Stereochemistry of heterocycles

2-Methyl-and 2,5-dialkyl-5-phenoxy-1,3-dioxanes were synthesized and separated into their geometrical isomers by precision rectification. The configuration and conformations of these isomers were determined by PMR spectroscopy. It is shown that the low-boiling trans isomers exist primarily in the chair conformation with an equatorial phenoxy group, whereas the high-boiling cis isomers exist primarily in the chair conformation with an axial phenoxy group.     

Asymmetric synthesis and conformation

The configuration of the 3-alkyl substituted 1,2,3-triphenyl-1-propanones is proved through use of pseudocontact shifts using Eu(dpm)₃. The conformation of all isomers, regardless of size of R, is similar (trans vicinal protons). The relative stability of the two isomers is also independent of R up to R = t-Bu. The conformation and configuration of the hydride reduction products, the alkyl substituted 1,2,3-triphenyl-1-propanols, are elucidated through use of NMR chemical shifts, coupling constants, pseudocontact shifts, and by IR spectra. The starting materials and reduction products (with one exception) have the same conformation at relevant centers, yet the mode of hydride attack is best explained by means of a different conformation in the transition state, in which the LAH approaches over a proton at either asymmetric center.     

Aspirin. An ab initio quantum-mechanical study of conformational preferences and of neighboring group interactions.

The potential energy surface of acetylsalicylic acid, aspirin, has been explored at the RHF/6-31G* and B3LYP/6-31G* levels, and single-point calculations were performed at levels up to B3LYP/6-311G**//B3LYP/6-31G*. All conformational isomers have been located, the thermochemical functions have been computed, and relative energies and free enthalpies were determined. The conformational space of aspirin is spanned by three internal coordinates, and these are the carboxylic acid C-O conformation (s-trans preferred by about 7 kcal/mol), the C-COOH conformation (Z preferred unless there are H-bonding opportunities), and the ester C-O conformation (s-trans preferred by about 4 kcal/mol). There are nine aspirin isomers since one of the conformers realizes hydrogen-bonding structure isomerism as well. Neighboring group interactions are discussed with reference to the intrinsic properties of benzoic acid and phenyl acetate. The intrinsic conformational preference energies for benzoic acid and phenyl acetate are not additive. The acid s-trans preference energies differ by as much as 9 kcal/mol depending on the Ph-COOH and ester conformations. Similarly, the E-preference energies about the Ph-COOH bond vary by as much as 6 kcal/mol depending on the ester conformation. The structural discussion suggests an overall ortho repulsion between the functional groups in all aspirin isomers including the intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded isomers. The isodesmic reaction between the most stable conformers of benzoic acid and phenyl acetate to form aspirin and benzene is found to be endothermic by 2.7 kcal/mol and provides compelling evidence for and a quantitative measure of ortho repulsion. The ortho repulsion of 2.7 kcal/mol is a lower limit, and the ortho repulsion can increase to as much as 6 kcal/mol in some aspirin isomers.     

12H-dibenzo[d,g][1,3,2]dioxaphosphocins: Synthesis,structures and “through-space” spin-spin coupling in their NMR spectra

A series of 12H-dibenzo[d,g][1,3,2]dioxaphosphocins has been prepared by the reactions of bisphenols with either ethyl phosphorodichloridate or phosphorus pentasulfide. The structures of a pair of cis and trans isomers in this series were elucidated by X-ray crystallography. Both isomers adopt the boat-chair conformation in the solid state with the bulky group at C-12 in the pseudo-equatorial position. Some flattening of the heterocyclic ring due to the pseudo-axial ethoxy group was observed in the cis isomer. A novel transannular cyclisation reaction was observed in the mass spectra of the cis isomers and this has allowed us to assign the configurations of all the isomers in the series. The pmr spectra of the compounds have been explained in terms of the rigid boat-chair conformation; however, as bulky groups were introduced at C-12, signs of mobility were observed for the cis isomers and an equilibrium was established with mobile boat forms. A stereospecific long-range coupling between P and the proton at C-12 could be transmitted “through space” by the antiperiplanar lone-pair electrons on the ring oxygen atoms.     

Stereochemistry of heterocycles

The conformations of stereoisomeric 2,5-dialkyl-1,3-dioxanes were studied by means of dipole moments (DM), and it was shown that the low-boiling isomers have a chair conformation or a somewhat distorted symmetrical boat conformation, while the high-boiling isomers have a chair conformation with diequatorial orientation of the substituents. The DM measurements lead to values for the ketals which are closest to those calculated for the chair conformation.See [1] for communication V.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 593–596, May, 1971.The authors sincerely thank Academician D. A. Arbuzov for his unflagging interest and involvement in this investigation.     

[1.1]meta-Stilbenophanes as calixarene analogs: preparation, crystal structure, and cis-trans photoisomerization

Three isomers of [1.1]meta-stilbenophane were synthesized by the McMurry reaction of diarylmethane dialdehyde and their crystal structures and photochemical properties were investigated. X-ray crystallographic analyses of these isomers revealed that they were assigned to a trans-trans (t-t) form with a 1,3-alternate conformation, a cis-trans (c-t) form with a distorted-cone conformation, and a cis-cis (c-c) form with a 1,2-alternate conformation. A ¹H NMR study indicated that a t-t isomer could be completely transformed into a 35:65 mixture of c-t and c-c isomers by photoirradiation at 254 nm.     

