Effect of Temperature on Interfacial Adsorption of Cr(VI) on Wollastonite

An extensive study on the effect of temperature on interfacial adsorption of Cr(VI) on wollastonite has been carried out. Adsorption on the wollastonite surface increased from 69.5 to 91.7% by increasing the temperature from 30 to 50 degrees C under optimum conditions. Kinetic modeling of the process of adsorption of Cr(VI) was done and various parameters were determined. The process follows a first-order kinetic equation and the rate of uptake was found to be 2.40x10(-2) min(-1) at 30 degrees C, 2.5 pH, 0.5x10(-4) M Cr(VI) concentration, and 0.01 M NaClO(4) ionic strength. Kinetic and equilibrium modeling of the process of adsorption was undertaken and the equilibrium parameters were determined. The process of adsorption follows pore diffusion and the value of the rate constant of pore diffusion was found to be 5.00x10(-3) mg g(-1) min(-1/2) at 30 degrees C and optimum conditions. The values of the coefficient of mass transfer, beta(L), were determined at different temperatures. Thermodynamic studies of the removal process were performed. The study suggests that the process is a typical example of endothermic adsorption. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.     

Removal of Cd(II) from aqueous solutions using clarified sludge

Clarified sludge is a major waste generating during steel making process. In India and in most industrial countries, the use of clarified sludge as a road ballast and land filter has had a very long history. In present study, clarified sludge has been characterized and used for the removal of Cd(II) from aqueous solutions. The effect of pH, adsorbent dosage, adsorbate concentration, contact time and temperature on adsorption process was studied in batch experiments. Kinetics data were best described by pseudo-second order model. The effective diffusion co-efficient of Cd(II) is of the order of 10(-11) m(2)/s. The maximum uptake was 36.23 mg/g. The adsorption data can be well described by Langmuir isotherm. The result of the equilibrium studies showed that the solution pH was the governing factor affecting the adsorption. Mass transfer analysis was also carried out for the adsorption process. The thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption was spontaneous and exothermic in nature. The sorption energy calculated from Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm indicated that the adsorption process is chemical in nature. Desorption as well as the application studies were carried out considering the economic viewpoint of wastewater treatment plant operations.     

Adsorption of chromium from aqueous solution using chitosan beads

A basic investigation on the removal of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solution by chitosan beads was conducted in a batch adsorption system. The chitosan beads were prepared by casting an acidic chitosan solution into an alkaline solution. The influence of different experimental parameters; pH, agitation period and different concentration of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) ions was evaluated. A pH 5.0 was found to be an optimum pH for Cr(III) adsorption, and meanwhile pH 3.0 was the optimum pH for the adsorption of Cr(VI) onto chitosan beads. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models were applied to describe the isotherms and isotherm constants for the adsorption of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) onto chitosan beads. Results indicated that Cr(III) and Cr(VI) uptake could be described by the Langmuir adsorption model. The maximum adsorption capacities of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) ions onto chitosan beads were 30.03 and 76.92 mg g⁻¹, respectively. Results showed that chitosan beads are favourable adsorbents. The Cr(III) and Cr(VI) ions can be removed from the chitosan beads by treatment with an aqueous EDTA solution.     

Removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions by the nonliving biomass of Alligator weed: kinetics and equilibrium

The removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions using Alligator weed, a freshwater macrophyte, was investigated in batch studies. Various factors including solution pH, Cr (VI) concentrations, agitation time, and temperature were taken into account and promising results obtained. An initial solution pH of 1.0 was most favorable for Cr (VI) removal. The kinetic data were analyzed using several models, including the pseudo-second-order equation, external diffusion model, and intraparticle diffusion model. The comparison gave insight about the mechanism of adsorption and potential rate controlling step. The results suggested that the Cr (VI) adsorption at all temperatures was best represented by the pseudo-second-order equation. The external film diffusion played an important role in the adsorption mechanism. The Freundlich, Langmuir and Langmuir-Freundlich isotherms for the present system were analyzed. The best interpretation for the equilibrium data at different temperatures was given by the Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm. The Alligator weed could serve as low-cost adsorbent to remove Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions.     

