稀土胆酸络合物在凝胶中的周期沉淀现象

在稀土胆酸凝胶扩散体系中观察到了周期沉淀现象，并用红外光谱（ＦＴＩＲ）和扩展Ｘ射线原子精细结构光谱（ＥＸＡＦＳ）对图形沉淀进行了表征。结果表明：稀土离子与胆酸反应容易产生周期沉淀，沉淀的成分与相应的络合物相近。     

H＋对水溶液中脱氧胆酸钠聚集体的影响

运用pH滴定、傅立叶变换红外光谱、紫外可见光谱、激光光散射谱、ICP和元素分析等方法研究了H＋的加入对水溶液中脱氧胆酸钠（NaDC）聚集体的影响.结果表明,浓度大于cmc的NaDC水溶液具有一定的缓冲能力,NaDC浓度越高,缓冲能力越大;随溶液中H＋浓度的增加,首先形成质子化胶团,质子化胶团通过酸盐结构的氢键作用使NaDC初级胶团长大,形成较大的高级胶团,甚至形成凝胶体,最终形成HnNam(DC)n＋m沉淀.     

胆盐与磷酸钙的相互作用

胆汁的pH条件下(pH=6～8)，应该生成无定形磷酸钙(ACP)，而在胆结石中磷酸钙通常以羟基磷灰石的形式出现.利用谱学方法研究了ACP与胆盐的作用.结果表明，胆盐以胶团的形式与ACP作用，在溶液中形成复合胶团，使其溶解度增加.不同类型胆盐与ACP的作用能力不同：脱氧胆酸钠(NaDC) > 牛磺胆酸钠(NaTC) > 胆酸钠(NaC).胆盐与ACP中结合钙的亲和能力大于结合钙的亲和能力，使ACP在胆汁的环境下容易转化为羟基磷灰石.     

Cu_nNi(n=2-13)团簇基态结构和电子特性的密度泛函研究

基于第一性原理,利用密度泛函理论中广义梯度近似(GGA)对团簇Cun-1Ni和Cun(n=3-14)进行了结构优化和能量计算,结果表明,单质Cu团簇不是以密实结构而是以类平面结构生长,但Ni的掺杂使得Cu团簇结构以二十面体为基础生长并且增加了团簇的稳定性;团簇结合能的二阶差分计算表明Cu3Ni,Cu7Ni和Cu9Ni结构最为稳定;在团簇的最稳定结构中Ni原子趋于占据团簇的中心位置和更多的Cu原子形成化学键;位于表面的Cu原子成为Mülliken电荷的接受体而带负电性,这也可能是Ni掺杂Cu合金耐腐蚀性增强的原因之一;Ni的掺杂使原来没有磁性的铜团簇显示了磁性且总自旋磁矩表现明显的奇偶振荡,为1或2μB,与团簇的尺寸无关.     

明胶溶液中沉淀法制备纯相β-磷酸三钙

本文以明胶、硝酸钙Ca(NO₃)₂和磷酸氢二铵(NH₄)₂HPO₄为前驱体,初始Ca/P为1.5,制备了纯相的β-磷酸三钙.红外谱图和X射线晶体衍射结果表明,溶液中直接沉淀得到的产物为缺钙磷灰石,该产物在明胶浓度≥0.22 %(质量分数)时热转化为纯相的β-磷酸三钙.通过晶体尺寸计算和比表面积测定,缺钙磷灰石的晶体大小随着明胶用量的增加而变小.透射电镜结果显示溶液中直接沉淀的缺钙磷灰石呈针状形貌,经过高温煅烧后,针状的缺钙磷灰石将相互融合形成葡萄状的β-磷酸三钙.差热/热重结果表明,明胶与生成的缺钙磷灰石形成了化学键合,这将有助于吸附较多的水分子,随后水分子与缺钙磷灰石发生化学反应生成羟基磷灰石,羟基磷灰石继续与沉淀中的偏磷酸钙反应生成β-磷酸三钙.本文还研究了明胶对纯相β-磷酸三钙的生成机理.     

