Instrumental Requirements for Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Measurement Using NIR Spectroscopy

The magnitude of spectral change in blood glucose measurements with diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is investigated. Spectral change is estimated by simulation of light propagation in skin tissue and measurements of absorbance spectra of aqueous glucose solution. Required sensitivity of spectrophotometers for monitoring change in the blood glucose concentration as small as 10 mg/dL has been obtained using the estimated change in the absorbance spectrum and mean pathlength of light in tissue.     

Application of transcutaneous diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the measurement of blood glucose concentration

In this paper, the propagation characteristics of near-infrared (NIR) light in the palm tissue are analyzed,and the principle and feasibility of using transcutaneous diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for non-invasive blood glucose detection are presented. An optical probe suitable for measuring the diffuse reflectance spectrum of human palm and a non-invasive blood glucose detection system using NIR spectroscopy are designed. Based on this system, oral glucose tolerance tests are performed to measure the blood glucose concentrations of two young healthy volunteers. The partial least square calibration model is then constructed by all individual experimental data. The final result shows that correlation coefficients of the two experiments between the predicted blood glucose concentrations and the reference blood glucose concentrations are 0.9870 and 0.9854, respectively. The root mean square errors of prediction of full cross validation are 0.54 and 0.52 mmol/1, respectively.     

Femtosecond pump and probe measurement of all-optical modulation based on intersubband transition in n-doped quantum wells

An all-optical modulation of interband-resonant light (near-infrared signal light: 800 nm) by intersubband-resonant light (mid-infrared control light: 4–7 μm) in n-doped AlGaAs/GaAs multiple quantum wells is investigated by two-color femtosecond pump–probe experiments at room temperature. The modulation of the near-infrared signal light with an ultrafast recovery as short as 1 ps is successfully observed when the quantum wells are pumped by the mid-infrared control light pulse (4 fJ/μm²). The dependence of the modulation depth on the wavelength of the control light is also measured, which is shown to be consistent with the intersubband absorption spectrum of the quantum wells. The results indicate that the utilization of the intersubband transition is promising for the ultrafast all-optical modulation and switching.     

无创血糖近浮动基准参考测量方法的仿体实验验证

在近红外无创血糖测量中,由葡萄糖引起的信号变化十分微弱,极易受到人体背景、测量仪器、周围环境等变化的影响,限制了无创血糖检测的精度。针对这个问题,提出应用浮动基准位置理论进行背景变异的校正。但是由于个体的差异性与人体环境的复杂多变性,浮动基准位置会因人而异。通过对人体手掌三层皮肤模型进行蒙特卡洛模拟,发现其在1 000～1 700 nm近红外波段的浮动基准位置基本处于距光源径向距离2 mm附近。为了提高浮动基准位置理论在不同人体之间的适用性,提出了一种近浮动基准参考测量方法,即以径向距离2 mm处作为参考位置进行背景干扰的修正,并通过仿体实验验证其效果。选取与人体手掌皮肤模型的浮动基准位置较为接近的2%和3%浓度的Intralipid仿体溶液进行实验。实验结果表明近浮动基准修正法可以消减光源漂移对测量结果的影响,提高数据的重复性和稳定性;同时通过对不同葡萄糖含量的2%和3%浓度的Intralipid溶液进行多次漫反射信号采集并建立葡萄糖浓度预测模型,发现修正后的回归模型的预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别降低了38.51%~79.98%和29.72%~52.22%,说明该方法能够比较有效地消除两个测量位置处共同的背景干扰,提高校正模型的预测精度。仿体实验验证的结果,为下一步近浮动基准参考测量方法的在体测量提供了有力的支撑。     