Stereochemistry of heterocycles

Some 2,5-dialkyl-2-methyl-1,3-dioxanes and 5-alkyl-2-methyl-2-phenyl-1,3-dioxanes have been synthesized. All the compounds studied consist of epimeric mixtures of geometric isomers the equilibrium in the course of the formation of which is shifted in the direction of the isomers with the diequatorial position of the largest substituents. The predominant conformation of the molecules of both isomers is the chair conformation. The cis isomers of the substances investigated consist of mixtures of conformers.For Communication XIX, see [1].Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 9, pp. 1240–1245, September, 1973.     

1,2-二硒方酸的从头计算

在ＲＨＦ／ＳＴＯ－３Ｇ和ＳＴＯ－３Ｇ＊水平上用ａｂｉｎｉｔｉｏＳＣＦ方法优化得到１，２－二硒方酸（３，４－二羟基－３－环丁烯－１，２－二硒酮）三种平面异构体的平衡几何构型，发现三种平面异构体中ＺＺ型是能量最低构象。用ａｂｉｎｉｔｉｏ数值方法在ＲＨＦ／ＳＴＯ－３Ｇ＊水平上计算了三种平面异构体的谐振动频率。     

Conformational analysis of a model synthetic prodiginine

A conformational analysis of a synthetic model prodiginine was carried out. In solution this compound showed a strong preference for the β conformation, in which all the heterocycles are mutually cis. This conformation provided an ideal alignment of the three N-H groups for interacting with anions when the molecule is protonated. A different conformation was also detected in d(6)-DMSO for the mesylate salt, assigned to the α conformation, in which the C ring is engaged in an intramolecular hydrogen bond with the OMe group. The formation of a homodimer was observed in concentrated CDCl(3) solutions of the neutral free base form of this prodiginine derivative. DFT calculations and the solid state structures of the hydrochloric and methanesulfonic acid salts were in good agreement with the results observed in solution. A complete study of the relative energies of different tautomers, isomers, and supramolecular complexes supported the preference for the β conformation both in water and in the gas phase.     

Solvatochromic analysis of some N-nitroso oxime derivatives--Taft and Catalan approach

Some novel N-nitroso oxime derivatives were synthesized and characterized by (1)H, (13)C, (1)H-(1)H and (1)H-(13)C COSY NMR spectra. The spectra of all these N-nitroso oximes reveal the presence of two isomers labelled as E (-NOH group is anti to N-N=O moiety) and Z (-NOH group is syn to N-N=O moiety) in solution and the coupling constants ruled out the possibility of normal chair conformation. From the theoretical studies and coupling constant values it was found that both E (major) and Z (minor) isomers of N-nitroso oximes exist as an equilibrium mixture of CA and boat conformation (B(1)) and this was also supported by DFT calculation. The photophysical properties of these oxime derivatives were studied and the observed lower fluorescence quantum yield may be due to an increase in the non-radiative deactivation rate constant. This is attributed due to the presence of non-chair conformation of N-nitroso oxime derivatives.     

Six-membered heterocycles

2-Methyl-5-hexyl- and 2-isopropyl-5-hexyl-1, 3-dioxanes have been synthesized for the first time by the condensation of 2-hexyl-1, 3-propane-diol with acetaldehyde and isobutyraldehyde, and they have been separated into their stereoisomers by fractionation in efficient columns. It has been shown by a study of their PMR spectra that the low-boiling isomers have the cis- and the high-boiling isomers the trans-configuration. A study of the PMR spectra has enabled us to show not only the configuration but also the predominant conformations of the isomers; the cis-isomer exists predominantly in the unsymmetrical boat conformation with a diequatorial location of the substituents and the trans-isomer in the chair conformation, also with a diequatorial arrangement of the substituents.     

Six-membered heterocycles

2-Methyl-5-hexyl- and 2-isopropyl-5-hexyl-1, 3-dioxanes have been synthesized for the first time by the condensation of 2-hexyl-1, 3-propane-diol with acetaldehyde and isobutyraldehyde, and they have been separated into their stereoisomers by fractionation in efficient columns. It has been shown by a study of their PMR spectra that the low-boiling isomers have the cis- and the high-boiling isomers the trans-configuration. A study of the PMR spectra has enabled us to show not only the configuration but also the predominant conformations of the isomers; the cis-isomer exists predominantly in the unsymmetrical boat conformation with a diequatorial location of the substituents and the trans-isomer in the chair conformation, also with a diequatorial arrangement of the substituents.     

