Variation in the radiation frequency of a plasma relativistic microwave oscillator within its nanosecond pulse

The radiation spectrum of a plasma relativistic microwave oscillator with a pulse power of 50 MW operating in the 10-GHz frequency range is studied experimentally. During a 60-ns-long microwave pulse, the radiation frequency may both remain constant and change by more than 1.5 GHz. The pressure of a gas that ionizes in the microwave field has a significant effect on the radiation frequency and thereby changes the concentration of a pregenerated plasma.     

Controlling the radiation frequency of a plasma relativistic microwave oscillator during a nanosecond pulse

It is shown experimentally and by numerical simulation that the radiation frequency of a 50-MW plasma relativistic microwave oscillator can be varied within 15% during a 60-ns-wide pulse by varying the plasma concentration. The plasma is generated by pre-ionization of a low-pressure gas. When the degree of ionization increases in a microwave field, the radiation frequency rises. Conversely, when plasma electrons are forced out by the electrostatic field of a high-current relativistic electron beam, the radiation frequency declines. By appropriately selecting the initial gas pressure and degree of gas ionization, one can control both trends and thereby the radiation frequency.     

Development of the relativistic backward wave oscillator with a permanent magnet

Firstly, an X-band relativistic backward wave oscillator with a low guiding magnetic field is simulated, whose output microwave power is 520 MW. Then, an experiment is carried out on an accelerator to investigate a relativistic backward wave oscillator with a permanent magnetic field whose strength is 0.46 T. When the energy of the electron is 630 keV and the current of the electron beam is 6.7 kA, a 15 ns width pulsed microwave with 510 MW output power at 8.0 GHz microwave frequency is achieved.     

Nonlinear theory of a plasma microwave oscillator using cable waves

The nonstationary problem of excitation of a plasma microwave oscillator of a finite length driven by a pulsed relativistic beam is analyzed. Both analytic and numerical techniques have been used in studying the oscillator dynamics at given beam parameters (configuration, electron energy, and current pulse), with different plasma configurations, and at various lengths of the system. Oscillator characteristics such as the output power, efficiency, and output spectrum have been determined at parameters close to real experimental values. Conditions of optimal oscillator operation have been determined. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 111, 1258–1273 (April 1997)     

Relativistic backward-wave tube with mechanically tunable generation frequency over a 14% range

A tunable-frequency low-magnetic-field relativistic microwave oscillator is realized experimentally based on a relativistic backward-wave tube with a modulating resonance reflector. The generated frequency is tuned mechanically by moving the oscillator slow-wave structure relative to the reflector. At fixed parameters of the corrugations and of the electron bunch, a frequency tuning range of about 14% measured between −3-dB (relative to the maximum peak generated microwave power) points is realized. The maximum pulse power of 3.4 ± 0.7 GW was obtained at a carrier frequency of 3.65 GHz in a magnetic field of 0.44 T.     

Pulsewidth limitation in the relativistic backward wave oscillator

Spontaneous pulse shortening occurring in a relativistic backward wave oscillator (BWO) at gigawatt power levels is studied in experiment and theory. It is experimentally demonstrated that this phenomenon is accompanied by formation of an explosive-emission plasma at the surface of the corrugated slow-wave structure (SWS). Termination of microwave emission is explained by the increase of the BWO starting current from the absorption of the operating electromagnetic wave by electrons emitted from the plasma, whereas the intensity of the absorption radically increases offing to the presence of positive ions emitted from the plasma. Application of oil-free vacuum and electrochemical polishing of the SWS surface in an X-band BWO allowed generation of 3-GW, 26-ns microwave pulses with an energy of ~80 J, thereby demonstrating pulse lengthening by a factor of four     

高功率微波振荡器的相位控制

基于相对论返波管振荡器,提出了一种小信号牵引相位控制的方法,通过外加小信号对振荡器起振过程的引导,实现对输出微波的相位控制。相比于传统的方法,该方法可以利用ns量级的脉冲在较宽的带宽和较低的注入功率下实现对高功率微波振荡器的相位控制。在X波段相对论返波管振荡器相位控制实验中,利用百kW级的小信号,实现了对GW级高功率微波的输出相位控制,相位抖动小于±15°。     