近红外光谱无创血糖测量中背景扣除方法的研究

在近红外光谱人体血糖无创检测中,由于葡萄糖在体内含量非常低,而光谱中的噪声组成复杂且变化幅度大,从而导致测量的信噪比较低。背景扣除是提高测量信噪比的有效预处理手段之一。文章首先对常用的背景扣除方法进行了理论推导,并进一步考虑不同样品在测量过程中存在的样品本身特性变化,提出了相近背景扣除的方法,即选择与样品的光学特性变化相似的样品作为背景,能更有效地消除样品特性变化和仪器漂移的影响。并在纯吸收和散射介质中分别加入葡萄糖进行实验验证。结果表明,在血浆溶液和Intralipid-2%溶液的葡萄糖实验中,选用与样品特性更接近的样品作为背景时,葡萄糖浓度的预测精度分别提高了25.9%和40.1%。     

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Probe with Position Sensor

We propose a probe for near-infrared spectroscopy that enables exploratory diagnosis and the simultaneous measurement of metabolic status and dynaMisc of the body of a subject. The probe has a red light emitting diode for indicating its position in addition to a set of two near-infrared light emitting diodes and a photodetector for near-infrared spectroscopy measurement. The red light is detected by a camera and the probe position is obtained by processing the captured images. There are two methods of using the probe: In one method, the user scans the probe on the body surface to obtain a spatial distribution of metabolic status; in the other method, the probe is fixed on the body and simultaneously measures metabolic status and movement of the body to investigate their relationship.     

净信号预处理结合径向基偏最小二乘回归在血糖无创检测中的应用

为了提高人体血糖近红外光谱定量分析模型的预测精度,结合净信号预处理(NAP)算法和径向基偏最小二乘(RBFPLS)回归建立了一种适合于人体血糖测量的非线性建模方法NAP-RBFPLS。本文首先利用NAP对近红外光谱进行预处理来有效地提取原始光谱中仅与葡萄糖信号相关的光谱信息,从而有效地减弱了人体血液中水、白蛋白、血红蛋白、脂肪等成分的吸收干扰以及人体体温的变化、测量仪器本身的漂移、测量环境的变化和测量条件的变化引起的干扰因素与血糖变化的偶然相关问题;然后把净信号预处理后的近红外光谱数据通过RBFPLS建立了非线性定量分析模型来解决由于人体强散射引起的血糖浓度与近红外光谱之间的非线性关系,并与偏最小二乘(PLS)、基于净信号预处理的偏最小二乘(NAP-PLS)和RBFPLS这三种建模方法建立的定量分析模型进行了对比分析。实验结果表明,这两种方法相结合建立的非线性校正模型对预测集的预测精度有了很大的提高,这将对人体血糖浓度无创检测技术的研究具有实际应用价值。     

植物叶片可见与近红外光谱反射率数据库的建立与主成分分析

可见与近红外波段光谱反射率数据库是颜色科学与技术和遥感目标地物分类识别领域等研究与应用的基础数据。主成分分析(PCA)在光谱数据分析、光谱重建、高光谱数据降维以及遥感图像分类等方面有广泛应用。测量并建立了云南公园常见绿化植物柳树、樟、红花檵木、蓝花楹等48种植物150条叶片从可见光到近红外波段光谱反射率数据库,波长范围400～1 000 nm、间隔4 nm。并且分别对可见与可见到近红外两种波段范围进行PCA研究。结果表明：不同植物叶片按照红、绿、黄相同色相的光谱反射率曲线基本相似;但对于同一种植物,在可见光波段400～700 nm,因为体内叶绿素、叶黄素、叶红素和花青苷含量的不同,光谱反射率曲线有较大的差异;在近红外波段700～1 000 nm,所有植物叶片光谱反射率仅仅是大小不同,而同一植物光谱反射率基本不随波长变化。PCA分析表明：在可见光和可见与近红外波段前三个主成分的累积贡献率分别达到98.62%和94.97%。数据库及其PCA分析结果将为自然物体光谱重建、多光谱成像技术和遥感目标地物分类识别等领域应用提供支撑。     

近红外光谱的阵列扫描式灵敏度法探测颅脑血肿

利用近红外光谱技术对脑组织进行检测实现脑血肿的定位一直以来都是无损光学诊断的研究热点.为了实现开放式全方位的精准探测,基于功能性近红外光谱技术提出一种新的方法—阵列扫描式灵敏度法,即建立全方位阵列探测器,通过单边阵列式扫描检测来获取不同探测位置的光通量,计算每个探测器的探测灵敏度,就能得到全方位的探测信息.首先,建立单...     

