核主泵叶轮间隙的轴向振动特性研究

具有径向流的间隙结构广泛存在于轴承结构与旋转机械中,间隙中的流固耦合作用可能影响整体结构的运动稳定性。基于理论间隙模型和核主泵的实际结构,本文对径向间隙流引起的轴向振动进行了多方面的研究。当间隙的一个壁面产生轴向振动并处于旋转状态时,壁面受到由径向流引起的时变轴向力,因此间隙为叶轮提供附加的轴向刚度和阻尼。通过研究以水为介质的理论间隙模型,发现径向间隙流会引起负的等效轴向动力系数（刚度和阻尼）,并且流道形状是影响间隙轴向动力特性的重要因素。扩张流道和平行流道会产生负的轴向动力系数,特别是负阻尼会引起结构振动发散;而收缩流道间隙具有稳定的轴向动力特性。最后,对AP1000核主泵原型叶轮间隙模型进行分析,结果表明,间隙会引起轴向负刚度,并且在一定工况下出现负阻尼,此时系统轴向稳定性及结构安全运行将受到严重的不良影响。     

模态分析在航空发动机振动故障分析中的应用

本文介绍了模态分析与数字谱分析技术在航空发动机振动故障诊断中的应用.具体研究了航空发动机故障信号分析、处理,发动机整机及零部件模态试验,以及根据实测频响函数的非线性特性诊断发动机零件裂纹的方法,并据此判断发动机产生故障的原因.     

侵彻过程中弹引螺纹连接结构振动特性研究

针对侵彻过程中的弹引系统,对弹引螺纹连接结构振动特性进行了研究,建立了弹引螺纹连接结构弹性模型。在模型中,充分考虑了螺纹载荷分布不均匀的特性,不但给出了螺纹载荷分布规律,还给出了螺纹连接结构的等效刚度和振动频率;同时,为了验证模型的正确性,对弹引螺纹连接结构的拉伸和冲击过程进行了有限元仿真和试验,分别通过对弹引系统各结构振动特性的计算和对实测过载信号进行时频分析得到了系统的频率特性;将弹引系统的振动频率与实测过载信号的时频分析结果进行了对比。分析计算和试验结果发现:与静载荷时相比,冲击载荷作用下第一扣螺纹承受的载荷更大;螺纹连接结构的刚度明显小于固连结构;增加螺纹材料刚度、增加螺纹旋合长度、减小螺距能够有效增加螺纹连接结构固有频率;在侵彻过载测试信号的时频分析结果中明显存在与螺纹连接结构的振动频率一致的振动信号,并且该频率成分的信号幅值很高,对过载信号影响很大。     

小波分析技术在陀螺故障诊断中的应用研究

小波分析是一种全新的时一频两维分析技术，其对高频突变信号和低频缓变信号的分析有其独特的优点。本文分析了小波分析技术的原理，提出了将其引入机械设备故障诊断中的方法。通过对有故障陀螺振动信号的多尺度分析，研究故障信号小波变换轴心轨迹分量图，建立典型故障特征模型，从而对单故障及多故障问题进行分析与诊断。     

受限颗粒体对制动系统非线性振动的影响

制动系统在工作时,往往受到沙粒、尘土以及磨屑等受限颗粒体的影响,这些受限颗粒体在摩擦副中的高度分布具有较强的随机性,一定程度诱发了制动系统的非线性振动. 本文中基于制动片切向振动模型,引入了新的受限颗粒体摩擦模型,提出了用波动系数来描述受限颗粒体高度分布随机性的强弱. 发现在特定参数下,当此系数为0时,制动片切向振动为周期运动;但是当此系数不为0时,制动片切向振动呈现拟周期或混沌运动,此时的切向振动分岔特性图的稳定轨道也会出现数量或分布的变化,甚至表现出混沌特性. 同一时变信号内,受限颗粒体引发制动片切向非线性振动包括发散、收敛以及拟周期运动等多种形式.      