Adsorption characteristics of uranyl ions by manganese oxide coated sand in batch mode

In this paper, the sorption properties of manganese oxide coated sand (MOCS) towards uranium(VI) from aqueous solutions were studied in a batch adsorption system. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and infrared (IR) analyses were used to characterize MOCS. Parameters affecting the adsorption of uranium(VI), such as the contact time, salt concentration, competitive ions, temperature and initial uranium(VI) concentration, were investigated. The equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich–Peterson models using nonlinear regressive analysis. The results indicated that the Langmuir and Redlich–Peterson models provided the best correlation of experimental data. The kinetic experimental data were analyzed using three kinetic equations including pseudo-first order equation, pseudo-second order equation and intraparticle diffusion model to examine the mechanism of adsorption and potential rate-controlling step. The process mechanism was found to be complex, consisting of both surface adsorption and pore diffusion. The effective diffusion parameter D _i values estimated in the order of 10⁻⁷ cm² s⁻¹ indicated that the intraparticle diffusion was not the rate-controlling step. Thermodynamic study showed that the adsorption was a spontaneous, endothermic process. Adsorbed U(VI) ions were desorbed effectively (about 94.7%) by 0.1 mol L⁻¹ HNO₃. The results indicated that MOCS can be used as an effective adsorbent for the treatment of industrial wastewaters contaminated with U(VI) ions.     

Removal of trace Cr(VI) from water using chitosan-iron nanowires in porous anodic alumina

Chitosan-iron nanowires in porous anodic alumina (PAA) have been successfully prepared under ambient conditions as an adsorbent. The adsorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and N₂-BET surface area. The results showed that PAA can disperse and protect Fe⁰ nanorods from oxidation. The adsorption characteristics of trace Cr(VI) onto adsorbent have been examined at different initial Cr(VI) concentrations with pH 5. Batch adsorption studies show that the removal percentage of adsorbent for the removal of trace Cr(VI) is strongly dependent on the initial Cr(VI) concentrations. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to analyze the experiment data. The adsorption of trace Cr(VI) by adsorbent is well modeled by the Langmuir isotherm and the maximum adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) is calculated as 123.95 mg/g which is very closed to the experiment results. Intraparticle diffusion study shows that the intraparticle diffusion of adsorbent is not the sole rate-controlling step. The negative value of Gibbs free energy change, ΔG^o, indicated that the process of Cr(VI) onto adsorbent was spontaneous. This work has demonstrated that chitosan-iron nanowires in porous anodic alumina as an adsorbent has promising potential for heavy metal removal at trace level.     

On the use of a natural peat for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions

A natural peat has been used as an adsorbent for the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution. The peat was firstly characterized in terms of particle size and chemical composition (ash content, pH of the point of zero charge, FT-IR and thermal analysis). Next, the kinetic and equilibrium aspects of the adsorption of Cr(VI) by this adsorbent were studied. The kinetic data were satisfactorily fitted to a kinetic law of partial order in C equal to one. The specific adsorption rates are around 10(-4)s(-1), increasing as temperature does. A noticeable influence of diffusion on the global adsorption process has been demonstrated. Finally, the equilibrium isotherms were satisfactorily fitted to a previously proposed model. The adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) was similar to some other previously reported and the affinity of Cr(VI) towards the active sites of the adsorbent increases as temperature rises.     