近红外光谱无创血糖检测中有效信号提取方法的研究

糖尿病严重危害人类健康,无创血糖检测是医患双方的期望。人体生理背景成分复杂、易变,各种组织信息混杂,导致直接测量人体的近红外光谱很难真实反映血液中血糖浓度变化信息。提出血流容积差光谱相减法,即利用血流容积一直在变而人体组织背景和血液成分含量短时间不变的事实,通过相似背景扣除,有效消除人体组织背景干扰,获得反映血液成分信息的有效光谱信号。为验证方法的有效性,自行研制相关实验系统,获得系统噪声好于20 μAU,并在波长1 250 nm处取得信噪比为20 000∶1的有效光谱信号,阐明现有条件下血流容积差光谱相减法在近红外无创血糖检验临床应用的可行性和优势。     

三维坐标异常数据判定方法的模拟与实验研究

近红外漫反射光谱具有无创伤、连续、无感染、速度快等诸多优势,在人体成分无创伤检测方面有很好的应用前景。但是在测量过程中,随机噪声、干扰组分以及检测条件的改变等容易导致异常光谱。判定并剔除异常光谱对于提高近红外无创血液成分检测的可靠性具有重要意义。首先分析了近红外漫反射光谱无创血糖检测中可能出现的异常数据类型,提出了一种综合利用马氏距离、光谱残差和化学值残差三个指标构造三维空间对样本集进行检验的三维坐标异常数据判定方法。其次,针对三层皮肤组织模型,在参数中设置人为失误、极端成分含量以及异常温度变化的样本,通过蒙特卡罗（MC)模拟程序得到一组正常模拟数据以及一组包含化学值异常和光谱异常的模拟数据,并利用三维坐标法进行异常数据的判定。结果显示,该方法能识别出全部异常样本,剔除这些异常样本后,偏最小二乘（PLS）校正模型的交互验证均方根误差（RMSECV）由21.2 mmol·L-1降低到1.1 mmol·L-1,初步验证了该方法的可行性。进一步,对三位受试者开展了口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）,通过在测量受试者血糖参考值的同时同步采集其手指部位的漫反射光谱,获得了三组在体实验数据。并利用三维坐标法和蒙特卡罗交互验证法进行异常数据的判定和剔除,最后建立PLS模型比较两种异常数据判别方法的效果：剔除三维坐标法识别出的异常数据后,三组样本建立的校正模型的决定系数显著提升,RMSECV平均值由2.1 mmol·L-1降低至0.8 mmol·L-1,效果优于蒙特卡罗交互验证法的结果。这些结果表明,基于马氏距离、光谱残差和化学值残差的三维坐标异常数据判定方法能有效识别近红外无创血糖测量中的异常数据,在在体成分检测应用中有显著优势。     

基于光谱解调的对称波导型表面等离子体共振传感研究

表面等离子体共振(SPR)传感系统有角度谱、光谱、强度、相位等解调方式,其中光谱型的(SPR)传感系统因可以使用光纤导光,将传感部分独立出来,可进行远距离传感和现场检测,并能有效缩小系统的体积。对称光波导型(SOW)SPR因金属膜层两边的折射率完全相同,表面等离子体波传播距离更长,穿透深度更深,比传统的SPR系统具有更高的灵敏度和分辨率。对对称波导型(SOW)SPR进行光谱解调研究,以MgF₂-Au-MgF₂结构的SOW-SPR为传感单元,同时以光纤输出的卤素灯为光源, 搭建了一套光谱解调的SOW-SPR检测系统,以不同浓度的葡萄糖溶液对系统折射率分辨率进行测量,得到2.8×10-7 RIU的分辨率。为SOW-SPR系统小型化、现场检测以及远距离探测提出一种可能实现的手段,具有很好的应用前景。     

Detection Limit of Glucose Concentration with Near-InfraredAbsorption and Scattering Spectroscopy

Theoretical analyses and Monte Carlo simulation are performed to investigate the detection limit of glucose concentration with near-infrared spectroscopy. The relation between detection limitation of glucose concentration and source-detector separation is derived. Monte Carlo simulation performed with a skin-layered model shows that the ratio of effective photons from the target layer could excess 50% by selecting proper source-detector separation, and that the detection limit of glucose concentration approaches to 0.28mM, which satisfies the requirement of food and drug administration for noninvasive glucose sensing.     

