舵几何特征对桨-舵系统尾流场演化的影响

发生在桨和舵之间的干扰会影响螺旋桨尾流的演化,导致尾流场中的湍流在下游增强,恶化船舶的振动和噪声性能,深入分析舵几何参数对桨-舵系统尾流场演化的影响能够为推进器尾流场的调节和减振降噪提供新思路.因此,从弦长、剖面和梯形舵入手分析不同的舵几何参数对螺旋桨尾流场演化特性的影响,使用大漩涡模拟方法模拟流场中的湍流结构,对不同舵弦长、剖面下的螺旋桨尾涡结构演化进行了分析,在舵弦长、剖面影响螺旋桨尾流场演化的研究的基础上分析了梯形舵对螺旋桨尾涡结构的影响,进一步分析了梯形舵影响下的螺旋桨尾流场中湍动能的分布.结果表明舵的弦长和剖面均会影响螺旋桨尾流场的演化,这种影响表现为更大的弦长和更厚的剖面会促进螺旋桨梢涡在舵压力面上的偏移,更薄的舵剖面会带来更强烈的螺旋桨毂涡偏移;涡管轮廓和舵表面脉动压力的对比均表明梯形舵会促进螺旋桨尾流场沿逆舵梯度方向偏移,从而导致螺旋桨的尾涡结构在舵两侧及下游呈现不对称分布,桨-舵系统下游的湍流结构与螺旋桨尾涡-舵碰撞过程、螺旋桨尾涡-舵随边涡干扰过程、螺旋桨梢涡-螺旋桨毂涡干扰有关,偏移更大的螺旋桨尾涡结构会在尾流场中更早地引起湍动能增强.     

考虑气核生长溃灭效应的螺旋桨梢涡空化初生数值模拟研究

梢涡空化是螺旋桨最早发生的空化类型,其一旦发生会显著增强舰船辐射噪声水平.因此,螺旋桨梢涡空化初生的预报是军舰临界航速确定的关键,长期以来受到船舶领域诸多专家学者的重点关注.微观气核受涡心低压作用而发生暴发式生长是梢涡空化初生的重要机制,而传统欧拉框架下的宏观空化模型用经验参数模化了微观气核的影响而无法对该过程准确模拟,影响对螺旋桨空化初生的准确预报.为了弥补传统模拟方法的不足,本研究发展并使用一种基于气泡动力学并考虑水相可压缩效应的欧拉-拉格朗日空化初生数值预报方法对螺旋桨梢涡空化初生进行了数值模拟研究.与实验结果对比表明,该模型能够准确地预报螺旋桨梢涡空化初生.此外,本研究不仅从微观气核角度探究不同来流气核尺寸对空化初生的影响,还进一步研究梢涡流动特性对气核演变的影响机制,初步探究初生空化在螺旋桨梢涡流场中的发声机理.在空化初生光学判断准则下尺寸越大的气核越容易被梢涡捕获而暴发式生长.气核在梢涡卷吸作用下逐渐靠近涡心低压区.在涡心低压区的持续作用下气核开始暴发式生长,并在半径达到最大后迅速收缩溃灭,产生强烈的正声压脉冲信号.     

水下发射航行体尾涡不稳定性分析

在水下连续发射过程中前一发航行体尾流会对后一发航行体运动姿态稳定性产生流动干扰现象. 因此, 研究尾流中涡旋结构演变机理对解决多弹体水下连续发射流动干扰难题具有重要的意义. 本文采用改进型分离涡模型与能量方程, VOF多相流模型与重叠网格技术相结合方法, 对航行体水下发射尾流演变过程开展精细化模拟研究, 其中模拟结果和实验吻合度较好, 验证了本文数值方法的有效性. 以航行体尾流区域为重点研究对象, 分析了尾流区瞬态流场分布, 讨论了横流强度和雷诺数对尾涡结构演变以及脉动压力分布特性的影响. 结果表明: 由于尾流区高速流体核心区与低速自由流相互作用导致Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定现象出现, 可以清晰地发现涡旋结构在剪切力的作用下发生脱落. 在横流条件下, 航行体尾端脱落的涡环与涡腿形成发卡涡, 而多个发卡涡沿轴向间隔排列组成发卡涡包存在于尾流中. 随着横流强度增大, 形成多级发卡涡包结构, 而导致脉动压力二次峰值均出现的主要原因是尾流涡旋流场演变引起的. 随着雷诺数的增大, 尾流中由圆柱形涡和U型涡组成的二次涡结构逐渐明显, 不稳定性加强.      

