流化床内超细颗粒的流动

基于气体分子运动论和颗粒动理学,建立超细颗粒气固两相湍流流动模型,模型考虑了气相与颗粒聚团之间以及颗粒聚团之间的动量和能量的传递和耗散。建立超细颗粒固相粘性系数、超细颗粒压力等物性参数计算模型。超细颗粒的聚团改变了单颗粒碰撞动力学以及颗粒相压力、粘性系数等输运特性。模型模拟计算颗粒聚团直径分布与Zhaolin等[1]实测值相吻合。     

双大涡模拟方法模拟提升管内气固两相流动

基于Smagorinsky涡黏模型以及颗粒动理学理论,建立了气固两相流双大涡模拟模型。考虑大涡模拟中过滤尺度的影响,给出颗粒相亚格子压力和热传导系数计算模型。考虑颗粒聚团对两相作用的影响,给出了考虑颗粒聚团作用的气固两相多尺度曳力系数模型。数值模拟了提升管内气固两相流动特性,合理地预测出了提升管内气固两相环-核流动结构。模拟结果与Knowlton等实测结果相吻合。     

多组分颗粒稠密气固两相流动的数值模拟

基于气体分子运动理论和颗粒动理学方法，建立多组分颗粒气固两相流等温流动模型。模型考虑了颗粒相各组分颗粒温度的差异、气相与颗粒相以及颗粒相各组分之间的动量和能量的传递和耗散，以及相间作用。建立颗粒相粘性系数、颗粒相压力等物性参数计算模型。模拟计算颗粒相浓度、粒径分布等参数与实测值相吻合。     

稠密气固两相流中颗粒团运动的DEM模型研究

颗粒聚集成团是稠密两相流动中的基本现象．本文直接以颗粒团为研究对象,建立了颗粒团运动的DEM软球模型,具体给出了稠密气固两相流中颗粒团大小的计算表达式,建立了非球形颗粒团运动、接触碰撞及破碎模型,并将此模型用于模拟一循环流化床内稠密气固两相流动,得到了流化床内颗粒团详细的运动碰撞经历及浓度、粒径分布,所得结果合理,与前人实验值相符．另外,计算表明,采用颗粒团运动的DEM软球模,能使计算量有效减少,计算时间明显缩短,说明本模型可有效地用于工程意义上的稠密气固两相流问题的模拟。     

全尺度方法对颗粒与流体之间相交换量研究

本文采用了内嵌边界多重直接力算法全尺度计算研究了三维空间中颗粒群在重力作用下沉降时,颗粒群与流体之间的相互作用过程。结合多相流的欧拉-欧拉双流体模型方法中对颗粒群与流体之间相互作用力的处理方式,分析了颗粒与流体之间的相交换量。并把全尺度计算得到的颗粒群与流体之间的相交换量与本文中提到的单颗粒受力模型(SPM)和颗粒群受力模型(GPM)对相互作用力进行了比较分析。     

溶解椭圆颗粒沉降的介观尺度数值模拟

在任意拉格朗日欧拉(ALE)算法模拟有热对流影响的颗粒两相流动的直接数值模拟基础上, 通过建立颗粒溶解速度和颗粒表面热流密度的关系, 对溶解的椭圆颗粒在垂直管道内牛顿流体中的沉降进行了直接数值模拟. 计算结果表明:与等温惰性椭圆颗粒沉降相比, 流体的对流运动、颗粒质量以及形状的变化等因素使溶解的椭圆颗粒在不同初始角度沉降时, 颗粒沉降动态尾迹、颗粒受力、颗粒沉降速度等都发了较大变化.     

循环流化床内颗粒团运动的数值模拟

本文引入聚合力来表征稠密气固两相流动中颗粒所受到的团聚效应,井将颗粒团视为床内的离散相,建立了颗粒团的碰撞、形成及破碎模型。用此模型对循环流化床的两相流动进行数值模拟,得到了较详细的床内流动特性。计算结果表明,用本文的模型和算法模拟工程意义上的循环流化床内的两相流动是可行的。     

圆管突扩气固两相流动湍流变动研究

采用PDA测量竖直向下圆管突扩流动中的气相与颗粒相运动参数,研究了小颗粒(55.2μm)、低雷诺数(1.98×10~4)的稀疏流动中湍流变动的规律。结果表明,在主流区和回流区中,颗粒均削弱气相脉动,而在下游则出现增强的现象,这是由于颗粒延缓了突扩流动的发展所致.在入口段的壁面剪切区域,湍流削弱幅度与平均速度梯度呈线性关系;由于壁面的限制,回流区内的剪切作用沿流动方向逐渐增强,使得相应的各横截面内气相脉动的最大值基本保持不变,同时整体脉动程度增强.     