凝胶扩散体系中磷酸钙的沉淀图形

０引言生物矿化可分为正常矿化和异常矿化。胆结石是一种生物异常矿化，是世界性的常见病和多发病，形成机理尚不十分清楚。从结石的形成过程来看，不仅结石的组成与其形成机理有关，而且结石的组成分布和剖面图形同样与之有密切关系。人们经常可以观察到，一类结石的剖面具有周期环状图形，且棕色和乳白色环相间。其中白色环的主要成份为胆固醇；棕色环的主要成份为胆红素钙络合物，同时棕色环中还常常含有少量的磷酸钙和碳酸钙等无机难溶盐。由于结石的形成是一个长期的过程，研究表明在结石生长的过程中胆汁的组成不发生规律性的周期变化…     

非育珠背角无齿蚌软组织微量元素含量的分析

采用高频电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP—AES)法测定了非育珠背角无齿蚌软组织中锰(Mn)、铁(Fe)、锌(Zn)、铬(Cr)、铝(Aj)、铜(Cu)六种微量元素及钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)的含量，分析了各种元素在不同软组织中的分布特征。结果表明：(1)在软组织中，各元素平均含量由高到低依次为：Ca，Mn，Mg，Fe，Zn，Al，Cr，Cu；(2)背角无齿蚌不同软组织中微量元素的含量不同，其中瓣鳃和外套膜中所测元素含量高于其他器官，特别是Mn，Fe的含量最高；Mn的含量甚至超过了宏量元素Mg；Al是闭壳肌中含量最丰富的微量元素。     

孔隙结构可调的Cu2O球状纳米结构及其NO2气体传感性质

报道在聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)的协助作用下,通过简单调节OH^-离子的浓度及Cu²⁺的释放速度,将Cu₂O调节为具有不同空腔特征(介孔、空心及实心)结构的纳米球.研究表明, OH^-根离子的扩散动力学是决定产物结构的关键因素.当[OH^-] > 0.05 mol·L^-1时,高的化学势使其迅速扩散到PVP胶团内部,与吸附在PVP链上的Cu²⁺反应形成Cu(OH)₂,在抗坏血酸(Vc)的还原作用下经过重结晶得到Cu₂O实心球纳米结构;当[OH^-] < 0.025 mol·L^-1时,其扩散速度下降,首先与吸附在PVP胶团外部的Cu²⁺反应形成Cu(OH)₂, Cu(OH)₂的形成阻碍了OH^-离子的向内扩散,形成具有较大空腔(~220 nm)的空心球;当0.025 mol·L^-1 < [OH^-] < 0.05 mol·L^-1时,形成较小空腔(30-60 nm)的空心球.以NH₃水为OH^-缓释源时,虽然OH^-浓度较低,但同时Cu²⁺的浓度也低,胶团外部形成的Cu(OH)₂不足以阻碍OH^-离子的向内扩散,反应过程中NH₃的释放及较低的OH^-浓度阻碍了重结晶的发生,从而形成Cu₂O介孔纳米球.对三种典型结构特征的产物进行了NO₂气体传感性质研究,结果表明, Cu₂O介孔纳米球相比空心结构和实心结构具有更为优异的响应性.结合比表面积数据,我们认为介孔纳米球疏散的结构有利于NO₂气体的扩散和O₂的吸附,从而表现出了更灵敏的气体传感性.     

中性介质中铜缓蚀剂的成膜过程

使用光电化学与电化学石英晶体微天平联用（PECQCM）技术对中性介质铜缓蚀剂成膜过程进行了现场研究．结果表明，在中性Na2SO4溶液中钝化型缓蚀剂Na2OrO4对Cu成膜生长有抛物线规律，而由于Cl-的影响，在中性NaCl溶液中，该缓蚀剂膜生长曲线为折线型．沉淀型缓蚀剂Na2SiO3在Na2SO4溶液中的铜晶振电极上不成膜，而在NaCl溶液中可成膜．     

低碳醇对季铵盐二聚表面活性剂C_(12)-2-C_(12)·2Br胶团化行为的影响

随着丙、丁、戊、已醇的加入，与季铵盐二聚表面活性剂C_(12)-2-C_(12)· 2Br组成了混合胶团，醇分子以烷烃链插入胶团中，羟基则位于胶团栅栏层处。这 减弱了表面活性剂离子头基间的静电排斥力，使临界胶团浓度(cmc)降低，同时使 胶团表面反离子解离度增大。随着醇分子的烷烃链增长，这种影响更为显著。     