圆柱绕流流场结构的大涡模拟研究

为进一步揭示绕流现象的形成机理,本文分别对处于层流稳态区、尾流过渡区、剪切层转换区Re分别为26、200、1.4×105的三种典型流态下的单圆柱绕流进行了二维数值模拟研究。Re为26时应用层流模型直接求解N-S方程,而Re分别为200、1.4×105时使用大涡模拟的方法进行计算。数值模拟很好地再现了稳定的涡旋结构、周期性交替脱落的卡门涡街结构、不规则的涡旋结构,在此基础上分析了尾流结构的基本特征及其压强分布规律、平均的流场特性、积分参数(如升力系数、阻力系数、斯特劳哈尔等),并与有关研究成果进行了对比。研究发现,采用不同流动介质时流场特性有所差异,空气为介质时的计算结果更符合实验的成果,而水为介质时计算结果偏差较大,这主要是由尾流涡旋产生的不合理负压造成的。     

基于相交不稳定性的尾流自消散机翼实验研究

飞机尾流是复杂的流动现象,相关控制的研究常采用简化模型,抓住主要矛盾进行尾流不稳定性的学术探索. 采用结构化矩形机翼模型,通过添加扰流片来模拟襟翼的一种作动方式,引入一对与主翼涡反向的小涡,以期诱发尾涡的瑞利-路德维希相交不稳定性. 改变模型在水槽中的拖曳速度以及机翼攻角,采用粒子图像速度场仪定量研究单主翼尾涡发展特性以及双涡相互作用特性. 研究表明,未添加扰流片时,尾涡环量在45 个翼展内相对于初始环量衰减了10%;而添加了扰流片的实验中,在较好的实验参数组合情况下,主翼尾涡环量较初始环量降低35%~45%. 结果表明添加适当扰流片产生的反向小涡能诱发与主翼尾涡的相交不稳定性,在尾流涡系中引入自消散机制,加速机翼尾涡的消散过程,达到提早消弱尾涡的目的.      

有限长正方形棱柱绕流的双稳态现象

运用大涡模拟(large eddy simulation, LES) 方法对有限长正方形棱柱绕流进行了研究. 棱柱高宽比为5,一端固定于平板上,另一端为自由端. 平板表面边界层厚度可忽略不计. 基于自由流速度和棱柱宽度的雷诺数为3 900. 由计算结果发现,有限长棱柱的尾流在自由端后下扫流的作用下具有显著的三维性. 尾流中会交替出现两种典型的流动状态:一种是柱体两侧所脱落的涡在尾流中形成类似卡门涡街的交错排列状态;另一种是柱体尾流中涡团对称分布且无明显的周期性. 两种典型流动状态的交替出现,对有限长棱柱气动力特性有直接的影响.     

