中国轻工业全要素生产率的空间溢出效应研究——基于空间计量与社会网络分析

基于Malmquist指数方法测算的中国轻工业全要素生产率的省域数据,运用空间计量方法和社会网络分析方法探讨轻工业全要素生产率的空间关联特征和空间溢出效应,从整体和区域的视角审视轻工业在区域间的协调发展。研究发现,区域轻工业全要素生产率的增长具有空间关联性,各地区轻工业联系紧密,其网络结构的整体性强,通透性高,稳定性好,且具有非对称可达性;轻工业的空间关联网络可划分为四个功能板块——主溢出板块、净溢出板块、经纪人板块和主受益板块,各个板块呈现明显的“阶梯型”溢出特征。     

中国电力生产业的效率:一个基于政府管制的研究视角

通过使用数据包络分析(DEA)和Malmquist指数分析方法对中国电力生产业从1998年到2007年的技术效率和全要素生产率(TFP)进行了估算,并从效率比较以及生产率变化的角度分析了中国电力管制政策的效果。实证分析表明,中国电力产业的技术效率经历了一个先下降后上升的U型过程,地理区位、企业类型、企业性质、电力管制改革等因素对效率有着显著的影响。TFP在10年间经历了缓慢的增长,技术效率的提高解释了TFP的所有变化。从管制政策的效果来看,从1997年开始的电力管制改革对电力生产企业的技术效率产生了实质性的影响,促进了企业技术效率的提高。但是,电力管制改革对TFP的影响并不明显,特别是在促进企业的技术进步方面并没有取得明显效果。     

不良贷款约束下我国上市商业银行全要素生产率时序演变及其驱动因素研究——基于非期望产出的Malmquist-luenberger和Tobit模型

基于我国上市商业银行2007~2013年面板数据,构建包括不良贷款约束条件下我国上市商业银行投入产出指标体系,采用基于非期望产出的M-L生产率指数方法对我国上市商业银行全要素生产率跨期动态变化进行实证测度,并应用Tobit回归分析方法对影响我国上市商业银行全要素生产率的因素进行实证分析,实证结果显示:我国上市商业银行全要素生产率平均增长率为2.4%,上市城市商业银行全要素生产率高于股份制上市商业银行,而股份制商业银行高于国有商业银行,其主要来源与规模效率提升;此外,银行规模和存贷比对商业银行技术效率提升产生显著的正向驱动影响;而银行集中度对其产生显著的负向驱动影响;资产收益率和所有权结构对其影响不显著。     

金融要素扭曲、地方政府行为与创新效率缺失

基于熵值法和随机前沿模型对中国省际金融要素扭曲程度和创新效率进行测度,构建面板Tobit模型实证考察金融要素扭曲对区域创新效率的影响.研究发现:整体而言,金融要素扭曲具有创新故率抑制效应,但金融危机冲击会弱化其负向影响致果;分区域而言,金融要素担曲在中部地区的抑制效应最大,西部次之,东部最小;机制检验结果发现,企业R&D投入挤占故应与寻租激励故应是金融要素扭曲抑制区域创新故率的重要渠道;此外,引入地方政府行为变量的门槛检验发现,金融要素扭曲对区域创新故率的影响存在结构性变化,政府干预程度与政府R&D资助力度的加大,能够强化金融要素扭曲的创新效率抑制故应.因此,全面推进金融市场化改革、健全财政分权体制和政府行为内外部监管机制是降低金融要素担曲程度、优化创新环境,进而提升区域创新效率的重要路径.     

基于DEA-Tobit方法的人工智能行业上市公司融资效率研究

人工智能产业发展对实现我国总体产业升级和供给侧结构性改革具有重要意义。该领域投资态势向好,但融资渠道较为混乱。本文结合我国37家人工智能产业上市公司2013~2016年的融资数据,首先采用了DEA方法对我国人工智能产业上市公司融资效率进行测度,同时采用Malmquist指数法从动态角度来反映人工智能产业上市公司融资变化,然后通过Tobit方法构建融资效率影响因素模型。从实证结果可以看出,人工智能产业融资效率不高,大多数企业并未达到DEA有效,综合技术效率的不高主要是由于规模效率较低引起的;资本结构、企业的营业能力和成长性与融资效率具有显著的相关性,是影响融资效率的重要因素。最后从提高融资资金利用率、优化融资结构两个方面提出了相关建议。     

