钼酸铋的氧化-还原特性——超高真空中氩离子束诱导的化学效应的XPS研究

由于桥氧O~(2-)连结Bi~(3+)和Mo~(6+)双金属离子的配位结构,Ar~+离子束轰击诱导的α,β和γ相钼酸铋中Bi~(3+)和Mo~(6+)的还原行为较之其单一氧化物(Bi_2O_3和MoO_3)发生逆转,并且三种钼酸铋中Bi~(3+)还原为Bi~0的速率同其Bi/Mo原子比的规律变化有对应关系,依次为α-Bi_2Mo_3O_(12)≥β-Bi_2Mo_2O_9>γ-Bi_2MoO_6.在氩离子束诱导还原的钼酸铋表面观察到新的氧物种.据此提出了与钼酸铋晶体结构和电子能带结构相联系的离子束轰击诱导的化学还原效应的电子转移机理.文中所观察到的钼酸铋的氧化还原特性还对加深理解钼酸铋在烯烃选择氧化催化反应中的氧化还原机理提供了重要信息.     

Bi/Mo摩尔比对钼酸铋可见光催化降解磺胺性能的影响

以Bi(NO_3)_3·5H_2O和(NH_4)_6Mo_7O_(24)·4H_2O为原料,水热合成钼酸铋粉体。采用X-射线衍射、紫外可见漫反射光谱仪、比表面积分析仪对其表征。以磺胺溶液为目标降解物,评价了钼酸铋的光催化活性。结果表明:铋钼摩尔比对钼酸铋晶体的物相组成和光催化性能均有显著影响。当铋钼摩尔比为4时,制备得到的钼酸铋光催化性能最佳,磺胺溶液5 h降解率可以达到95%。     

Dawson型钒代磷钼酸在酮/醇缩合中的催化性能

合成了Dawson型磷钼酸和钒取代磷钼酸, 用UV-Vis、 IR和XRD表征了结构, 用pH计考察了在不同介质中的酸性. 以苯乙酮和醇的缩合反应作为探针反应, 考察了磷钼酸中钒含量、磷钼酸用量及醇用量等因素对磷钼酸催化性能的影响. 结果表明, 钒取代钼后使Dawson型磷钼酸在有机介质中的酸性减弱. 当H_6P_2Mo_(18)O_(62)∶苯乙酮∶乙二醇的物质的量比为6∶1000∶2000, 回流反应6 h时, 缩酮收率为89.2 %. 在合成缩酮的反应中, 磷钼酸的"假液相"性使其催化活性明显增强, 但随着钒取代数增加, 钒取代磷钼酸的催化性能减弱;醇分子的空间位阻增大, 磷钼酸的催化活性也降低.     

γ-Bi_2MoO_6光催化降解次甲基蓝的研究

以Bi(NO_3)_3·5H_2O和(NH_4)_6Mo_7O_(24)·4H_2O为原料,水热法合成Bi_2MoO_6粉体,采用X-射线衍射、紫外可见漫反射光谱仪对其进行表征。以次甲基蓝溶液为目标降解物,评价了Bi_2MoO_6催化剂的光催化活性。考察了光催化剂的制备反应温度、pH值以及焙烧温度、催化剂用量等对光催化反应效果的影响,确定了Bi_2MoO_6粉体的最佳制备条件。结果显示:在160℃,pH=8的条件下水热反应4h,并在160℃干燥所制得的催化剂对次甲基蓝的降解效果最佳,其脱色率可达到90%。     

