极谱(伏安)吸附平行催化波法研究及应用近况

综述了极谱（伏安）吸附平行催化波的研究及应用,从无机 变价离子测定体系、无机非变价离子测定体系及有机去极剂测定体系3个方面介绍了该法的应用近况。     

水杨基荧光酮-溴化十六烷基三甲铵分光光度法测定铜中微量锡

微量锡的测定常采用苯芴酮法、邻苯二酚紫法、茜素紫法等,但灵敏度较差。近年来以胶束增溶分光光度法测定微量锡的报导不少。其中以苯芴酮-溴化十六烷基三甲铵(CTMAB)体系、邻苯二酚紫-CTMAB 体系获得较好的结果本文在资料的基础上合成了水杨基荧光酮,并应用水杨基荧光酮-CTMAB 体系于铜中微量锡的测定。实验表明,在1N 硫酸介     

一种简单快速测定竞争性等温线的新方法——前流速度分析法

以间二酚和对苯二酚二元体系为例,以甲醇-水(体积比20:80)为流动相,采用前流速度分析法测定了该体系在C18-硅胶固定相上的竞争性等温线。在相同实验条件下与传统的矩型脉冲法对该体系测定结果进行比较,结果表明,该法不仅能够准确测定二组分竞争性等温线,而且具有简单、快速等优点。     

分光光度法同时测定多元素的研究(Ⅱ)——以CPA-矩阵法计算混合体系中微量锆和铪

本文将m-NPF+CTMAB体系用于锆、铪混合物中微量锆、铪的同时测定。确定了同时测定锆,铪的最佳实验条件。通过使用CPA-矩阵法计算解决了混合体系中锆、铪分量的测定;对光度分析中应用CPA-矩阵法的关键——选择适宜的测定波长问题作了进一步讨论,提出了“相关波长”和“相关组份”的概念。     

改良合成复体法制作水盐三组分体系相图的实验研究

前言水盐三组分体系相图的制作方法颇多,常用的有干渣法、湿渣法、冷却法及合成复体法等。这些方法虽各有其特点,但一般说来都较繁复费时,常常既要测定平衡体系中饱和溶液的组成,且要测定平衡体系的固相组成。 E.L.Heric曾提出一种只需测定平衡体系中饱和溶液的水含量,便可制作出水盐三组分体系相图的方法,颇具特色。其原理是:若以a、b、c分别表示试样中水、盐Ⅰ和盐Ⅱ的重量百分数;以a_s,b_s,c_s分别表示已达溶解平衡的饱和溶液中的水,盐Ⅰ和盐Ⅱ的重量百分     

吸光光度多组分同时测定方法研究——MR和PLS法测定钴、镍、铜三组分混合体系

用偏最小二乘法(PLS)和多元线性回归法(MR)分别对钴、镍、铜三组分混合体系进行同时测定,证明PLS法对光谱重叠严重的体系较MR法有更好的预报准确性.着重讨论了校正集样品数n、波长数,和特征变量数d等测定参数对预报结果的影响.     

利用阻尼因子矩阵法分光光度同时测定多组分体系

本文对多组份体系同时测定的CPA矩阵法进行了改进,降低了P矩阵对实验中偶然误差的敏感程度。将此法用于PAR-重金属离子体系的测定,获得了满意的结果,并用于实际样品的分析。     

双波长分光光度法测定混合组分

双波长分光光度法测定单组分,倘若以显色试剂吸收峰为参比波长,配合物吸收峰为测量波长(即双峰双波长法)可显著提高灵敏度,将该法用於混合组分体系的测定还未见报导。本文对双波长分光光度法测定混合干扰体系进行了研究,导出了双波长分光光度线性方程,对轻、重稀土-二甲酚橙-CTMAB体系及钴、镍-PAR体系进行了测定,采用直线回归及最小二乘两种方法处理实验数据。理论及实验均表明,采用此法测定混合组分体系,灵敏度较通常的单波长测定法有所提高。     

神经网络与紫外光谱法同时测定芳香类化合物

测定了苯酚、苯胺、α萘胺、间二硝基苯及对氧基苯甲醛混合体系的紫外光谱，用神经网络法直接对混合体系紫外光谱数据进行处理，成功地测定了混合体系各组分含量，结果良好     

催化动力学光度法测定茶叶中锰

光度法测定锰有直接显色法,间接法,催化动力学法,这几种方法比较,催化动力学法不但有很高的灵敏度,而且选择性也较好,适用于痕量和微量锰的研究测定。我们发现在邻苯二甲酸氢钾-氢氧化钠缓冲体系中,Mn(Ⅱ)对高碘酸钾氧化乙基紫的褪色反应有显著的催化作用,乙基紫在非催化体系和催化体系中吸光度比的对数值1g(A_0/A)与Mn(Ⅱ)浓度在一定范围内呈线性关系。而且本法选择性好,无需分离,可直接用于茶叶中的Mn(Ⅱ)量测定,结果令人满意。     