Feasibility Study of Axially- Extracted Virtual Cathode Oscillator

In this paper, we have analyzed the design parameters of the axially - extracted virtual cathode oscillator, which is high-power microwave source based on the concept of the virtual cathode associated with the intense relativistic electrons beam oscillations in the electrostatic potential well. The microwave emission by the virtual cathode oscillator results from both the space and time oscillations of virtual cathode and reflexing electrons trapped in the potential well between the virtual and real cathodes. In the X-band frequency spectrum 700 MW microwave peak power has been obtained analytically by the solid electron beam of 300 kV and 20 kA for feasible design parameters. The analysis has been performed by 2-dimensional, relativistic, electromagnetic particle-in-cell simulation code XOOPIC.     

同轴结构多频相对论返波管的粒子模拟

 提出由双电子注同轴相对论返波管产生双频的设想,采用2.5维相对论全电磁PIC粒子模拟软件,进行了粒子模拟研究。结果表明,在环形相对论电子注电压625 kV,电流24 kA,引导磁场0.772 T的条件下,器件得到了稳定的高功率双频微波输出。其双频微波频率分别为11.5,12.2 GHz,两频率相差0.7 GHz,平均功率约为1.15 GW,平均功率效率7.7%。另外,还通过改变周期数,进一步获得了三频的微波输出,并对结果进行了讨论。     

相对论返波管中击穿现象粒子模拟

随着相对论返波管(RBWO)输出功率的提高,RBWO内部击穿问题日益突出。击穿过程中产生的等离子体,会降低输出功率并导致脉冲缩短,大大限制了RBWO的输出单脉冲能量。采用3维粒子模拟,在反射器、慢波结构、提取腔局部区域产生等离子体,建立了RBWO单点击穿及多点击穿模型,获得了等离子体产生的区域和密度对微波输出性能的影响规律。模拟结果表明,输出微波功率随等离子体密度增加而迅速降低,多点击穿相对于单点击穿情况更容易引起输出微波脉冲提前终止,且发射器击穿产生的等离子体效应更为明显。     

充中性气体相对论返波振荡器的粒子模拟研究

 用PIC粒子模拟方法研究了充中性气体相对论返波管的物理机制，成功模拟了电子束碰撞充入返波管中的中性气体电离产生等离子体的过程，在电子束传输的路径上形成离子通道，有效中和电子束径向空间电荷力，有利于电子束的传输及束波相互作用产生微波。增加中性气体密度，返波管的输出频率明显上移，其辐射的功率和效率比相同的真空器件也有明显的提高。     

On Transient Time Reduction of a 2.4 GHz Relativistic Traveling Wave Oscillator with a Hollow Slow Wave System

The decrease in the transient time in a relativistic microwave traveling wave oscillator, in which the interaction is carried out between the relativistic electron beam and the fundamental harmonic of the forward-traveling electromagnetic wave slowed down to the speed of light in the hollow slow wave system system, has been numerically and experimentally demonstrated. It is shown that in this mode a high beam-to-wave coupling impedance up to ≈10 Ω is achieved, which ensures reduction of the transient time. In the experiment, a microwave peak power of 210 ± 30 MW at a frequency of 2.45 GHz in a guiding magnetic field of 0.16 T was obtained. The efficiency of the oscillator to convert the power of the electron beam into microwave power was 17 ± 3%. At the beam current pulse duration of about 50 ns the microwave pulse duration was about 20 ns and the transient time was about 22 ns.