一步法制备Bi2MoO6/CoMoO4绣花球结构及其光催化性能

以五水硝酸铋为铋源,采用简易的一步水热法合成出Bi_2MoO_6/CoMoO_4绣花球结构。通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、荧光光谱(PL)和电化学测试等表征对所制备催化剂的物相组成、微观形貌、光学性质以及光生电荷复合效率进行了分析。研究结果表明,引入Bi_2MoO_6之后,Bi_2MoO_6/CoMoO_4复合异质结的光吸收范围明显被拓宽,其光生电荷的分离率也得到了提升。以亚甲基蓝和头孢曲松钠为污染物来模拟废水,在可见光的条件下评估催化剂样品的光催化降解活性。在可见光下光照60 min后,Bi_2MoO_6负载量为30%(w/w)的复合物具有最佳的光催化性能,其降解速率常数约为纯CoMoO_4的2倍。基于实验的所有表征,进一步地研究了Bi_2MoO_6/CoMoO_4体系相应的光催化机理。     

多组分钼酸盐催化剂的活性结构及其在丙烯氨氧化中的催化作用机理

用XRD,IR,Mossbauer,ESR,XPS和TPD研究了50％Ni_3Co_5Fe_xBiPK_(0.1)Mo_(12)O_(48.05+(3/2)x)-50％SiO_2催化剂的活性组分、催化行为和产物分布。结果表明,活性组分有Fe_2(MoO_4)_3,Bi_2O_3·3MoO_3,CoMoO_4和NiMoO_4。Bi_2O_3·3MoO_3是表面活性中心,起选择氧化作用;Fe_2(MoO_4)_3则起氧化还原的促进作用;CoMoO_4和NiMoO_4起结构稳定作用。还探讨了催化作用机理。     

丙烯选择氧化铋钼铁复氧化物催化剂组成,结构及性能的研究

采用XRD、Raman、XPS及催化剂性能评价等手段,考察了Bi_3(FeO_4)(MoO_4)_2和Fe_2(MoO_4)_3分别存在及两者共存时对Bi-Mo复氧化物体系催化性能的影响.结果表明,这两种含Fe物种的存在都有助于改善Bi-Mo系复氧化物催化剂对丙烯选择氧化反应的催化性能.但两者在作用机理上有所不同.Fe_2(MoO_4)_3本身无催化活性,但在反应条件下可部分还原为FeMoO_4形成Fe~(3+)/Fe~(2+)氧化还原对;且其地结构上与α-Bi_2(MoO_4)_3相匹配,这些因素都有助于促进催化体系中电子和氧物种的传递及催化剂表面活性中心的再生,从而提高催化性能.Bi_3(FeO_4)(MoO_4)_2在反应条件下也可形成Fe~(3+)/Fe~(2+)氧化还原对,但由于其Fe~(3-)所处的化学环境与Fe_2(MoO_4)_3很不相同,且Fe的含量也不及Fe_2(MoO_4)_3,因此它在促进催化体系中电子和氧物种的传递及催化剂表面活性中心的再生等方面的性能较差,但它对提高催化剂表面的活性中心(Bi-Mo对)数目有贡献.     