Removal of hexavalent chromium from wastewaters by bone charcoal

The adsorption of hexavalent chromium onto bone charcoal was studied as a function of time, amount of charcoal, pH, concentration of chromium and sample volume. The cross interference with other elements was also investigated. Tests were carried out with solutions of chromium(VI) at concentrations between 5 and 25 mg · L^–1. Chromium removal efficiencies higher than 90% were achieved at pH = 1 using 2 g of bone charcoal and a stirring time in the order of 30 min. Acid and alkaline pretreatments of bone charcoal did not improve the sorption capacity of bone charcoal against Cr(VI). The presence of other ions had practically no influence on the chromium removal. The presence of a matrix of tannery effluents did not reduce the removal capacity of bone charcoal for Cr(VI), but it was confirmed that only 47% of Cr(III) can be removed using these conditions. Received: 20 July 1998 / Revised: 4 October 1998 / Accepted: 10 October 1998     

Adsorption of Cr(VI) using activated neem leaves: kinetic studies

In the present study, adsorbent is prepared from neem leaves and used for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solutions. Neem leaves are activated by giving heat treatment and with the use of concentrated hydrochloric acid (36.5 wt%). The activated neem leaves are further treated with 100 mmol of copper solution. Batch adsorption studies demonstrate that the adsorbent prepared from neem leaves has a significant capacity for adsorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. The parameters investigated in this study include pH, contact time, initial Cr(VI) concentration and adsorbent dosage. The adsorption of Cr(VI) is found to be maximum (99%) at low values of pH in the range of 1-3. A small amount of the neem leaves adsorbent (10 g/l) could remove as much as 99% of Cr(VI) from a solution of initial concentration 50 mg/l. The adsorption process of Cr(VI) is tested with Langmuir isotherm model. Application of the Langmuir isotherm to the system yielded maximum adsorption capacity of 62.97 mg/g. The dimensionless equilibrium parameter, R _L, signifies a favorable adsorption of Cr(VI) on neem leaves adsorbent and is found to be between 0.0155 and 0.888 (0<R _L<1). The adsorption process follows second order kinetics and the corresponding rate constant is found to be 0.00137 g/(mg) (min).     

Adsorption modeling and mechanistic insight of hazardous chromium on para toluene sulfonic acid immobilized-polyaniline@CNTs nanocomposites

The development of highly efficient adsorbents materials for the purification of wastewater has caught a considerable deal of attention these days. Conducting polymers functionalized adsorbents has become a favorable route for enhancing their adsorption capability due to their ease of synthesis at laboratory scale. In this study, functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube (CNT)-polyaniline (Pani) composites were fabricated using an oxidation polymerization methodology and later doped with para toluene sulfonic acid (pTSA). The CNTs provided an adequate substrate for the adhesion of Pani as well as a large surface area due to its nano size, and pTSA provided additional functionality for the adsorption of differently charged moieties through strong or weak interactions. The as-synthesized pTSA-Pani@CNT nanocomposite was analyzed by the scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy for the morphological studies and the structural analysis were done by the X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The characterization results confirmed that the Pani was adhered to the CNTs as well as its successful functionalization with pTSA. The pTSA-Pani@CNT composite was then applied to the adsorptive removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and the composite showed higher adsorption for Cr(VI) than pTSA-CNT and pTSA-Pani, and the maximum removal level was detected at acidic pH. The analyses of the equilibrium isotherms and adsorption kinetics were performed to elucidate the adsorption mechanism. The XPS analysis indicated that Cr(VI) was strongly bounded to the adsorbent and it further indicated that the amine, imine, and hydroxyl functional groups were involved in the adsorption process. This study presents a new insight for the fabrication of highly functional polymer-carbonaceous nanocomposites for the scavenging of heavy metals from water bodies.     

多胺型阴离子交换纤维吸附铬(VI)的动力学

以聚丙烯腈纤维为原料, 采用化学改性法, 制备了多胺型阴离子交换纤维. 研究该纤维对Cr(VI)的吸附特性. 在研究的温度及浓度范围内, 该纤维对Cr(VI)吸附的平衡数据符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程, 对Cr(VI)有较强的亲和力, 吸附反应易于进行. 重点研究了该纤维对Cr(VI)的吸附动力学特性, 分别采用Lagergren一级动力学方程、修正伪一级动力学方程、伪二级动力学方程和颗粒内扩散方程进行拟合, 计算相应的速率常数. 研究表明, 该吸附是一个快速吸附过程, 20 min即可接近吸附平衡, 吸附过程符合伪二级动力学方程, 以化学吸附为主, 该纤维能够多次反复对Cr(VI)进行吸附.     