混沌振动压实动力学的仿真研究—（I）混沌识别

本文提出了四自由度混沌振动压路机“机架－振动轮－土”系统的力学模型;建立了其数学模型;对数学模型进行了数值仿真;根据振动轮的运动,利用混沌识别的定性方法（相轨图、功率谱图和Ｐｏｉｎｃａｒｅ图）与定量方法（最大Ｌｙａｐｕｎｏｖ指数）,对系统的混沌特征进行了识别。结果表明：系统的运动是混沌的。     

基于测试和仿真的卡车驾驶室异常振动分析与解决

针对某车型在特定车速下出现的驾驶室异常振动的问题,通过汽车道路试验,测试了不同车速下车桥、车架、驾驶室上各测点的振动信号。结果显示,车速约为50km/h时,驾驶室纵向出现明显的异常振动。本文建立了汽车结构的有限元模型,并对其进行了模态分析,获得了整车的固有振动特性。结合仿真分析与实验测试结果发现,引起驾驶室异常振动的原因是车轮的转频5.57Hz与整车一阶弯曲模态频率5.49Hz接近从而发生共振。在此基础上,对车架进行了优化设计和结构修改,并对改进后的样车进行了试验测试,结果表明异常振动振幅降低了90%,较好地解决了驾驶室异常振动问题。     

核主泵叶轮间隙的轴向振动特性研究

具有径向流的间隙结构广泛存在于轴承结构与旋转机械中,间隙中的流固耦合作用可能影响整体结构的运动稳定性。基于理论间隙模型和核主泵的实际结构,本文对径向间隙流引起的轴向振动进行了多方面的研究。当间隙的一个壁面产生轴向振动并处于旋转状态时,壁面受到由径向流引起的时变轴向力,因此间隙为叶轮提供附加的轴向刚度和阻尼。通过研究以水为介质的理论间隙模型,发现径向间隙流会引起负的等效轴向动力系数(刚度和阻尼),并且流道形状是影响间隙轴向动力特性的重要因素。扩张流道和平行流道会产生负的轴向动力系数,特别是负阻尼会引起结构振动发散;而收缩流道间隙具有稳定的轴向动力特性。最后,对AP1000核主泵原型叶轮间隙模型进行分析,结果表明,间隙会引起轴向负刚度,并且在一定工况下出现负阻尼,此时系统轴向稳定性及结构安全运行将受到严重的不良影响。     

人体振动模态的实验研究

本文介绍人体振动研究的一些问题，作了人体动力学模型分析，论述坐姿人体振动试验及模态分析，给出人体一些部位的频响函数和人体前三阶模态参数，对人体振动特性有进一步了解，对人体振动防护的研究工作是有益的．     

偏心量对轴向碰摩系统弯扭耦合非线性振动特性影响的分析

对偏心量改变导致的轴向碰摩系统的弯扭耦合非线性振动特性的变化进行了初步研究。建立了转静子耦合系统计算模型,利用数值积分和Poincare映射方法,对转子系统由于轴向碰摩故障导致的非线性动力学行为进行了数值仿真研究,给出了系统响应随偏心量变化的分岔图和一些典型的Poincare截面图、相轨图、轴心轨迹、幅值谱图和时域响应等。研究结果表明:偏心量是激起碰摩的一个主要因素,且系统响应对偏心量的变化比较敏感,随偏心量的增加,系统的响应将呈复杂化;碰摩发生后,振动响应的主要成分为1/3、1/2、2/3和1倍频,但各成分的存在与否与偏心量大小有关,有时会导致高阶频率成分的出现;碰摩发生后时域波形和轴心轨迹有明显的改变;分岔图是判别系统是否碰摩的有效工具;转、静子的扭转振动响应,对碰摩的发生和消失表现得更为明晰和精确,且其特征也不同于已知的其它故障类别,尤其是静子机匣,故应用扭转振动特性来监测和诊断碰摩故障是可取的;依据单一的振动谱图分析系统的特征较为困难,甚至有可能误判,因此应结合几种谱图综合判断。     

计算离心泵叶轮流场的扫描流束有限元方法

本文提出一种求解离心式叶轮流场的数值方法，将流动求解区域离散为有限个由流线构成其边界的单元，采用伽辽金法建立的单元方程在一条流束上集合为方程组，流线上的节点坐标亦作为未知量包含在有限元方程中，通过扫描计算，逐步解得流线位置及流动参数。本文应用叶轮的通流理论流动模型，采用扫描流速有限元方法对离心泵叶轮流场进行了计算，并与有关文献作了比较。     