Thermogravimetric Study of Tetrafunctional /Phenol Novolac Epoxy Mixtures Cured with a Diamine

The degradation behaviour of an epoxy system containing both tetraglycidyl-4-4′-diami-nodiphenylmethane (TGDDM) and a multifunctional novolac glycidyl ether resins, which are cured with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulphone (DDS) has been studied using thermogravimetric technique (TG). Isothermal and non-isothermal (dynamic) methods were used to determine the kinetic parameters of this system. An isothermal method and five dynamic methods reported in the literature were used to determine the activation energies of the system. Kissinger’s method only requires knowledge of the temperature at which the rate of weight loss is at maximum to calculate the activation energy. The Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method provides the activation energy without any assumption about the reaction order while the other three methods (Coats and Redfern, Horowitz and Metzger and Van Krevelen et al.) require a prior knowledge of the mechanism of degradation for this system to calculate the kinetic parameters. The results obtained by applying these different methods agreed well. In fact, the values of the activation energies provided by the six methods have shown excellent agreement when the degradation behaviour of this system was assumed to be of the deceleratory rate type. The kinetic parameters have been used to estimate the half-life of this system in two different ways.     

Degradation Kinetics of an Epoxy/Cycloaliphatic Amine Resin Under Isothermal and Non-isothermal Conditions

A study of an epoxy-cycloaliphatic amine system has been realized using a thermogravimetric technique (TG). Isothermal and non-isothermal (dynamic) methods were employed to determine the kinetic data of this system. Five methods were used for determining the activation energies of this system in the dynamic heating experiments. In two of them (Flynn-Wall-Ozawa, and Kissinger) it is not necessary to have a prior knowledge of the reaction mechanism of the degradation behaviour for this system. In the other ones (Coats and Redfern, Horowitz and Metzger, and Van Krevelen et al.) it is necessary to know this reaction mechanism, besides Criado et al. method was used for determining it. The results have shown that good agreement between the activation energies obtained from all methods can be achieved if it is assumed that the degradation behaviour of this system is of sigmoidal-rate type. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

非晶硅太阳能电池生产工艺用氣分析方法研究

本文对非晶硅太阳能电池制造工艺过程所用的无机氢化物烷类气体硅烷、硼烷、磷烷、甲烷和氢及其混合气的配制与分析方法进行了研究,以微机控制配气、检测程序、气相色谱法分成分析杂质,电容法测水分,方法已应用于工艺过程分析。     

Kinetic treatment of unsegmented flow systems : Part 1. Subjective and semiquantitative evaluations of flow-injection systems with gradient chamber

A variable-time kinetic model is used to evaluate a single-channel flow-injection system with gradient chamber that has been identified as a continuous-flow titration. A physical model, mathematical equations, computed concentration vs. time profiles, experimental data, and formal definitions are used to identify qualitative and quantitative features of the method that have not been apparent from the titration model for the system. It is shown that determinations can be performed with and without reactant in the flow stream and when reactant is in the flow stream, with and without reactant in the gradient chamber when the sample is introduced. It is shown that lowest concentrations with shortest cycle times can be achieved when determinations are performed without reagent in the gradient chamber initially. Characteristics unique to each of three different data processing options are used to evaluate the validity of equations presented. It is suggested that some methods previously identified as continuous-flow titrations are most accurately identified as variable-time kinetic methods, and it is shown that this semantic differentiation can provide improved insight into the methods and can expand the scope of the methods by suggesting new experimental approaches with potential advantages relative to previously described procedures.     

Stability constants: comparative study of fitting methods. Determination of second-order complexation constants by (23)Na and (7)Li NMR chemical shift titration

NMR chemical shift titration has been widely used as a method for the determination of stability constants. Systems involving metal-ligand complexation have been investigated using a number of methodologies. There are significant differences in the values reported for stability constants obtained by different experimental methods, such as calorimetry and ion selective electrode (ISE) titrations; nor has NMR chemical shift titration always yielded consistent results. Different researchers have obtained different results for the same system with results differing by as much as an order of magnitude. The chemical shift data are generally plotted against the concentration ratio of the metal and ligand for a set of solutions. A nonlinear least squares fitting method using an analytical solution of the cubic equation for the equilibrium concentration of the free ligand is used in this study and compared with methods used in the literature. Second-order association constants for the LiClO(4):12-crown-4 system in acetonitrile and the NaClO(4):12-crown-4 system in methanol are reported. Formation of both 1:1 and 1:2 metal-ligand complexes are considered. The LiClO(4):12-crown-4 acetonitrile system had been investigated previously by NMR titration but only 1:1 complexation was considered in that study. This study provides convincing evidence that both 1:1 and 1:2 complexes are important, at least, in the lithium system. A Monte Carlo investigation of the propagation of errors from the chemical shifts to the stability constants shows that the choice of data analysis methods may, in part, contribute to discrepancies and that the nonlinear nature of the model can dramatically affect the error limits on the stability constants.     