Adsorption of uranium on adsorbents produced from used tires

The present investigation deals with the potential use of adsorbents produced from used tires for the removal of uranium from aqueous solutions. Two different adsorbents were used including char and activated carbon produced from used tires. The surface area was larger on activated carbon. Adsorption experiments were carried out as a function of time, adsorbent concentration, pH and initial concentration of uranium. The adsorption kinetics was found to follow the Lagergren equation. The rate constants of intraparticle diffusion and mass transfer coefficients were calculated. It was shown that the equilibrium data could be fitted by the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The adsorption of uranium in the presence of diffferent cations were also studied and the results were correlated with the ionic potential of the cations. Results obtained in the study demonstrate that the activated carbon produced from used tires can be considered as an adsorbent that has a commercial potential for uranium removal.     

Removal of chromium(VI) from wastewater using Sorel's cement

Summary Synthetic Sorel's cement [3Mg(OH)₂ ^. MgCl₂ ^. 8H₂O], is used as a new adsorbent material for removal of chromium(VI) ion from wastewater effluents. Parameters including contact time, adsorbent dosage and pH are examined and optimized. The equilibrium data are fitted very well to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms rather than linear. The adsorption isotherm indicates that the monolayer coverage is 21.4 mg Cr(VI) ion per g of Sorel's cement. The adsorbent is considered as a better replacement technology for removal of Cr(VI) ion from aqueous solutions due to its low cost, good efficiency, fast kinetics, and simple preparation. It offers remarkable efficiency for Cr(VI) removal from wastewater compared with many other natural and synthetic adsorbents.     

Modified Magnetite Nanoparticles for Hexavalent Chromium Removal from Water

Water treatment is an important concern of human societies. Using magnetic nanoparticles as adsorbents for metal removal has been greatly considered due to their particular characteristics such as small sizes, high surface area to volume ratios, and good magnetic properties. In the present study, a modification was implemented in magnetite particles by functionalized carbon nanotubes and carboxylic groups to enhance the performance of magnetite particles in removing hexavalent chromium from water using the adsorption method. The applicability of the nanoadsorbent and magnetic nanoparticles was compared based on adsorption factors affecting the chromium removal including pH, contact time, pollutant concentration, and the adsorbent amount. Properties of the nanocomposites were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the highest percentage of Cr (VI) removal for both adsorbents was under acidic ambient conditions and lasted less than 45 minutes. The study of Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms in the prediction of adsorption behavior revealed that the Langmuir model better fitted the adsorption equilibrium data. The kinetic analysis of pseudo-first and second-order equations showed that the pseudo-second-order equation was more suitable for describing the kinetic behavior of data. Moreover, the obtained nanocomposite had a better performance in Cr (VI) removal from water in comparison to magnetite nanoparticles.     

Insights into recent advances of chitosan-based adsorbents for sustainable removal of heavy metals and anions

With globally increased human population and industrialization, the natural sources of water are reduced and then contaminated. Therefore, development of advanced technologies for the efficient water treatment is becoming of the scope of each of the nation. One of the cost-effective and well-known technologies for wastewater treatment is adsorption of contaminants by natural biopolymer like chitosan (CS) due to its unique features such as availability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, eco-friendly and low-cost production. However, Cs suffers considerable limitations such as low adsorption capacity, low surface area and limited reusability. Thence, this review intended to provide an overview for recent advances of chitosan-based adsorbents that established better adsorption activities towards various hazard heavy metals, including: As(III), As(V), Cu(II), Cr(VI), Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions. In addition, the capabilities of chitosan-based adsorbents for the adsorptive removal of anions including phosphates and nitrates were discussed. Besides, the suggested adsorption mechanisms of these contaminants onto chitosan-based adsorbents and the research conclusions for the optimum conditions of the adsorption processes were explained in light of the currently reported studies. Furthermore, to emphasize the foremost research gaps and future potential trends that could inspire further researchers to find out the best solutions for water treatment problems.     

Removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater using rice bran

The novel biosorbent rice bran has been successfully utilized for the removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater. The maximum removal of Cr(VI) was found to be 99.4% at pH 2.0, initial Cr(VI) concentration of 200 mg l(-1), and temperature 20 degrees C. The effect of different parameters such as contact time, adsorbate concentration, pH of the medium, and temperature was investigated. The adsorption kinetics was tested for first-order reversible, pseudo-first-order, and pseudo-second-order; reaction and the rate constants of kinetic models were calculated. Mass transfer of Cr(VI) from the bulk to the solid phase (rice bran) was studied at different temperatures. Different thermodynamic parameters, viz., changes in standard free energy, enthalpy, and entropy, have also been evaluated and it has been found that the reaction was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The Langmuir and Freundlich equations for describing adsorption equilibrium were applied to data. The constants and correlation coefficients of these isotherm models were calculated and compared. Desorption studies was also carried out and found that complete desorption of Cr(VI) took place at pH of 9.5. The data were also subjected to multiple regression analysis and a model was developed to predict the removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater.     

The kinetic and thermodynamic study of the removal of Cr(VI) ion from aqueous solution by human hair waste

The removal of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solution by human hair waste is investigated by using UV–Vis spectrophotometer technique. The morphological analysis of the human hair was also investigated by the scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The influence of various physicochemical effective parameters such as pH, ionic strength, adsorbent amount, contact time, initial concentration of metal ion on removal of Cr(VI) ions by human hair process was also studied. The optimum conditions for this adsorption process were obtained at pH = 2 and contact time of 150 min while the highest Cr(VI) uptake is recorded for 0.5 g of the adsorbent per 100 ml of solution. Three isotherms models including Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin were applied to describe the equilibrium data. It was found that the experimental data were well described by Freundlich isothermal model. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 11.64 mg g^?1.The thermodynamic study data showed that the adsorption process of Cr(VI) on human hair is an endothermic, spontaneous and physisorption reaction. The kinetics of the adsorption process was studied using three kinetics models including Lagergren-first-order, pseudo-second-order and Elovich model. The obtained data are indicated that the adsorption processes of Cr(VI) over human hair could be described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model.     

Kinetic,Equilibrium and Isotherm Studies of Cadmium Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Oxidized Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes and the Functionalized Ones with Thiosemicarbazide and Their Toxicity Investigations: A Comparison

The multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were first oxidized by nitric acid to form a MWCNT‐COOH. Then, it was modified with thiosemicarbazide to produce MWCNT‐semi. Thus, these carbon materials, MWCNTs, MWCNT‐COOH and MWCNT‐semi, have been used as efficient adsorbents for the removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions. The influence of variables including pH, concentration of the cadmium, amount of adsorbents and contact time was investigated by the batch method. The kinetic studies carried out using different kinetic models such as pseudo‐first‐order, pseudo‐second‐order, and intraparticle diffusion models. The sorption process with each adsorbent was well described by pseudo‐second‐order kinetics which it was agreed well with the experimental data. The values of regression coefficient of various adsorption isotherms like Langmuir, Freundlich and Tempkin to obtain the characteristic parameters of each model have been carried out. The results showed which the Langmuir isotherm for all adsorbents and Tempkin model for MWCNT‐COOH and MWCNT‐semi was found to best represent the measured sorption data. Toxicity of these samples was evaluated in human embryonic kidney HEK293 and human breast cancer SKBR3 cell lines after culturing cells for 24 h. Cellular investigations showed that the modified MWCNTs in particular MWCNT‐semi have considerably significant toxic impact on SKBR3 as compared to HEK293 at concentration 3 µg/mL.     

Kinetics of chromium(VI) adsorption from model solutions on iron oxide

Adsorption of Cr(VI) on Fe₂O₃ from model solutions with various Cr(VI) concentrations was studied. The adsorption capacity was determined, the constants of chromium(VI) adsorption on iron(III) oxide for the pseudo-second-order model were calculated, and the diffusion coefficients for the process were evaluated.