Dynamic efficiency analysis of primary wood producers in British Columbia

Primary wood manufacturing is one of the key sectors in Canada’s wood industry. The sector has gone through significant changes during the last decade. These changes were caused by a variety of factors, such as technological advancement, market restructuring, and policy and regulation shifts. One of the most affected provincial sectors due to these circumstances was the primary wood products in British Columbia (BC). In order to capture these effects, we studied the efficiency and productivity of BC primary wood producers using Data Envelopment Analysis and Malmquist total factor productivity from 1990 to 2002. The results showed that BC sawmills were highly scale efficient and the major cause for their inefficiency was technical capability rather than scale of operations. The productivity of BC sawmills improved in 2002 compared to that of 1990. This was the result of slight improvement in efficiency of sawmills, but more due to the frontier shift.     

基于两阶段DEA方法的中国商业银行效率评价

本文考虑商业银行吸收存款和发放贷款的两阶段特点,引入“顾客满意度”这一产出指标,应用两阶段DEA模型计算了我国15家商业银行在2008年和2011年的服务质量效率和盈利效率,结果显示我国商业银行的盈利效率显著高于服务质量效率。进而综合考虑服务和盈利指标,分析了各银行的综合效率,并通过计算各银行Malmquist指数研究我国商业银行2008年到2011年间的效率变化。结果表明:各商业银行从2008年到2011年的效率整体呈上升趋势,各商业银行的技术效率以及整个银行业的效率都有一定的提高。最后,应用Tobit模型分析了影响银行效率的因素,结果显示银行的贷存比、资产利润率和不良贷款率对效率影响显著。     

A circular global profit Malmquist productivity index in data envelopment analysis

To remove the difficulty caused by different profit frontiers in different periods of time for calculating profit efficiency changes and its components, this paper proposes a circular global profit Malmquist productivity index. This index is applicable when the input costs and output prices are known and when producers seek to maximize the total profit of their decision making units (DMUs). To this end, first, two methods are introduced to obtain the common costs and prices with or without the decision maker’s preferences, and then, a common profit efficient frontier is obtained. The proposed index can be decomposed into several circular components, viz., profit efficiency change, profit technical change, technical efficiency change, allocative efficiency change, technical change, and cost/price change. The proposed index is then generalised to compare the productivity of two different units at two different points in time. The global profit Malmquist productivity index developed here is unique and is computed using nonparametric linear programming model known as data envelopment analysis (DEA), and there is no need to resort to the geometric mean in the calculation. To illustrate the proposed index and its components, numerical examples at three successive periods of time are given.     

基于DEA-Malmquist和Tobit regression的物联网上市公司效率评价

物联网的发展已经成为我国实现经济转型的有力支撑,但其发展过程中呈现的波动性问题仍亟需深入研究.从效率的角度,对我国19家物联网公司的发展状况进行了研究.首先,运用DEA模型测算了19家公司2013-2015年的技术效率、纯技术效率、规模效率以及各公司的规模收益状况.计算结果表明物联网上市公司的效率在整体上呈现上升趋势,只有同方股份在三年内规模收益状况为递减.其次,运用DEA-Malmquist测算了19家公司的技术效率变化指数、技术进步指数、纯技术效率变化指数、规模效率变化指数和全要素生产率变化指数.结果表明,技术进步指数低是制约这19家公司生产力发展的关键问题.最后,运用Tobit regression分析了11项财务指标对技术效率、纯技术效率以及规模效率影响的显著性,得出财务指标对规模效率存在显著影响.基于效率和影响因素分析的实际,为物联网上市公司的发展提供合理的建议,推动我国物联网产业实现良性有序发展.     

基于生态学视角的科技人才效能发展程度和产出效率研究——来自我国30个省市的数据

基于生态学视角构建了科技人才效能评价指标体系,通过运用生态位模型和Malmquist指数分析了我国30个省市的科技人才效能的发展程度和产出效率,结果表明,第一,我国东部和中西部地区之间的科技人才效能呈现较为明显的区域性差异;第二,技术进步效率对我国30个省市科技人才效能全要素生产率具有较明显的影响,应该引起重视;第三,从分区域全要素生产率指数的变动情况来看,全要素生产率最高的为中部地区,其次为东部地区和东北地区,最低为西部地区.     