具有SPR效应的Ag/Ag_2MoO_4材料在可见光区的光催化性能研究（英文）

作为一类新兴的光催化材料,钼酸盐纳米材料具有高表面能、多活性位点和高选择性等优点,在可见光催化降解污染物方面有着重要应用,近年来受到广泛关注.作为钼酸盐家族重要的一员,钼酸银在杀菌、表面增强拉曼光谱、气敏材料等方面均有重要应用,但其光催化性能却鲜见报道.这是由于它的光谱响应范围窄和广生载流子分离效率低所致.虽然近来有少量基于钼酸银的复合材料的光催化研究,但催化效果不佳.众所周知,作为自由电子体系,诸多金属纳米粒子,如贵金属、碱金属等,存在表面等离子体共振效应(SPR),使得贵金属,特别是Ag,Au等纳米粒子在可见区域有较强的吸收.利用这一特性,Awazu等将Ag纳米颗粒沉积在TiO_2表面,创造性地将SPR应用于光催化反应,开发出在可见光谱区具有宽光谱吸收特征的Ag/TiO_2.随后陆续合成出基于SPR效应的Ag@AgCl,Ag/Ag_3PO_4材料均具有良好的光催化性能.基于此,本文在十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)的存在下,采用水热法一步合成了具有SPR效应的Ag/Ag_2MoO_4可见光催化材料,并利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、紫外可见漫反射(DRS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等技术对材料进行了表征.系统地探讨了体系pH值、反应时间、表面活性剂用量对产物的晶相和微观形貌等的影响.此外,还利用罗丹明B降解实验考察了上述合成条件对材料可见光催化活性的影响,并通过捕获剂实验深入地研究了起催化作用的活性物种.XRD结果表明,体系的pH值对材料的晶型有极大影响,随着pH由酸性变至中性、碱性,最终得到的钼酸银也由Ag_2Mo_2O_7过渡到Ag_2MoO_4.SEM图显示在最优条件(pH为7,加入0.5g SDS,160℃下水热14 h)下制得的钼酸银为八面体的Ag_2MoO_4,且其表面均匀地分布着Ag纳米颗粒,与XPS图谱结果一致.另外表面活性剂SDS的用量对所合成材料的形貌影响很大.本文可一步得到以八面体Ag_2MoO_4为主的Ag/Ag_2MoO_4复合材料,是因为SDS的疏水长链可以诱导Ag_2MoO_4的各向异性生长.DRS结果表明,Ag_2MoO_4八面体上Ag颗粒的引入使其在可见光区的吸收明显加强,因而它在可见光下催化降解罗丹明B降解反应活性增加.捕获剂实验结果表明,起决定性作用的活性物种是光生空穴,另外·OH也起了一定作用.     

THE REDOX BEHAVIOR OF BISMUTH MOLYBDATES——AN XPS STUDY OF Ar~+ ION BOMBARDMENT INDUCED CHEMICAL EFFECT IN UHV

Ar~+ ion bombardment induced reduction effect on Bi_2O_3, MoO_3 and Bi-Mo complex oxides, α-Bi_2Mo_3O_(13), β-Bi_2Mo_2O_9, and γ-Bi_2MoO_6, has been studied with XPS. The results show that, owing to the presence of the oxygen anion bridge in Bi(Ⅲ)-O(Ⅱ)-Mo(Ⅵ), the reduction behavior of Bi(Ⅲ) and Mo(Ⅵ) metal ions in all the three complex oxides is contrary to that in the single oxides. While Mo(Ⅵ) in MoO_3 is reduced to Mo(Ⅵ) in UHV under Ar~+ ion bombardment, the valence state of Bi(Ⅲ) in Bi_2O_3 is unchanged. However, Bi(Ⅲ) in the three complex oxides is reduced to Bi(0) without noticeable reduction of Mo(Ⅵ). Nevertheless, the rates of Bi(Ⅲ) reduction are in correspondence with the difference in Bi/Mo atomic ratio and the crystallographic features of the three phases of bismuth molybdate are decreasing in the order of α-Bi_2Mo_3O_(12)≥β-Bi_2Mo_2O_9>γ-Bi_2MoO_6. A new O -species is observed on the bismuth molybdate surface reduced by Ar~+ ion bombardment.Wc discuss the above phenomena i     

Co~(2+)/Cu~(2+)掺杂型铋杂多酸的制备及催化烯烃的研究

以多功能无毒且环境友好的铋(Bi~Ⅲ)为杂原子制备了Na_(12)[Bi_2W_(22)O_(74)(OH_)2]·42H_2O(Bi-POM)、Na_(10)[Bi_2W_(20)Co_2O_(70)(H_2O)_6]·39H_2O(Bi-Co-POM)以及Na_8[Bi_2W_(20)Cu_2O_(68)(OH)_2(H_2O)_6]·25H_2O(Bi-Cu-POM)含铋杂多酸催化剂,并用于以分子氧为氧化剂催化环己烯转化为环己烯酮的羰基化反应。这些复合物通过FT-IR、UV、TG/DSC以及XRD等分析方法对其结构进行了表征。结果表明Bi-POM催化剂对环己烯烯丙位羰基化反应具有较高的催化活性,掺杂Co~(2+)或Cu~(2+)金属离子后催化活性进一步提升。Bi-Co-POM催化剂展示了最优的催化性能,在最佳反应条件下(O_2氛围,60℃,8 h),催化氧化环己烯(作为模板)转化率高达85.9%,2-环己烯-1-酮的选择性高达91.6%。并探究了Bi-Co-POM催化剂在最优条件下对不同反应底物的普遍适用性,提出了可能的催化氧化机理。     