循环流化床收集器内颗粒团聚流动特性的研究

基于气固两相流理论和气溶胶动力学原理,建立流化床收集器(CFBA)内气体细颗粒聚团气固两相双流体模型。对不同入口气体速度、初始颗粒尺寸分布和不同颗粒团聚形成机理下收集器内颗粒聚团流动的流体动力特性进行数值模拟。研究结果表明湍流运动和剪切作用对颗粒聚团的形成起主要作用,布朗运动对颗粒团聚形成的影响可忽略不计。吸收颗粒可有效提高捕获细颗粒和颗粒聚团形成的能力。     

LES-DSMC方法研究超细颗粒气固两相流动过程

采用考虑颗粒脉动流动对气相湍流流动影响的大涡模拟(LES)研究气相湍流,采用直接模拟蒙特卡罗方法(DSMC)模拟颗粒间的碰撞。单颗粒运动满足牛顿第二定律,颗粒相和气相相间作用的双向耦合由牛顿第三定律确定,考虑超细颗粒间的van der Waals作用力。数值模拟垂直管内超细颗粒气固两相流动,对颗粒相速度、浓度以及团聚物流动过程进行分析。     

中尺度沙尘暴对量子卫星通信信道的影响及性能仿真

中尺度沙尘暴是美国内华达州、我国北部及中东国家等地沙尘天气的常见形式.为了研究中尺度沙尘暴对量子卫星通信信道的影响,首先分析了沙尘暴的物理特性,根据中尺度沙尘暴的扩散模型,提出了中尺度沙尘特性与量子纠缠度的关系;然后仿真了沙尘特性对量子卫星信道参数的影响.结果表明,如果沙尘扩散时间为12 h,中尺度沙尘粒子半径分别为1和25μm,则量子卫星信道的纠缠度依次为0.6和0.4,信道的利用率分别为0.9和0.8,信道容量分别为0.95和0.8.由此可见,量子信道的各种参数与沙尘暴的特性密切相关.因此,为了提高量子卫星通信的可靠性,应根据沙尘灾变程度,自适应调整卫星信道的各种参数.     

Effects of mesoscale eddies on the spatial coherence of a middle range sound field in deep water

Mesoscale eddies have a remarkable influence on the underwater sound field. Many previous studies have investigated the effects of eddies on transmission loss, the convergence zone, time delay, etc. However, the effects of eddies on spatial coherence are less well studied and remain unclear. In this paper, the effects of eddies on spatial coherence at the subsurface in deep water are investigated. The eddy environments are simulated with Gaussian eddy equations, the complex pressure field is obtained using a range-dependent parabolic equation model and the associated mechanism is analyzed based on ray theory and models. The results show that cold/warm mesoscale eddies affect spatial coherence in a high-intensity zone by changing the locations and width of the convergence zone. In the shadow zone, the horizontal correlation radius and the vertical correlation radius increase with range and decrease with depth, and they are increased by warm eddies and decreased by cold eddies, mainly caused by variation of the multipath structure.     

Quasi-coarse-grained dynamics: modelling of metallic materials at mesoscales

A computationally efficient modelling method called quasi-coarse-grained dynamics (QCGD) is developed to expand the capabilities of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to model behaviour of metallic materials at the mesoscales. This mesoscale method is based on solving the equations of motion for a chosen set of representative atoms from an atomistic microstructure and using scaling relationships for the atomic-scale interatomic potentials in MD simulations to define the interactions between representative atoms. The scaling relationships retain the atomic-scale degrees of freedom and therefore energetics of the representative atoms as would be predicted in MD simulations. The total energetics of the system is retained by scaling the energetics and the atomic-scale degrees of freedom of these representative atoms to account for the missing atoms in the microstructure. This scaling of the energetics renders improved time steps for the QCGD simulations. The success of the QCGD method is demonstrated by the prediction of the structural energetics, high-temperature thermodynamics, deformation behaviour of interfaces, phase transformation behaviour, plastic deformation behaviour, heat generation during plastic deformation, as well as the wave propagation behaviour, as would be predicted using MD simulations for a reduced number of representative atoms. The reduced number of atoms and the improved time steps enables the modelling of metallic materials at the mesoscale in extreme environments.     

三维煤粉燃烧全双流体模型的数值模拟

1引言目前煤粉燃烧综合模型最为广泛的是以轨道模型为基础，美国杨伯翰大学的先进燃烧工程中心（CERC）自1980年起研制二维煤粉燃烧程序PCGC－2，从1990年起研制三维煤粉燃烧的PCGC－3程序[1]。与轨道模型发展的同时，美国Rabcock＆Wilcox公司Fiveland[2]等人研制了FURMO程序，用无滑移模型对560MW侧墙喷燃煤粉炉进行了三维全模拟。其特点是首次用全欧拉的处理方法计算三维煤粉燃烧过程，其不足之处是不考虑气粒两相间的速度滑移和温度滑移．总的看来，用轨道模型模拟煤粉燃烧，易于考虑颗粒反应经历，也可给出两相之间的速度及温…     

Collisional granular flow as a micropolar fluid

We show that a micropolar fluid model successfully describes collisional granular flows on a slope. A micropolar fluid is the fluid with internal structures in which coupling between the spin of each particle and the macroscopic velocity field is taken into account. It is a hydrodynamical framework suitable for granular systems which consists of particles with macroscopic size. We demonstrate that the model equations can quantitatively reproduce the velocity and the angular velocity profiles obtained from the numerical simulation of the collisional granular flow on a slope using a simple estimate for the parameters in the theory.     