Productivity change in the water industry in England and Wales: application of the meta-Malmquist index

This paper uses a meta-Malmquist index for measuring productivity change of the water industry in England and Wales and compares this to the traditional Malmquist index. The meta-Malmquist index computes productivity change with reference to a meta-frontier, it is computationally simpler and it is circular. The analysis covers all 22 UK water companies in existence in 2007, using data over the period 1993–2007. We focus on operating expenditure in line with assessments in this field, which treat operating and capital expenditure as lacking substitutability. We find important improvements in productivity between 1993 and 2005, most of which were due to frontier shifts rather than catch up to the frontier by companies. After 2005, the productivity shows a declining trend. We further use the meta-Malmquist index to compare the productivities of companies at the same and at different points in time. This shows some interesting results relating to the productivity of each company relative to that of other companies over time, and also how the performance of each company relative to itself over 1993–2007 has evolved. The paper is grounded in the broad theory of methods for measuring productivity change, and more specifically on the use of circular Malmquist indices for that purpose. In this context, the contribution of the paper is methodological and applied. From the methodology perspective, the paper demonstrates the use of circular meta-Malmquist indices in a comparative context not only across companies but also within company across time. This type of within-company assessment using Malmquist indices has not been applied extensively and to the authors’ knowledge not to the UK water industry. From the application perspective, the paper throws light on the performance of UK water companies and assesses the potential impact of regulation on their performance. In this context, it updates the relevant literature using more recent data.     

Nonparametric estimation of education productivity incorporating nondiscretionary inputs with an application to Dutch schools

In this paper we develop a Malmquist productivity index for public sector production characterized by the influence of environmental variables. We extend Johnson and Ruggiero (2011) to the more general case of variable returns to scale to further decompose the Malmquist productivity index into technical, efficiency, scale and environmental change. We apply our model to analyze productivity of Dutch schools using 2002–2007 data. The results indicate that the environment influences the productivity index as well as the technical, efficiency, scale and environmental change components. We see that schools with a moderate classification of environment have the highest productivity numbers. In line with expectations, schools with the worst environment also perform worse and would perform better with an improved environment.     

基于SBM模型的我国省际能源环境效率研究

将SBM模型与四阶段DEA方法结合,研究了我国30个省市地区2004~2012年间省际全要素能源环境效率,同时考察了地区投入与产出松弛量,并对其影响因素进行了深入分析。研究发现:环境约束的影响明显,科学评价能源环境效率必须把环境污染引入全要素能效测度之中;随着时间发展,各省间的效率存在优者愈优、劣者愈劣的两级分化趋势.对松弛量的Tobit回归结果显示:GDP是改善能源环境效率的有利因素,外商直接投资、产业结构以及能源消费结构是其不利因素,技术改进和环境治理对提高效率无显著影响;外部因素差异对能源环境效率有显著地影响,剔除外部因素差异的影响,将使效率能得到有效改善.     

Productivity breakdown of the information and computing technology industries across countries

In this paper, we measure productivity growth of the information and computing technology (ICT) industries in 14 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries over the 13-year period of 1978–1990. The ICT industries are the providers of essential information technology (IT) capital goods. This macro-level analysis seeks to find out how productively such IT capital goods are provided. The basic unit of analysis employed is the Malmquist Total Factor Productivity (TFP) index. The Malmquist TFP index is then decomposed into three constituent elements accounting for different sources of productivity growth: technological progress, efficiency change, and change in economies of scale. The approach of measurement is based on the concept of distance functions and employs the non-parametric frontier method of data envelopment analysis. Our results indicate that each country's ICT industry manifests its own particular patterns in various performance measures. Among the 14 countries examined, 10 had witnessed productivity growth in their ICT industries. Overall, these ICT industries are found more productive than other industries when compared with previous research. Further analyses reveal that (1) most of the productivity growth measured is due to technological progress; (2) efficiency change exerts a relatively small positive effect on productivity growth; and (3) the change in scale economies unfavourably affects productivity for most countries. Finally, practical implications for formulating IT policy are drawn from our results, and topics are identified for future research.     