圆角化对方柱气动性能影响的流场机理

方形截面柱体的圆角化处理是常用的流动控制方法,但其流场作用机理尚未被澄清.采用大涡模拟方法,在雷诺数为2.2×104时,考虑风攻角的影响,对均匀流作用下的标准方柱和圆角方柱的气动性能和流场特性进行了研究,定量分析了圆角化气动措施和风攻角变化对分离泡特性的影响规律,从流场角度澄清了圆角化气动措施对方柱气动性能的影响机理.研究表明:与标准方柱相比,圆角方柱的表面风压、气动力和涡脱强度呈整体下降的趋势,但圆角方柱的斯特劳哈尔数更高;圆角方柱的"分离泡流态"发生在更小的风攻角范围内,分离泡的出现会进一步造成方柱的尾流变窄,涡脱强度减弱;随着风攻角的增大,分离泡的长度会逐渐减小直至消失,分离泡的中心会逐渐向方柱前角(迎风向)和方柱壁面移动;与标准方柱相比,圆角方柱的气流发生初次分离的位置向下游移动,分离后的剪切层更贴近方柱,因而更易发生再附现象;方柱尾流宽度的减小和涡脱强度的减弱是导致圆角方柱气动力减小和斯特劳哈尔数增大的主要原因.     

斑马鱼直线加速游动试验研究

海洋生物低噪音、高速、髙效游动能力是任何人造水下航行器所无法比拟的. 借助时间解析粒子图像测速技术对斑马鱼直线加速游动过程进行精细流场测量, 对其运动学行为特性和动力学机理进行分析. 同时应用双正交分解对涡量场进行模态分解, 获取流场的时间演化和空间分布特征. 从流动机理的角度探究斑马鱼游动过程的流动结构特征及旋涡动态演化特性. 试验结果表明: 流动可视化展现了整体涡流尾迹的结构分布,方便探究运动特性与旋涡尾迹之间的耦合关系. 斑马鱼从运动开始时体干保持着鲹科式的运动规律, 游动时的动能主要由前几次大幅的摆尾过程提供, 后续的摆尾主要调整方向及姿态. 两次不同方向的摆尾动作会形成一对方向相反的旋涡, 并在时序下旋涡逐渐脱落. 同时尾流的涡量变化在一定程度上反映鱼体的游向的变化. 基于双正交分解分解后的时间演化结果验证本次试验在时间上涡量场具有合理的恒定幅度, 空间分布表明低阶空间模态表征斑马鱼游动的主要涡流动结构, 高阶空间模态表征涡流动的细节结构. 研究鱼类游动时的摆尾推进机制与动力学特性能够为高效率的仿鱼类推进装置设计提供一定科学参考.      

圆角化对方柱气动性能影响的流场机理

方形截面柱体的圆角化处理是常用的流动控制方法,但其流场作用机理尚未被澄清.采用大涡模拟方法,在雷诺数为2.2$\times$10$^{4}$时,考虑风攻角的影响,对均匀流作用下的标准方柱和圆角方柱的气动性能和流场特性进行了研究,定量分析了圆角化气动措施和风攻角变化对分离泡特性的影响规律,从流场角度澄清了圆角化气动措施对方柱气动性能的影响机理.研究表明:与标准方柱相比,圆角方柱的表面风压、气动力和涡脱强度呈整体下降的趋势,但圆角方柱的斯特劳哈尔数更高;圆角方柱的"分离泡流态'发生在更小的风攻角范围内,分离泡的出现会进一步造成方柱的尾流变窄,涡脱强度减弱;随着风攻角的增大,分离泡的长度会逐渐减小直至消失,分离泡的中心会逐渐向方柱前角(迎风向)和方柱壁面移动;与标准方柱相比,圆角方柱的气流发生初次分离的位置向下游移动,分离后的剪切层更贴近方柱,因而更易发生再附现象;方柱尾流宽度的减小和涡脱强度的减弱是导致圆角方柱气动力减小和斯特劳哈尔数增大的主要原因.      