Multi-dimensional mesoscale simulations of detonation initiation in energetic materials with density-based kinetics

In this work we present multi-dimensional mesoscale simulations of detonation initiation in energetic materials. We solve the reactive Euler equations, with the energy equation augmented by a power deposition term. The reaction rate at the mesoscale is modelled using density-based kinetics, while the deposition term is based on simulations of void collapse at the microscale, modelled at the mesoscale as hot spots. We carry out two- and three-dimensional mesoscale simulations of random packs of HMX crystals in a binder, and show that transition between no-detonation and detonation depends on the number density of the hot spots, the packing fraction, and the post-shock pressure of an imposed shock. In particular, we show that, for a fixed post-shock pressure, there exists a critical value of the number density of hot spots, such that when the number density is below this value a detonation wave will not develop. We highlight the importance of morphology to initiation by comparing with a homogeneous counterpart, and we compare relevant length scales by examining their corresponding power spectra. We also examine the effect of packing fraction and show that at low post-shock pressures there is significant variation in the initiation times, but that this variation disappears as the post-shock pressure is increased. Finally, we compare three-dimensional simulations with the experimental data, and show that the model is capable of qualitatively reproducing the trends shown in the data.     

气粒两相流传热问题的光滑离散颗粒流体动力学方法数值模拟

在气粒两相流动问题中,颗粒间以及气体与颗粒间的传热问题不可忽略.光滑离散颗粒流体动力学(SDPH)模型作为一种新的求解气粒两相流动问题的方法,已经成功应用于模拟风沙运动等问题.在此基础上,提出了SDPH方法的热传导模型,模拟了气粒两相流动问题中的热传导过程以及颗粒蒸发过程.首先引入各相的能量方程,利用有限差分与光滑粒子流体动力学一阶导数相结合的方法,处理各相内部热传导项中的二阶导数问题,基于气粒两相间温度差及对流换热系数计算颗粒与气体间的热传导量,推导得到了含热传导模型的气粒两相流SDPH计算方程组,模拟计算了圆盘形颗粒团算例及鼓泡流化床内部热传导算例,并与双流体模型计算结果进行对比,结果基本符合;其次利用离散液滴模型中的颗粒蒸发传质传热定律计算颗粒的蒸发过程,数值模拟了颗粒射流蒸发过程,并与离散颗粒模型结果进行对比,两者符合得较好,验证了该方法的准确性及实用性.     

Shadowing effect in clusters of opaque spherical particles

The shadowing effect is studied for clusters of opaque spherical particles. The present modeling allows geometric optics computations of cluster scattering phase functions and shadowing effects with internal accuracy better than 1%. Three types of cluster structures are treated—uniform, ballistic, and hierarchical (physical fractal)—and three types of elementary surface scattering laws are examined—Lambertian, flux-isotropic, and specular. All structures investigated give rise to an opposition effect, that is, a nonlinear brightening toward zero phase angle. The amplitude and width of the opposition effect depend on the cluster parameters. For uniform clusters, the volume fraction and number of particles are the parameters that characterize the shadowing effect. The opposition effect becomes sharper with increasing number of constituent particles and with decreasing particle volume fraction. For ballistic clusters, the only parameter is the number of particles: when it increases, the opposition effect becomes sharper. For hierarchical clusters, the number of cluster structural levels plays a crucial role. With increasing number of cluster levels, the opposition behavior of brightness becomes markedly more nonlinear, mostly due to the decreasing particle volume fraction. It is notable, however, that the opposition effects of the hierarchical clusters and the uniform clusters with the same particle volume fraction differ from each other underscoring the importance of the detailed cluster structure on shadowing. It is shown that, with reasonable accuracy, the cluster scattering phase functions can be factorized as the products of the corresponding single-particle phase function and the so-called shadowing factor almost independently of the elementary surface scattering law. While the opposition effect due to shadowing is presently confirmed, it is typically wider than the opposition effect due to coherent backscattering, an interference mechanism in multiple scattering. The present work helps us to understand, e.g., the opposition effects of the Moon, asteroids, and other atmosphereless celestial bodies.     

Density-based kinetics for mesoscale simulations of detonation initiation in energetic materials

In this work we present one- and two-dimensional mesoscale simulations of detonation initiation in energetic materials. We solve the reactive Euler equations, with the energy equation augmented by a power deposition term. The reaction rate at the mesoscale is modelled using a density-based kinetics scheme, adapted from standard ‘Ignition and Growth’ models. The deposition term is based on previous results of simulations of void collapse at the microscale, modelled at the mesoscale as hot spots. For an isolated hot spot in a homogeneous medium, it is found that a critical size of the hot spots exists. If the hot spots exceed the critical size, initiation of detonation can be achieved. For sub-critical hot-spot sizes, we show that it takes a collection of hot spots to achieve detonation. We also carry out two-dimensional mesoscale simulations of random packs of HMX crystals in a binder, and show that the transition between no detonation and detonation depends on the number density of the hot spots, the initial radius of the hot spot, the post-shock pressure of an imposed shock, and the amplitude of the power deposition term.