温度干扰下的葡萄糖水溶液近红外光谱修正方法与比较

水的近红外吸收光谱受温度影响较大,采用近红外光谱法对水溶液样本进行成分测量时,温度的影响不能忽视。特别对于葡萄糖这种弱吸收成分,温度的微小变化会对其测量精度造成较大影响。实验发现葡萄糖水溶液在30 ℃附近时,温度每变化1摄氏度,在1 160 nm处溶液的吸光度变异系数约0.344 7%,这个变化约相当于500～600 mg·dL-1葡萄糖浓度引起的溶液吸光度变化量。将近年来发展的几种化学计量学方法用于温度扰动下葡萄糖水溶液的光谱修正,以提高葡萄糖测量精度,具体包括广义最小二乘加权法(GLSW)和外部参数正交化方法(EPO)。对不同温度的葡萄糖水溶液样品在900～1 350 nm的光谱进行采集,测试了两种方法对温度变化后光谱的修正效果,考察了修正后光谱的葡萄糖预测误差,并与传统的考虑温度变量的多变量回归方法-偏最小二乘(PLS)回归法进行了比较。结果表明,GLSW和EPO方法对不同温度下的溶液光谱有好的校正效果,不同温度下溶液光谱的变异系数得到显著改善,同时两种方法在模型复杂性、温度修正效果等方面都优于传统方法。研究可推广到其他水份含量较大的样品测试场合,也对人体组织中的葡萄糖测量有借鉴价值。     

基于温度不敏感源-探测器距离的测量方法的模拟研究

温度变化是影响近红外无创血糖测量精度的主要因素之一。为降低温度变化对近红外漫反射光谱的影响,提出了一种基于温度不敏感源-探测器距离的测量方法,即在漫反射光强对人体组织温度变化不敏感的源-探测器距离处进行光谱测量。利用Monte Carlo方法模拟了温度为30～40 ℃、葡萄糖浓度为0～300 mmol·L-1的皮肤组织在多个源-探测器距离处的漫反射光强。根据模拟结果,分析了人体皮肤组织模型中温度不敏感源-探测器距离的存在性及其受葡萄糖浓度变化的影响;比较了1 000 nm处温度恒定和温度变动时,不同源-探测器距离处漫反射光强与葡萄糖浓度的相关性;进一步地,利用六个波长(1 000,1 050,1 100,1 150,1 350和1 410 nm)下的温度不敏感源-探测器距离及其他距离处的漫反射光强,建立了葡萄糖的偏最小二乘(PLS)模型,并比较了这些模型在温度恒定和温度变动时的预测精度。结果表明,在1 000～1 440 nm范围内,人体存在温度不敏感源-探测器距离,且葡萄糖浓度变化对该距离的影响可以忽略不计;当组织温度变化时,温度不敏感源-探测器距离处的漫反射光强与葡萄糖浓度的相关性及建模效果均明显优于其他源-探测器距离,基本接近样品温度恒定时的情况。研究表明,基于温度不敏感源-探测器距离的测量方法能有效降低温度变化对漫反射光强的影响,有望提高近红外漫反射无创血糖测量的精度。     

利用近红外光激发的光声血管造影成像

利用近红外光结合对应波长的光吸收增强对照剂来实现在体小鼠脑皮层血管的光声成像.近红外光在生物组织上有较深的穿透能力;而作为光吸收增强剂的外源染料吲哚菁绿注射到血液系统后则增加了血管对光的选择性吸收,从而增强了血管光声信号的强度.实验在不破坏脑头皮和头盖骨的前提下,通过静脉注射吲哚菁绿,获得小鼠脑皮层血管的光声造影成像.光声重建的血管网络与小鼠脑部解剖照片相当符合.实验结果证明近红外光结合光吸收增强剂的光声血管造影技术对于开展光声脑功能成像,光声分子成像提供了潜在的可行性. 关键词： 光声成像 光吸收增强剂 血管造影 光声信号     