     

无外加引导磁场相对论返波振荡器粒子模拟

设计了一种无外加引导磁场S波段相对论返波振荡器,采用阳极网提取电子,并设计了非均匀慢波结构。通过Karat 2.5维全电磁粒子模拟程序研究了器件内束-波作用的物理过程。典型模拟结果为:当二极管工作电压330 kV、电流2.83 kA时,器件在频率2.79 GHz处获得较高的微波输出,经27 ns后饱和,输出微波的功率达158 MW,效率约为16.8%。     

Simulation of the relativistic backward wave oscillator with a sinusoidal guiding magnetic field

A simulation is carried out to investigate a relativistic backward wave oscillator (RBWO) with a sinusoidal guiding magnetic field. In the numerical simulation, a microwave output power of 1.33 GW at 9.57 GHz microwave frequency with 33% conversion efficiency is achieved. It is a significant attempt which is helpful for developing a practical high power microwave (HPM) source guided by a permanent magnetic field.     

Simulation of the relativistic backward wave oscillator with a sinusoidal guiding magnetic field

A simulation is carried out to investigate a relativistic backward wave oscillator （RBWO） with a sinusoidal guiding magnetic field. In the numerical simulation, a microwave output power of 1.33 GW at 9.57 GHz microwave frequency with 33% conversion efficiency is achieved. It is a significant attempt which is helpful for developing a practical high power microwave （HPM） source guided by a permanent magnetic field.     

等离子体填充0.14 THz相对论返波管模拟

模拟了0.14 THz相对论返波管中电子束与氩气相互作用产生等离子体的过程, 研究了在不同气压条件下, 等离子体对相对论返波管的输出功率、频率以及起振时间的影响. 模拟结果表明, 等离子体背景能引起太赫兹波段真空电子器件脉冲缩短, 并出现新的频率分量; 适当地注入等离子体能减少0.14 THz相对论返波管的起振时间, 提高器件的输出功率. 关键词： 太赫兹 相对论返波管 粒子模拟 等离子体     

基于粒子模拟和并行遗传算法的高功率微波源优化设计

提出了基于粒子模拟和并行遗传算法的高功率微波源优化设计方法, 以全电磁粒子模拟软件UNIPIC模拟的高功率微波器件输出功率作为适应度函数, 采用浮点数编码的遗传算法对高功率微波源器件进行优化. 采用该算法, 对相对论返波管的布拉格反射器位置以及高度进行了浮点数编码,然后在巨型机上进行参数的全局优化, 获得了该返波管布拉格反射器的全局最优参数. 关键词： 并行遗传算法 相对论返波管 粒子模拟 高功率微波源     

Shortening of the radiation pulse from a plasma relativistic microwave generator in numerical calculations with plasma simulation by the particle-in-cell method

Spontaneous shortening of radiation pulses of Cherenkov microwave generators based on the interaction of a high-current relativistic electron beam with preliminarily generated plasma was studied in a numerical model. Microwave pulse shortening is caused by the appearance of a gradually expanding region near the collector, from which plasma is expelled by an electrostatic field of relativistic electrons. The absence of plasma results in a severalfold decrease in the plasma wave reflectance from the collector and violation of generator self-excitation conditions. The microwave emission duration increases with the plasma ion mass.     

Ka波段带状注相对论扩展互作用振荡器的模拟设计

利用三维粒子仿真软件,对工作在Ka波段的带状注相对论扩展互作用振荡器进行了模拟仿真设计。采用宽高比为30∶1的带状电子束以降低空间电荷效应,选择多间隙耦合腔为高频结构以增加器件功率容量,在电子束电压为400kV、束流为2kA、轴向引导磁感应强度为1T的情况下,器件输出微波功率为240 MW,频率为30GHz,效率为30%。     

Microwave pulse shortening in plasma relativistic high-current microwave electronics

We describe mechanisms of microwave pulse shortening in radiation sources with the power of about 10⁸ W based on interaction between relativistic electron beams of nanosecond duration and preformed plasma. The shortening is mainly due to the electron return flow through the plasma, which leads to a multiple decrease in the linear gain of the microwave by the relativistic electron beam and in the reflection coefficient of the plasma wave that provides the generator feedback. The ways to eliminate the effect of microwave pulse shortening are proposed.