Quantum chemistry-based NMR spin Hamiltonian parameters of GABA for quantitation in magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Chemical shifts delta and spin-spin coupling constants J have been calculated using quantum chemistry approaches for the gamma-amino butyric acid GABA which is a brain metabolite. Two theoretical methods HF and DFT/B3LYP, two basis sets 6-31G* and 6-311+G(2d,p) and two gauge-invariant methods CSGT and GIAO have been used. From delta and J values, NMR spectra have been obtained from the strongly coupled spin system Hamiltonian using the NMR-SCOPE package. Solvent effects have been considered within the polarisable continuum model. Comparisons between calculated and experimental NMR spectra at 300 MHz show that our best results correspond to the B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p)-GIAO calculations. They are seen to be in good agreement with experiment. This demonstrates the usefulness of quantum chemistry methods for estimating NMR spin Hamiltonian parameters involved in specific algorithms used for quantitation of metabolites such as GABA.     

Analysis of ppb levels of organics in water by means of purge-and-trap, capillary gas chromatography and selective detectors

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has issued a series of methods (500 and 600 series) for the analysis of organics in drinking water and industrial discharges. Methods 601 and 602 employ packed-column gas chromatography (GC) with electrolytic conductivity (E1CD) and photoionization detection (PID), respectively. A purge-and-trap system is used for concentration of volatiles. The EPA is in the process of converting methods 601 and 602 and certain 500-series methods to capillary column analysis. We have also initiated the conversion of a number of these methods, using E1CD and PID and have described them in detail in this paper. We have evaluated both 0.32- and 0.53-mm diameter capillary columns, using helium and nitrogen as carrier gases with each detector. We found that with nitrogen optimum results are obtained at a flow-rate of 15 ml/min, and with helium at 6-8 ml/min. As a result of system optimization, including operation of the two detectors in series, and converting from packed to capillary columns, we found that analysis time could be reduced from 80 min (for two methods separately) to ca. 30 min. In addition, the elution of more than five components in one peak, observed when the packed column specified in method 601 are used, was eliminated.     

Determination of rare earth elements in natural water samples – A review of sample separation,preconcentration and direct methodologies

This review discusses and compares the methods given for the determination of rare earth elements (REE) in natural water samples, including sea, river, lake, tap, ground and waste waters as well as Antarctic ice. Since REE are at very low concentrations in natural waters, numerous different preconcentration methods have been proposed to enable their measurement. These include liquid liquid extraction, dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction and solidified floating drop micro-extraction. In addition to liquid-liquid extraction methods, solid phase extraction using commercial resins, resins made in-house, silica-based exchange materials and other solid media is also discussed. These and other techniques such as precipitation/co-precipitation and flotation are compared in terms of speed, preconcentration factors achieved, precision, accuracy and limits of detection (LOD). Some papers have discussed the direct determination of REE in these sample types. Some have used specialised sample introduction systems such as ultrasonic nebulization whereas others have used a standard sample introduction system coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) detection. These direct methods have also been discussed and compared.     

聚合物在纳米微粒制备中的应用

概述了近年来聚合物在纳米微粒制备中的应用，分析了应用极性高分子作为纳米微粒分散介质的可行性，讨论了用络合转换方法制备纳米微粒的普适性。     

Phage display and colony filter screening for high-throughput selection of antibody libraries

During the last 12 years, antibody combinatorial libraries have provided a new approach for the construction and production of reagents and drugs based on the human monoclonal antibodies. Studies employing antibodies or antibody mimics have become an important part of the explosive growth of proteomics. This places tremendous emphasis on the new approaches for faster library screening, improved methods of selection and evaluation of novel applications. The phage display system, together with its variants of ribosome and bacterial display, is the most extensively used method for the rapid screening of large antibody libraries. However, in the last two years the need to improve selection methods together with a complex patent situation regarding the phage display system, has also directed research towards the possibility of performing antibody selection by colony filter screening. Here, we summarise the results obtained by these different methods of selection comparing their efficacy and advantages.