Study of near-infrared nonvolatile two-center holographic recording in LiNbO3:Fe:Rh crystal

The near-infrared nonvolatile holographic recording has been realized in a doubly doped LiNbO₃:Fe:Rh crystal by the traditional two-center holographic recording scheme, for the first time. The recording performance of this crystal has been investigated by recording with 633 nm red light, 752 nm red light and 799 nm near-infrared light and sensitizing with 405 nm purple light. The experimental results show that, co-doped with Fe and Rh, the near-infrared absorption and the photovoltaic coefficient of shallow trap Fe are enhanced in this LiNbO₃:Fe:Rh crystal, compared with other doubly doped LiNbO₃ crystals such as LiNbO₃:Fe:Mn. It is also found that the sensitizing light intensity affects the near-infrared recording sensitivity in a different way than two-center holographic recording with shorter wavelength, and the origin of experimental results is analyzed.     

Photonic Spin Hall Effect as a Highly Sensitive Refractive Index Sensing Platform for Glucose

This study presents an innovative refractive index (RI) sensor that measures glucose concentration by utilizing the photonic spin Hall effect (SHE) in a resonant optical tunneling effect (ROTE) structure. The ROTE structure consists of three InP layers with the high RI and two analyte layers (with a high-low-high-low-high RI distribution), in which glucose solution samples with the low RI are injected. By subjecting the InP layers to external bias-assisted light, the photonic SHE can be flexibly manipulated, enabling the modulation of the sensing performance accordingly. It is found that the transverse shift of photonic SHE presents a large variation in response to the tiny change in glucose concentrations. By optimizing the parameters (i.e., intensity or wavelength) of bias light, the sensitivity of this sensor can reach as high as 735.7 µm RIU⁻¹. Compared to traditional glucose sensors, this original work implements the novel photonic SHE with the superior sensing performance. Therefore, the proposed design shows promising potential for biomedical applications, such as medical diagnoses and drug discovery.     

Analysis of Light Propagation in a Realistic Head Model by a Hybrid Method for Optical Brain Function Measurement

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is used to measure the change in blood volume and oxygenation in the brain cortex induced by functional brain activation. The development of an adequate model to calculate light propagation in the head is very important because the light is strongly scattered in the tissue and this causes ambiguity in the volume of tissue interrogated with a source–detector pair of the NIRS instrument. In this study, a two-dimensional realistic head model is generated from a MRI scan of a human adult head. The light propagation in the head model is calculated by the hybrid Monte Carlo–diffusion method to obtain the change in detected intensity caused by a focal absorption change in the grey matter or in the white matter to discuss the relationship between the depth of the activated region and the sensitivity of the NIRS signal. The sensitivity to the activated region in the white matter steeply decreases with an increase of the depth of the activated region because the spatial sensitivity profile is mainly confined to the grey matter. The contribution of the focal brain activity to the NIRS signal is determined by not only the depth of the activated region from the head surface but also the depth of the activated region from the brain surface.     

Nano-scale sensing transducer using entangled photon walk-off compensation

We propose a new concept of a nano-sensing transducer system using a nano-waveguide. The small change in physical quantity affects to the change in device parameters such as refractive index or length which is relatively absorbed and observed by the resonant signals. In principle, the stored light pulse at the specified wavelength is generated by using a soliton propagating within the ring resonators, whereas a resonant signals can be stored within the nano-waveguide, i.e. a sensing transducer, which is formed by the sensing ring device. The induced change in the resonant signals by the surrounded environment is occurred, and can be detected by using the optical/quantum processor. Such a proposed device is namely suitable to perform the measurements in the nano-scale regime such as force, stress and temperature.