二维琼脂凝胶体系中过渡金属离子对草酸钙晶体生长和周期性沉淀的影响

在二维凝胶圆盘体系中,研究过渡金属离子对草酸钙晶体生长和周期性环状沉淀的影响,并对其形成机理进行探讨.结果表明:在一定浓度的Fe3 存在下,体系中出现了周期性环状沉淀现象.同时发现在此条件下抑制了一水合草酸钙(COM)晶型生成.此外,加入Zn2 、Co2 、Ni2 体系中的晶体都以二水合草酸钙(COD)为主;而加Cu2 离子的圆盘中,三水合草酸钙(COT)占据了主要的成分,这说明不同的过渡金属离子对三种草酸钙晶型的生成影响不同.另外,还对出现的与尿结石有关的特殊现象(白斑和放射状的条纹)进行了探讨.     

金属离子对RhCl（CO）（TPPTS）2催化1—己烯氢甲酰化反应的影响

在以水溶性铑－膦配合物为催化剂的烯烃氢甲酰化反应中,铑的存在形态及配位结构对烯烃氢甲酰化反应的转化率及选择性起着决定性的作用．在反应过程中,特别是工业生产过程中,会由于各种原因导致一些杂质进入反应体系,这些杂质可能会影响铑－膦配合物催化剂的性质,改变...     

Progress in the study on the composition and formation mechanism of gallstone

Our serial studies from 1970s on chemical composition, structure determination and formation mechanism of gallstones were reviewed. The chemical component investigation of brown-pigment gallstone demonstrated that it consists of macromolecules such as proteins, glyco-proteins, polysaccharides, bilirubin polymers and pigment polymers, and biomolecules such as cholesterol, bile salts, calcium salts of carbonate, phosphate, fatty acids and bilirubinate as well as various metal ions. The binding of metal ions with bile salts and bilirubin plays important roles in gallstone formation, i.e., calcium bilirubinate complex is the major constitute of brown-pigment gallstones, and copper bilirubinate complex is critical in the black color appearance of black-pigment gallstone. The cross section of many gallstones exhibits a concentric ring structure composed of various small particles with a fractal character. This is nonlinear phenomenon in gallstone formation. A typical model system of metal ions-deoxycholate (or cho     

Ionization and collision-induced fragmentation of N-linked and related carbohydrates using divalent cations

Maltoheptaose and several N-linked glycans were ionized by electrospray as adducts with the divalent cations Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Co2+ and Cu2+. [M + metal]2+ ions were the major species in all cases with calcium giving the highest sensitivity. In addition, copper gave [M + Cu]+ ions. Other cations gave singly charged ions only by elimination of a protonated monosaccharide. Fragmentation of the [M + metal]2+ ions produced both singly and doubly charged ions with the relative abundance of doubly charged ions decreasing in the order Ca > Mg > Mn > Co > Cu. Singly charged ions were formed by elimination of a protonated monosaccharide residue followed, either by successive monosaccharide residue losses, or by a 2,4A cross-ring cleavage of the reducing-terminal monosaccharide. Formation of doubly charged fragments from [M + metal]2+ ions involved successive monosaccharide-residue losses either with or without O,2A or 2,4A cross-ring cleavages of the reducing-terminal monosaccharide. Abundant diagnostic doubly charged ions formed by loss of the 3-antenna from the O,2A cross-ring product were specific to [M + Ca]2+ ions. Fragmentation of [M + Cu]+ ions was similar to that of the corresponding [M + H]+ ions in that most cross-ring fragments were absent.     

