直光轴方向姿态角的测量精度可达0.02°,其他两个姿态角的测量精度可达0.05°;动态测量时垂直光轴方向姿态角的测量精度可达0.1°,其他两个姿态角的测量精度可达0.5°。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.     

Design optimization of highly sensitive LSPR enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensors with nanoholes

For breaking through the sensitivity limitation of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, novel highly sensitive SPR biosensors with Au nanoparticles and nanogratings enhancement have been proposed recently.But in practice, these structures have obvious disadvantages.In this study, a nanohole based sensitivity enhancement SPR biosensor is proposed and the influence of different structural parameters on the performance is investigated by using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA).Electromagnetic field distributions around the nanohole are also given out to directly explain the performance difference for various structural parameters.The results indicate that significant sensitivity increase is associated with localized surface plasmons (LSPs) excitation mediated by nanoholes.Except to outcome the weakness of other LSP based biosensors, larger resonance angle shift, reflectance amplitude, and sharper SPR curves' width are obtained simultaneously under optimized structural parameters.     

Polymer gratings based on photopolymerization for low-order distributed feedback polymer lasers

Novel polymer distributed feedback(DFB)gratings are fabricated based on photopolymerization to reduce lasing threshold of polymer lasers.A photopolymer formulation sensitive to 355-nm ultraviolet(UV)light is proposed for the fabrication of polymer gratings and it can be used to form polymer films by spin-coating process.A very low surface-relief depth ranging from 12.5 to about 1.0 nm has been demonstrated with a refractive-index modulation of about 0.012.The experimental results indicate that such polymer gratings have promising potentials for the fabrication of low-order DFB organic semiconductor lasers.