SYNTHESIS AND CONFORMATIONAL STUDIES OF A NUMBER OF SATURATED BICYCLIC SIX-MEMBERED RING PHOSPHITES

Abstract

An ¹H NMR study of the conformation of the dioxaphosphorinane ring of a number of diastereoisomeric bicyclic saturated six-membered ring phosphites (3ab-10ab) has been performed. The dioxaphosphorinane ring of these phosphites is transannelated with a tetrahydrofuran, cyclopen-tane, tetrahydropyran or cyclohexane ring. The substituent on the phosphorus atom is a methoxy or phenoxy group. It is shown that the cis isomers 3a-10a prefer a chair conformation of the dioxaphosphorinane ring, independent of the substituent on the phosphorus atom and of the nature of the transannelated ring. In contrast, for the trans isomers 3b-10b a twist rather than a chair conformation of the dioxaphosphorinane ring is preferred. The fraction of the twist conformer in the trans isomers is mainly determined by the substituent on phosphorus. The size and composition of the transannelated ring are relatively unimportant in this respect. For both cis and trans isomers the preferred geometry is solvent-independent. The measured ^3JPOCH couplings of the cis isomers 3a-10a are used to formulate an expression for the dependence of such couplings upon dihedral angles in bicyclic phosphites.     

四氢2,4-二取代-1,5-苯并二氮杂草的高效薄层色谱

随着药物化学的进展,苯并含氮或含硫的七员杂环化合物受到越来越多的关注^[1.2]。这类化合物具有一定的生理活性,它们的立体化学及反应过程都是很有意思的。     

N3H5异构化及构象分析

采用量子化学的方法, 对氮氢化合物N3H5所有可能的二面角变化进行松散势能面扫描, 获得了相应的能量和构象之间的关系, 研究了N3H5的异构化机理和构象的变化. 分子中的原子(AIM))理论计算得到的键临界点电荷密度的增大和减小,及其拉普拉斯值的正负变化, 可以清楚地反映构象转化过程中键的增长、断裂和新键生成的相关信息. 自然键轨道(NBO)理论分析表明, 立体排斥作用使分子能量升高, 而超共轭作用使分子能量降低, 它们对分子构象的相对稳定性起了重要作用.     

Synthesis and three-dimensional structures of substituted 4-silyl-4-piperidols

1,2 5-Trimethyl-4-(methyldiphenylsilyl)- and 4-(dimethylphenyl)silyl-4-piperidols were obtained. The isomers of these piperidols of the series, which exist in the chair conformation, have all of their substituents, except the hydroxyl group, equatorially oriented. The isomers of the series exist in solution in the form of an equilibrium mixture of chair and boat conformations, and all of the substituents, except the silyl grouping, are equatorially oriented in the chair conformation.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 502–505, April, 1976.     

Intramolecular direct arylation in an A,C-functionalized calix[4]arene

A recently developed efficient method for intramolecular direct arylation is employed on a doubly functionalized calix[4]arene fixed in the cone conformation. The reaction takes place in high yield leading to meta substituted calix[4]arenes. The functionalities are located at two opposite aromatic rings and the two possible diastereomers are obtained in a 1:1 ratio. Full sets of data including crystal structures for both isomers are presented. The NMR data reveal that even at temperatures up to 120 degrees C both isomers are fixed in a flattened cone conformation with the substituted aromatic units pointing outwards.     

Structural characterizations of protonated homodimers of amino acids: Revealed by infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy and theoretical calculations

Photon affinity can serve as a probe for predicting the structures of protonated homodimers of amino acids.     

Chemical and nuclear magnetic resonance studies of 3,3-diphenyltetrahydrofuran derivatives

Pyrolytic cyclization of a- and β-methadol methiodides afforded cis and trans isomers of 2-ethyl-3,3-diphenyl-5-methyltetrahydrofuran, respectively. Catalytic hydrogenation of 2-ethyli-dene-3,3-diphenyl-5-methyltetrahydrofuran yielded the cis and trans isomers in a 2:1 ratio. The nmr spectra of these and structurally related compounds have been analyzed in terms of a half-chair conformation for 2-ethyl-5-methyl, 2-ethyl, and 5-methyl derivatives. An envelope conformation has been suggested for the compounds containing a double bond at C-2.     

Quantum chemistry predicted correlations between geometric isomerism (conformation) of -OH and =NH substituents and typical group frequencies of nucleic acid bases: cytosine

Results of a search for correlations between typical group mode frequencies and conformation of -OH and =NH substituents is reported. The study is based on quantum chemical data (HF/6-31G (d, p) and MP2 (full)/6-31G (d, p) approximations) of 13 isomers of cytosine. It is closely related to investigations of stability and energetics of all isomers of the more common nucleic acid bases, which revealed correlations between conformation (geometric isomerism) of OH and =NH substituents on the one hand and conversion energies, relaxation of internal structural parameters, electric field gradients, etc. on the other hand. In the majority of cases alteration of conformation of these substituents is accompanied by systematic frequency shifts of stretching, in-plane and out-of-plane bending (torsional) modes conventionally assigned to such groups and by alteration of quantum chemically predicted estimates of harmonic valence force constants and structural parameters dominating the mode frequencies. For identification of group modes 'fractional' mass (other than 'natural' mass) isotope shifts of frequency and normal vectors proved useful. Likewise, estimation of effects of force constant and structural parameter alterations on frequency shifts by first order perturbation theory of the FG problem of partial structures contributed valuable insight into the origin of the shifts.