金属硫蛋白MT-2a与Cd(Ⅱ)和Cu(Ⅰ)络合的电喷雾质谱表征

采用电喷雾质谱法(ESI-MS)研究金属硫蛋白(MT,存在α和β两种结构域)-2a与金属离子Cd和Cu的络合作用.MT-2a由反相色谱分离纯化制得,并以电喷雾质谱鉴别.通过ESI-MS考察MT-2a与不同量的Cd和Cu的络合,结果表明,Cd能够优先与MT的α结构域络合,形成M2+4S11结构,并且该络合过程存在着明显的协同效应;Cd与MT的β结构域的络合形式为M2+4S9,其呈现出明显的随机松散络合特性;Cu优先与MT的β结构域络合,其络合形式由Cu4逐渐过渡到更高结合态;在Cu含量较高的条件下,Cu与MT呈现出多种络合方式.     

水相模拟体系中胆红素钙的合成与表征

以水溶液作为生物模拟体系,在不同反应摩尔比条件下,合成了一系列胆红素钙,利用中、远红外光谱,多晶X射线粉末衍射谱,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱等对合成的胆红素钙进行了表征.结果表明:胆红素钙的组成在Ca(C33H34N4O6)和Ca2.4(C33H32N4O6)(H2O)0.06之间变化,具有非化学计量性质,显示了与生物矿化产物相类似的特征.不同的胆红素钙其配位情况有所不同,并且钙含量较高时形成的胆红素钙有较好的结晶态.     

Effect of Escherichia coliform on the biomineralization of calcium bilirubinate in mimic systems

The influence of Escherichia coliform (E. coli), especially the proteins it secretes, on the nucleation, growth and aggregation processes of calcium bilirubinate (CaBR) in different mimic systems, such as NaCl aqueous solution and model bile, is studied in this paper. The results show that in NaCl aqueous solution the morphology of calcium bilirubinate (CaBR) changes from amorphous sheet structure to a highly self-organized and highly self-replicated fractal structure that is accumulated by rhombic microcrystals after the addition of E. coli. In model bile with the existence of E. coli, CaBR also forms a fractal structure, but the fractal structure is staghorn-like. Meanwhile, the composition of the prepared CaBRs is nonstoichiometric, and the crystallization is greatly improved with the existence of E. coli. Besides, formation mechanism of CaBRs affected by E. coli is explored, showing that the proteins secreted by E. coli interact with the Ca(2+) ions to provide nucleation sites for CaBRs, and the conformation of the proteins becomes more ordered, resulting in the improvement of the crystalline of CaBRs. On the other hand, the interaction of proteins and the Ca(2+) ions also promote the aggregation state of the CaBRs.     

色素类胆结石难溶原因的分析

本文采用不同的溶剂对溶解前后的胆色素类结石进行了主要元素的控制，同时对特征色素类结石进行了有机元素分析，通过比较溶解前后超微结构和各种元素含量的变化，认为胆红素与金属离子，尤其是钙及其后二阶金属离子，形成了胆色素盐或配位络合物，并与糖蛋白等螯合成了大分子复合物。这是胆色素类结石难溶的主要原因。     

The interaction of Cu2 + ions and NaDC micelles

By mixing an aqueous solution of CuCl2 with an NaDC aqueous solution of various concentration and initial molar ratio, seven coordinated samples with distinct appearances and characters were obtained. Their structures and components were investigated by FT-IR spectroscopy, EXAFS (the extended X-ray absorption fine structure), thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, laser light scattering, TEM (transmission electron micrograph), element analysis and ICP (inductively coupled plasma) analysis. The following conclusions were given: (1) The complexes of Cu2+-NaDC with distinct appearances and properties were synthesized. (2) After Cu(DC)2 dissolved in NaDC aqueous solution, larger micelles (30-90 nm diameter) formed in the supernate, it is a mixed micelle with Cu(DC)2 and NaDC. So these micelles are a new kind of micelle containing two kinds of metal ions. This is a new result using metal ions as bridges to form micelle. (3) According to the different concentration of Cu2+ to NaDC, the complexes formed as gel or poly-crystals. Both the composition of gel complexes and the coordination structure of carboxyl groups with metal ions varied with the initial molar ratio of Cu2+ to Na+. The gel complexes exhibits the non-stoichiometric character. (4) These results are in agreement with physiological condition. All the different states such as gel, precipitate, micelles of various structures are present in bile of gallbladder. We can suggest an ideal model of the interaction between Cu2+ and bile salts in vivo.