Enhanced electrochemical properties of pseudocapacitor with Bi<Subscript>3.64</Subscript>Mo<Subscript>0.36</Subscript>O<Subscript>6.55</Subscript> NPs as electrodes

In this work, Bi_3.64Mo_0.36O_6.55 nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully prepared by a facile hydrothermal method and utilized in pseudocapacitor for the first time. Within a redox potential range from ?1.0 to 0 V vs. Hg/HgO in a 1 M aqueous KOH solution by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronopotentiometry (CP) and AC impendence, the specific capacitance could reach 998 F g^?1 at 1 A g^?1, which is possibly ascribed to the higher Bi content of Bi_3.64Mo_0.36O_6.55 NPs. Furthermore, the Bi_3.64Mo_0.36O_6.55 NP electrode exhibited good cycle stability maintaining over 85 % after 5000 cycles. These results demonstrated Bi_3.64Mo_0.36O_6.55 NPs might be a promising electrode material for pseudocapacitor.

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Graphical abstract The fabrication of uniform Bi_3.64Mo_0.36O_6.55 nanoparticles with a diameter of 100 nm were succefully reported by a facial hydrothermal method, which exhibits a extraordinary electronic performance with 998 F g^-1 at 1 A g^-1 and cycling stability

     

Rationally Designed Bi2M2O9 (M = Mo/W) Photocatalysts with Significantly Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity

Novel Bi₂W₂O₉ and Bi₂Mo₂O₉ with irregular polyhedron structure were successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal method. Compared to ordinary Bi₂WO₆ and Bi₂MoO₆, the modified structure of Bi₂W₂O₉ and Bi₂Mo₂O₉ were observed, which led to an enhancement of photocatalytic performance. To investigate the possible mechanism of enhancing photocatalytic efficiency, the crystal structure, morphology, elemental composition, and optical properties of Bi₂WO₆, Bi₂MO₆, Bi₂W₂O₉, and Bi₂Mo₂O₉ were examined. UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy revealed the visible-light absorption ability of Bi₂WO₆, Bi₂MO₆, Bi₂W₂O₉, and Bi₂Mo₂O₉. Photoluminescence (PL) and photocurrent indicated that Bi₂W₂O₉ and Bi₂Mo₂O₉ pose an enhanced ability of photogenerated electron–hole pairs separation. Radical trapping experiments revealed that photogenerated holes and superoxide radicals were the main active species. It can be conjectured that the promoted photocatalytic performance related to the modified structure, and a possible mechanism was discussed in detail.     

Microstructure and microanalysis of bismuth molybdates

The microstructures of commercially important bismuth molybdate catalysts in relation to olefin oxidation reactions are examined by electron microscopy (EM) techniques. The microstructural characterization has been carried out using dynamic (in situ) EM, high resolution EM, and microanalysis. The coprecipitated catalyst system Bi₂MoO₆ or γ, together with the γ phase, contains small amounts of tetragonal Bi₂MoO₆ phase, Bi₂Mo₃O₁₂ (α phase), Bi₂O₃, and MoO₃. In reduction with propylene, at catalyst operating temperatures of 400–500°C, in the dynamic experiments conducted on α- and γ-phase crystallites under reaction conditions no evidence for extended defects such as crystallographic shear planes has been obtained, instead an ordered intermediate phase similar to (101) Bi₂Mo₂O₉ (β phase) is observed which is found to be unstable. Observations by electron microscopy have been confirmed with parallel measurements made in a reactor connected to a gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer system. The possible influence of the microstructural changes on the catalytic behavior of the system is examined.     