劳动生产率增长源泉与收敛研究

在异质性人力资本的条件下,把劳动生产率增长分解为效率的改变、技术改变、人力资本及物质资本.用核密度函数及回归方法分别对劳动生产率增长及收敛性进行了研究.结果表明:(1)劳动生产率分布由单峰变为多峰,其在初级与高级人力资本下的原因分别为技术改变、物质资本与人力资本;(2)全国的劳动生产率是β收敛的,而西部并不存在β收敛;(3)效率改变及技术改变促进了劳动生产率的发散,而人力资本积累及物质资本积累上促进了劳动生产率的收敛.     

中国环境由灰变蓝供给侧改革的社会经济影响因素研究——基于Fuzzy-DEMATEL的实证分析

供给侧改革成为中国环境由灰变蓝的关键.为探讨环境改善各影响因素之间的相互作用与影响程度,在文献研究基础上,从人口、经济和政策三大视角提取了影响中国环境的12个社会经济因素,利用Fuzzy-DEMATEL方法对各社会经济影响因素的因果类型和作用程度进行实证检验.结果发现,1)中国环境由灰变蓝的5大关键因素为:能源消费结构、人口规模、产业结构、清洁技术研发水平和能源利用效率;2)原因因素为能源消费结构和人口规模;结果因素为产业结构、清洁技术研发水平和能源利用效率.其中能源消费结构和产业结构分别为最重要的原因因素和最重要的结果因素;3)创新手段和创新技术能够显著改善环境质量.     

A cost Malmquist productivity index

This paper develops a productivity index applicable when producers are cost minimisers and input prices are known. The index is inspired by the Malmquist index as extended to productivity measurement. The index developed here is defined in terms of input cost rather than input quantity distance functions. Hence, productivity change is decomposed into overall efficiency and cost technical change. Furthermore, overall efficiency change is decomposed into technical and allocative efficiency change and cost technical change into a part capturing shifts of input quantities and shifts of relative input prices. These decompositions provide a clearer picture of the root sources of productivity change. They are illustrated here in a sample of hospitals; results are computed using non-parametric mathematical programming.     

中国电力可持续转型的效率与潜力是多少?省级数据的实证分析

聚焦电力可持续转型领域,考虑能源安全(期望产出)和环境污染(非期望产出)问题,利用坏产出动态DEA模型与熵权法-TOPSIS模型,采集并整理2009~2018年省级“结构性要素指标”(投入~产出类指标)和“跨期活动变量指标”(政策性指标)的转型期数据,对中国电力可持续转型的“效率~潜力”空间进行测算、排序与优化。结果表明:中国电力转型仍处于发展较为缓慢的量变阶段,而转型的质变拐点仍未可期;就转型效率而言,电力可持续转型在省际间仍存在着较为明显的“不平衡不充分”现象;就转型潜力而言,现行的诸多诱因既提供了转型潜力的存在保障,又成为转型潜力的发展限制。     

Productivity change and innovation in Norwegian electricity distribution companies

Regulators of electricity distribution networks have typically applied Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to cross-section data for benchmarking purposes. However, the use of panel data to analyse the impact of regulatory policies on productivity change over time is less frequent. The main purpose of this paper is to construct a Malmquist productivity index to examine the recent productivity change experienced by Norwegian distribution companies between 2004 and 2007. The Malmquist index is decomposed in order to explore the sources of productivity change, and to identify the innovator companies that pushed the frontier forward each year. The input and output variables considered are those used by the Norwegian regulator. In order to reflect appropriately the exogenous conditions where the companies operate, the efficiency model used in this paper incorporates geography variables as outputs of the DEA model. Unlike the model used by the regulator, we included virtual weight restrictions in the DEA formulation to correct the biases in the DEA results that may be associated to a judicious choice of weights by some of the companies.     

长江经济带产业结构升级与绿色全要素生产率研究

长江经济带产业结构升级有助于绿色全要素生产率的提升。本文选取长江经济带9省2市2008~2019年样本数据,运用非期望产出的SBM方向性距离函数以及Malmqusit指数,考察产业结构升级及其与能源效率交互对绿色全要素生产率的影响力度,从检验性回归系数看,产业结构升级对提升绿色全要素生产率的作用在上游和下游表现的较显著,而中游不显著。因此,应从因地制宜的产业发展政策出发,积极培育“政企社”合作机制,提升绿色全要素生产率。