Flow analysis for a double suction centrifugal machine in the pump and turbine operation modes

A double suction centrifugal machine has been studied, both experimentally and numerically, operating as a pump and as a turbine. Experimentally, the static performance of the machine working as a pump was obtained. These measurements were compared with equivalent numerical results from a URANS calculation. As a second step, the numerical results have been exploited to get detailed information about the flow in both operating modes (pump and turbine). The main goals of the study are, first, the validation of the numerical procedure proposed and second, the possible turbine operation of the impeller, which could point out a wider working range for the machine. The first aspect is handled by detailed analysis in the pump mode, according to previous experience of the research group. The second objective is obtained by using the numerical model to explore the flow fields obtained, when working in an inverse mode. Therefore, the presented results join the use of a numerical methodology and the turbine mode of operation for a centrifugal impeller, providing insight into the flow characteristics. When working as a pump, the flow at the suction side is characterized by the existence of an inlet tongue, which tends to enforce a uniform flow for the nominal conditions. For the turbine mode, flow patterns in the impeller, volute and suction regions are carefully investigated. The influence of the specific geometrical arrangement is also considered for this operation mode. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Time-resolved particle imaging velocimetry for the investigation of rotating stall in a radial pump

The operating range of turbomachines is limited in terms of the low flow rate by instabilities appearing in flow-leading parts of the machinery resulting in the creation of vortices. If the flow is further throttled, stall cells can start to propagate in the impeller at a fraction of the rotor speed. This article presents an investigation of rotating stall at different flow rates in a radial pump using time-resolved particle imaging velocimetry (PIV). This technique was used to investigate the flow field at the same position in every channel of the impeller during several revolutions. Frequency analysis was applied to the measured velocities to calculate the angular speed of the rotating stall in the impeller. The interest of time-resolved PIV to understand rotating stall is demonstrated, as it allows measurement of transient, irregularly appearing flow fields.     

非牛顿流体在非均质油藏渗流压力场实验

在非均质油藏模型上进行非牛顿流体流动物理模拟实验，对比研究水驱、聚合物驱和交联聚合物对提高石油采收率的影响．通过布置高精度的压差传感器测量不同驱替过程模型中的渗流压力场的动态变化，成胶后的交联聚合物封堵了高渗条区，改变了油藏内流体流动方向，驱替出低渗区内油，提高了采收率．     

Numerical modelling and flow analysis of a centrifugal pump running as a turbine: Unsteady flow structures and its effects on the global performance

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the flow patterns in a centrifugal pump when it works as a centripetal turbine, with special interest in the unsteady behavior in order to explain the shape of the performance curves. Also, we focus on the determination of the radial thrust and other mechanical loads over a pump‐designed machine. The pump studied is commercial, with single axial suction and a vaneless spiral volute casing. A numerical study has been carried out in order to obtain more information about the flow into the volute and the impeller. A numerical three‐dimensional unsteady simulation has been developed using a commercial code that solves the URANS set of equations with a standard k–ε turbulence model. The results show the non‐axisymmetric flow developed in the volute, responsible for a significant radial thrust; the interaction between the tongue and the impeller, generating force fluctuations; the velocity and pressure distributions inside the impeller; and the exit flow, characterized with post‐rotation and low‐pressure. These flow results allow us to understand the behavior of the machine by comparing it with the pump mode. Complementarily, an experimental study was conducted to validate the numerical model and characterize the pump‐turbine performance curves at constant head. Fast‐response pressure taps and a three‐hole pneumatic pressure probe were employed to obtain a complete data set of non‐stationary and stationary measurements throughout the centrifugal machine. As a result, loss of efficiency or susceptibility to cavitation, detected numerically, was confirmed experimentally. The study demonstrates that the numerical methodology presented here has shown its reliability and possibilities to predict the unsteady flow and time‐mean characteristics of centrifugal pumps working as turbines. In particular, it is shown that the commercial design of the pump allows a reasonable use of the impeller as a turbine runner, due to the suitable adaptation of the inflow distributions to the volute casing. Moreover, the efficiency for the inverse mode is shown to be as high as achieved for the pumping operational mode. In addition, it is concluded that both axial and radial thrusts are controlled, though important unsteady fluctuations—up to 25%—clocked with the blade passing frequency appear beyond the nominal conditions. In that case, a moderate use of the pump as a turbine is recommended in order to minimize risks of fatigue failure of the bearings. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