MOF-808/Bi2MoO6复合材料的构筑及其光催化性能

采用简单的两步水热法制备出了锆基金属有机骨架和钼酸铋的复合材料MOF-808/Bi₂MoO₆。通过X射线粉末衍射、傅里叶红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、紫外可见漫反射光谱、N₂吸附-脱附测试和电化学测试对所制备材料的组成、微观结构、光学性质以及光生载流子的复合效率进行了分析。与纯Bi₂MoO₆和MOF-808相比,0.5%-MOF-808/Bi₂MoO₆复合材料展示出了较高的光催化活性,在可见光照射120 min时对抗生素环丙沙星(CIP)的降解率达89.7%。通过自由基捕获实验,证明了·O₂^-是主要活性物种,基于此我们提出了可能的光催化降解机理。     

MOF-808/Bi2MoO6复合材料的构筑及其光催化性能

采用简单的两步水热法制备出了锆基金属有机骨架和钼酸铋的复合材料MOF-808/Bi₂MoO₆。通过X射线粉末衍射、傅里叶红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、紫外可见漫反射光谱、N₂吸附-脱附测试和电化学测试对所制备材料的组成、微观结构、光学性质以及光生载流子的复合效率进行了分析。与纯Bi₂MoO₆和MOF-808相比,0.5%-MOF-808/Bi₂MoO₆复合材料展示出了较高的光催化活性,在可见光照射120 min时对抗生素环丙沙星(CIP)的降解率达89.7%。通过自由基捕获实验,证明了·O₂^-是主要活性物种,基于此我们提出了可能的光催化降解机理。     

镂空Bi2MoO6微球的制备及其对氧氟沙星抗生素的降解性能

以钼酸钠以及五水合硝酸铋为原料,采用醇热法及高温退火制备了镂空Bi2MoO6微球光催化剂。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)、物理吸附分析仪、紫外-可见漫反射(UV-Vis DRS)、荧光光谱分析(PL)以及电化学测试等分析方法分别对制备材料的晶体结构、微观形貌、比表面积和光学特性进行表征。以氧氟沙星(OFX)水溶液作为目标降解物,在可见光照射的条件下,探究了Bi2MoO6对OFX的光催化降解性能。实验结果表明:醇热法合成的球状钼酸铋的平均直径为500 nm,镂空结构使得球状Bi2MoO6的比表面积提高到片状Bi2MoO6的5倍。更大的比表面积为光催化提供了大量的吸附位点,在120 min的可见光辐射下,投放量为1 g·L^-1的Bi2MoO6对p H=7、浓度为10 mg·L^-1OFX水溶液的降解效率可达64%,而片状Bi2MoO6仅为31%。镂空球状的Bi2MoO6在强碱性环境具有优异的光催化效果,对OFX的降解率达到79%,在强碱性环境中,具有更优的光催化降解性能。     

固溶体Bi_2Mo_(1-x)W_xO_6的水热合成及光催化性能

采用水热法,在较低温度下合成了系列Bi2Mo1-xWxO6固溶体。结果表明,W的替代抑制了固溶体的晶粒生长,导致了较小的晶粒尺寸。随着x的增加,红外光谱中840cm-1处M-O键的振动频率νM-O有规律地向低频率方向移动,表明Mo6+离子逐步被W6+替代,生成了无限互溶的固溶体。光吸收性能研究表明,随着W6+逐步替代Mo6+,带隙出现了先降后升的趋势,x=0.4时带隙最小。而固溶体的光催化性能随着x的增加,出现了先增后减的趋势,x=0.4时光催化活性最高。此外,含W样品的光催化活性高于Bi2MoO6。这与固溶体的带隙、带结构和晶粒尺寸变化有关。     

Was ist „Molybdänsäure”︁ oder „Polymolybdänsäure”︁?