空化水动力学非定常特性研究进展及展望

空化作为一种重要的复杂水动力学现象,具有明显的三维流动特征与剧烈的非定常特性,在水力机械、船舶推进器、水利工程中广泛存在,且通常会带来不利的影响,长期以来一直是水动力学领域研究的重点与难点课题之一.本文首先从实验测量和数值模拟两个角度,综述了空化水动力学非定常特性研究的发展概况, 分析了当前存在的问题.在空化实验研究中,主要介绍了空化水洞、空化流场测量以及多物理场同步测量等方面所取得的进展.在数值模拟方法中, 对目前的空化模型和湍流模型进行了分类介绍,并重点讨论了大涡模拟、验证和确认等在空化流模拟中的应用.之后以附着型空化为主, 同时兼顾云状空泡、空蚀、涡空化等,梳理了其研究中存在的几个关键科学问题,包括空化演变、空化流动的三维结构、失稳机制、空化不稳定性及其与低频压力脉动的联系、空化与旋涡的相互作用、空化与弹性水翼的流固耦合、空化对尾流场影响等.最后展望了空化水动力学的研究方向和未来发展趋势.      

Effect of the number of blades on propeller wake evolution

The effect of the number of blades on wake evolution was investigated on three propellers having the same blade geometry but different numbers of blades. The experiments concerned velocity measurements along nine transversal planes of the wake by LDV phase-sampling techniques. The study was performed with all the propellers having the same tip vortex intensity. In addition, high-speed visualizations were carried out to analyze the main features of propeller wake evolution in the transition and in the far wake. Aspects concerning wake evolution were pointed out, with particular emphasis on the instability mechanism of the propeller slipstream and on its correlation with the blade-to-blade interaction phenomenon.     

An advanced design method for propellers behind bodies of revolutionCalcul de l'hélice fonctionnant en arrière d'un corps à symétrie axiale

The flow around the unshrouded marine propellers operating in the wake of an axisymmetric body is rotational and tridimensional. An inverse method based on the model of inviscid and rotational fluid and coupling two complementary steps (axisymmetric computation + 3D panel method) is proposed for the design of the marine propellers. The meridional flow computation leads to the determination of axisymmetrical stream sheets as well as the approximate camber surface of the blades and gives a good estimation of the surface of the free vortex wake. The new aspects developed in this method are the involvement of the contraction and the stretching of the free vortex wake, the rotational character of the incoming flow in the axisymmetric computation with tridimensional effects due to 3D panel method. To cite this article: N. Settou, B. Viney, C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

The wake flow downstream of a propeller-rudder system

We report wall-resolved, large-eddy simulations for the case of a propeller operating upstream of a hydrofoil, mimicking a rudder. Our primary objective is the identification of wake features that are unique to this coupled system, when compared to open-water cases, which are usually the focus of experiments and computations in the literature. We were able to achieve unprecedented levels of numerical resolution, which capture the dynamics of all energetic eddies in the flow by using a scalable, conservative, structured solver in cylindrical coordinates. The boundary conditions on the rotating propeller and hydrofoil were enforced via an immersed boundary formulation. The largest values of turbulent stresses in the wake of the hydrofoil are achieved outwards from the radial coordinate of the tip of the propeller blades. This is due to spanwise gradients across the hydrofoil (in the direction parallel to the span of the hydrofoil), producing a displacement of the pressure side legs of the tip vortices towards outer coordinates, where they experience shear with the wake of the hydrofoil. The evolution of turbulence is non-monotonic across the streamwise direction. This is a consequence of the growing shear resulting from the complex interactions involving the shear layers from the trailing edge, the tip vortices and the two branches of the hub vortex coming from the two sides of the hydrofoil. Such a shear is reinforced by the spanwise velocities developed by the two branches of the propeller wake across the hydrofoil. Compared to an isolated propeller, these phenomena enhance turbulence production. The present results highlight that a downstream hydrofoil, typical of surface ships, is able to significantly intensify the wake signature of a propeller.     

Utilization of bend–twist coupling for performance enhancement of composite marine propellers

Self-twisting composite marine propellers, when subject to hydrodynamic loading, will not only automatically bend but also twist due to passive bend–twist (BT) coupling characteristics of anisotropic composites. To exploit the BT coupling effects of self-twisting propellers, a two-level (material and geometry) design methodology is proposed, formulated, and implemented. The material design is formulated as a constrained, discrete, binary optimization problem, which is tackled using an enhanced genetic algorithm equipped with numerical and analytical tools as function evaluators. The geometry design is formulated as an inverse problem to determine the unloaded geometry, which is solved using an over-relaxed, nonlinear, iterative procedure. A sample design is provided to illustrate the design methodology, and the predicted performance is compared to that of a rigid propeller. The results show that the self-twisting propeller produced the same performance as the rigid propeller at the design flow condition, and it produced better performance than the rigid propeller at off-design flow conditions, including behind a spatially varying wake.     