洗衣机悬挂系统动态特性的实验研究

悬挂系统是全自动洗衣机最重要的部件之一,其动态特性直接影响整机的工作平稳性或鲁棒性。本文通过压电式加速度计拾取脱水工况下滚筒式洗衣机外筒上各测点的响应信号,运用DASP（Data Acquisition ＆ Signal Processing）信号采集分析处理系统,分别采用频域自互谱法和时域随机子空间法对其进行模态参数识别。结果表明,工作状态振动实验足以识别出该型号洗衣机所感兴趣的模态参数;其结果可以作为有限元模型修正的参考依据。     

Transient simulation of coolant peak temperature due to prolonged fan and/or water pump operation after the vehicle is keyed-off

Automotive designers should design a robust engine cooling system which works well in both normal and severe driving conditions. When vehicles are keyed-off suddenly after some distance of hill-climbing driving, the coolant temperature tends to increase drastically. This is because heat soak in the engine could not be transferred away in a timely manner, as both the water pump and cooling fan stop working after the vehicle is keyed-off. In this research, we aimed to visualize the coolant temperature trend over time before and after the vehicles were keyed-off. In order to prevent coolant temperature from exceeding its boiling point and jeopardizing engine life, a numerical model was further tested with prolonged fan and/or water pump operation after keying-off. One dimensional thermal-fluid simulation was exploited to model the vehicle’s cooling system. The behaviour of engine heat, air flow, and coolant flow over time were varied to observe the corresponding transient coolant temperatures. The robustness of this model was proven by validation with industry field test data. The numerical results provided sensible insights into the proposed solution. In short, prolonging fan operation for 500 s and prolonging both fan and water pump operation for 300 s could reduce coolant peak temperature efficiently. The physical implementation plan and benefits yielded from implementation of the electrical fan and electrical water pump are discussed.     

海洋结构物摩擦学问题的研究进展

海洋结构物主要包括海上钻井平台、油气开采平台、FPSO、海底输油管线及海上大型储油罐等大型海上结构物.海洋结构物总是处于波浪、海流、风暴、海冰等严峻海洋环境中,并受到海生物污损、海洋腐蚀、磨损等多方面因素相互作用的影响,摩擦学问题无处不在.论文针对海洋平台结构、流体处理及运输设备、定位设备及作业设备四方面的摩擦学问题进行论述,主要介绍了海洋平台结构、管道系统及海水泵、锚链及螺旋桨、钻井套管及电潜泵等海工设备的工作特点,概述了国内外关于这类海工设备的摩擦学问题的研究现状,并对海洋结构物的摩擦学研究重点进行了展望.     

循环神经网络在智能天平研究中的应用

激波风洞地面试验对高超声速飞行器高焓气动特性研究至关重要, 而高精度气动力测量是其中的关键技术. 在脉冲型激波风洞中进行测力试验时, 风洞起动时流场瞬间建立, 对测力系统会产生较大的冲击. 测力系统在瞬时冲击作用下受到激励, 系统的惯性振动信号在短时间内无法快速衰减, 天平的输出信号中会包含惯性振动干扰量, 导致脉冲型风洞测力试验精准度的进一步提高遇到瓶颈. 为了解决短试验时间内激波风洞快速准确测力问题, 发展高精度的动态校准技术是提升受惯性干扰天平性能的关键方法. 因此, 本文采用循环神经网络对天平动态校准数据进行训练和智能处理, 旨在消除输出动态信号中的振动干扰信号. 本文对该方法进行了误差分析, 验证了该方法的可靠性, 并将该方法应用于激波风洞测力试验中, 切实有效降低了惯性振动对天平输出信号的干扰影响. 根据智能模型的样本验证分析, 各分量载荷相对误差比较小, 其中高频轴向力分量处理结果的相对误差约1%. 在风洞试验数据验证中, 也得到了比较理想的结果, 同时与卷积神经网络模型处理的结果进行了对比分析.