What is “Molybdic Acid” or “Polymolybdic Acid”? According to a comparative study of the literature, supplemented by well-aimed experimental investigations and equilibrium calculations, the terms “molybdic acid” or “polymolybdic acid”, used for many substances, species, or solutions in the literature, are applicable to a species, a solution, and two solids:

• a) The monomeric molybdic acid, most probably having the formula MoO₂(OH)₂(H₂O)₂(? H₂MoO₄, aq), exists in (aqueous) solution only and never exceeds a concentration of ≈ 10^?3 M since at higher concentrations it reacts with other monomemeric molybdenum (VI) species to give anionic or cationic polymers.
• b) A concentrated (>0.1 M Mo^VI) aqueous molybdate solution of degree of acidification P = 2 (realized, e. g., by a solution of one of the Mo^VI oxides; by any molybdate solutions whose cations have been exchanged by H₃O⁺ on a cation exchanger; by suitable acidification of a molybdate solution) contains 8 H₃O⁺ and the well-known polyanion Mo₃₆O₁₁₂(H₂O)₁₆^8? exactly in the stoichiometric proportions.
• c) A glassy substance, obtained from an alkali metal salt-free solution prepared according to (b), refers to the compound (H₃O)₈[Mo₃₆O₁₁₂(H₂O)₁₆]·xH₂O, x = 25—29.
• d) A solid having the ideal composition [(H₃O)Mo₅O₁₅(OH)H₂O·H₂O]∞ consists of a polymolybdate skeleton (the well-known ?decamolybdate”? structure), in the tunnels of which H₃O⁺ and H₂O are intercalate. The structure is very unstable if only H₃O⁺ cations are present, but it is enormously stabilized by a partial exchange of H₃O⁺ by certain alkali or alkaline earth metal cations.

For the compounds MoO₃, MoO₃·H₂O, and MoO₃·2H₂O the term ?molybdic acid”? is unjustified. The commercial product ?molybdic acid, ≈85% MoO₃”? is the well-known polymolybdate (NH₄)₂O·4 MoO₃ with a layer structure of the polyanion.     

Synergy effects in mixed Bi2O3, MoO3 and V2O5 catalysts for selective oxidation of propylene

In this work, the possible synergy effects between Bi₂O₃, MoO₃ and V₂O₅, and between Bi₂Mo₃O₁₂ and BiVO₄, were investigated. The catalytic activity of the ??mechanical mixture?? of these compounds was measured. The mixture containing 36.96?mol% Bi₂O₃, 39.13?mol% MoO₃ and 23.91?mol% V₂O₅ (21.43?mol% Bi₂Mo₃O₁₂ and 78.57?mol% BiVO₄), corresponding to the compound Bi_1?x/3V_1?x Mo _x O₄ with x?=?0.45 (Bi_0.85V_0.55Mo_0.45O₄), exhibited the highest activity for the selective oxidation of propylene to acrolein. The mixed sample prepared chemically by a sol?Cgel method possessed higher activity than that of mechanical mixtures.     

Glass formation in the TeO2?MoO3?CeO2 System

Glass formation in the TeO₂? MoO₃? CeO₂ system was investigated and low melting stable glasses with up to 30 mole-% CeO₂ were synthesized. Infrared spectral investigations were used to develop structural models for the vitreous ternary system. CeO₂ mainly acts as a modifier without affecting appreciable changes to the glass network and coordination of the glass formers. Glasses in the molybdenum-rich compositional range are mainly composed of [MoO₆] and [TeO₃] polyhedra, whereas low MoO₃-containing glasses consist of [TeO₄] groups and isolated [MoO₄] units. On the whole, the basic structural polyhedra participating in the formation of the three-dimensional glass forming network are therefore [TeO₄], [TeO₃], [MoO₆], [MoO₄], and [Mo₂O₈] (or [MoO₅]) units. The structural affinity of some ternary glasses to crystalline Ce₄Mo₁₁Te₁₀O₅₉ is pointed out. The high electrical conductivity of the ternary glasses is interpreted on the basis of electron hopping between transition ions in different valence states and contributions due to the Te(IV) network.