船用复合材料螺旋桨研究进展

复合材料具有比强度高,阻尼性能好及可调整纤维铺层以控制结构变形等优点.复合材料应用于螺旋桨将改善螺旋桨的推进性能和振动特性.通过对国内外复合材料螺旋桨研究成果的回顾、总结和归纳,得出了传统的算法已不满足复合材料螺旋桨的设计和预报要求,复合材料螺旋桨的设计和预报算法需考虑桨叶变形引起的空间流场变化的结论.分析了可借助纤维增强材料所具有的弯扭耦合特性,调整桨叶纤维材料铺层和桨叶结构形式来提高螺旋桨推进效率的规律性.总结了复合材料螺旋桨研究中的关键技术和复合材料螺旋桨设计流程,并指出了复合材料螺旋桨未来研究的趋势.      

Propeller tip and hub vortex dynamics in the interaction with a rudder

In the present paper, the interaction mechanisms of the vortices shed by a single-screw propeller with a rudder installed in its wake are addressed; in particular, following the works by Felli et al. (Exp Fluids 6(1):1–11, 2006a, Exp Fluids 46(1):147–1641, 2009a, Proceedings of the 8th international symposium on particle image velocimetry: Piv09, Melbourne, 2009b), the attention is focused on the analysis of the evolution, instability, breakdown and recovering mechanisms of the propeller tip and hub vortices during the interaction with the rudder. To investigate these mechanisms in detail, a wide experimental activity consisting in time-resolved visualizations, velocity measurements by particle image velocimetry (PIV) and laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) along horizontal chordwise, vertical chordwise and transversal sections of the wake have been performed in the Cavitation Tunnel of the Italian Navy. Collected data allows to investigate the major flow features that distinguish the flow field around a rudder operating in the wake of a propeller, as, for example, the spiral breakdown of the vortex filaments, the rejoining mechanism of the tip vortices behind the rudder and the mechanisms governing the different spanwise misalignment of the vortex filaments in the pressure and suction sides of the appendage.     

“Analysis of the propeller wake evolution by pressure and velocity phase measurements”

In the present study an experimental analysis of the velocity and pressure fields behind a marine propeller, in non-cavitating regime is reported. Particle image velocimetry measurements were performed in phase with the propeller angle, to investigate the evolution of the axial and the radial velocity components, from the blade trailing edge up to two diameters downstream. In phase pressure measurements were performed at four radial and eight longitudinal positions downstream the propeller model at different advance ratios. Pressure data, processed by using slotting techniques, allowed reconstructing the evolution of the pressure field in phase with the reference blade position. In addition, the correlation of the velocity and pressure signals was performed. The analysis demonstrated that, within the near wake, the tip vortices passage is the most important contribution in generating the pressure field in the propeller flow. The incoming vortex breakdown process causes a strong deformation of the hub vortex far downstream of the slipstream contraction. This process contributes to the pressure generation at the shaft rate frequency.     

Cavitation Research and Ship Propeller Design

The role of cavitation research in the design of ship propellers and the influence of research on propeller design is reviewed. The historical development of research on bubble cavitation is an example of a lack of communication between research and design. Research on sheet cavitation is starting now and simplifications such as two dimensional cavitation are being made. It is argued from observations on propellers that the use of two-dimensional cavitaties is not a proper simplification to investigate sheet cavitation. An illustration is also given of the gap between the assessment of the risk of erosion on propeller models and research on erosion. Finally, the simplifications of tip vortex inception and the problems of the inception speed of propellers are discussed.