An atomic electronegative distance vector and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts of alcohols and alkanes

A novel atomic electronegative distance vector (AEDV) has been developed to express the chemical environment of various chemically equivalent carbon atoms in alcohols and alkanes. Combining AEDV and Y parameter, four five-parameter linear relationship equations of chemical shift for four types of carbon atoms are created by using multiple linear regression. Correlation coefficients are R = 0.9887, 0.9972, 0.9978 and 0.9968 and roots of mean square error are RMS = 0.906, 0. 821, 1.091 and 1.091 of four types of carbons, i.e., type 1, 2, 3, and 4 for primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary carbons, respectively. The stability and prediction capacity for external samples of four models have been tested by cross-validation.     

Hyperfine-shifted 13C resonance assignments in an iron-sulfur protein with quantum chemical verification: aliphatic C-H···S 3-center-4-electron interactions

Although the majority of noncovalent interactions associated with hydrogen and heavy atoms in proteins and other biomolecules are classical hydrogen bonds between polar N-H or O-H moieties and O atoms or aromatic π electrons, high-resolution X-ray crystallographic models deposited in the Protein Data Bank show evidence for weaker C-H···O hydrogen bonds, including ones involving sp(3)-hybridized carbon atoms. Little evidence is available in proteins for the (even) weaker C-H···S interactions described in the crystallographic literature on small molecules. Here, we report experimental evidence and theoretical verification for the existence of nine aliphatic (sp(3)-hybridized) C-H···S 3-center-4-electron interactions in the protein Clostridium pasteurianum rubredoxin. Our evidence comes from the analysis of carbon-13 NMR chemical shifts assigned to atoms near the iron at the active site of this protein. We detected anomalous chemical shifts for these carbon-13 nuclei and explained their origin in terms of unpaired spin density from the iron atom being delocalized through interactions of the type: C-H···S-Fe, where S is the sulfur of one of the four cysteine side chains covalently bonded to the iron. These results suggest that polarized sulfur atoms in proteins can engage in multiple weak interactions with surrounding aliphatic groups. We analyze the strength and angular dependence of these interactions and conclude that they may contribute small, but significant, stabilization to the molecule.     

Caractérisation des branchements courts dans un polyéthylène basse densité par RMN 13C

Carbon-13 NMR analysis of chain branching in low density polyéthylène (LDPE) at 62,89 MHz has revealed the existence of three kinds of complex chain branching besides more than four kinds of well known isolated branches. Well resolved carbon-13 spectra consisting of 26 peaks have been observed for one LDPE sample. For reasonable assignments of all the carbon atoms which play roles in branching signals, model compounds have been used, and three kinds of additivity rules for carbon-13 chemical shifts have been applied. Taking into account the double back-biting scheme in the formation of LDPE, 2-ethyl hexyl, 1,3-diethyl pair and tetrafunctionnal branches have been found besides isolated branches such as ethyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl and longer chains.     

Neighboring group participation by the pyrrole nucleus

Using proton and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy, the transformation of 2-hydroxyethylpyrroles (5,15) into 2-haloethylpyrroles by treatment with thionyl chloride or carbon tetrabromide/triphenylphosphine is shown to proceed by randomization of the two side-chain carbon atoms. A spirocyclopropylpyrrolium ion (19) is postulated as an intermediate in this unexpected process.     

Comprehensive parameter set for the prediction of the 13C-NMR chemical shifts of sp3-hybridized carbon atoms in organic compounds

A parameter set is described for prediction of the carbon-13 chemical shifts of sp³-hybridized carbon atoms based on a simple linear additivity relationship. It was tested against 88 692 known chemical shift values. Many of the previously reported parameters were amended and new parameters added. With this parameter set, the chemical shifts in 99.7% of the 88 692 cases can be estimated with an overall standard deviation of 5.6 ppm for the predicted values relative the the experimental ones. The additivity parameters reported here can be used per se or in connection with a recent computer program for the estimation of carbon-13 chemical shifts, which automatically selects and applies additivity rules appropriate for the individual carbon atoms of the chemical constitution entered.     

Carbon-13 NMR spectra of chromium pentacarbonyl carbenoid complexes

The carbon-13 NMR spectra of six carbenoid complexes of the type (OC)₅Cr-(CXX′) have been recorded. The carbenoid carbon atoms are all markedly deshielded (chemical shifts vs. TMS in the range ?271 to ?360). With only one minor inversion of uncertain significance, the chemical shifts correlate well with the expected ability of the X and X′ groups to engage in dative π bonding to the carbenoid carbon atom. The longitudinal relaxation times for both carbenoid and carbonyl carbon atoms in (OC)₅Cr[C(CH₃)(OC₂H₅)] are 1 – 2 sec. The chemical shift difference for carbonyl carbon atoms cis and trans to the carbenoid ligand is essentially invariant in the six compounds.     

Carbon-13 NMR spectra of some tetra- and pentacyclic triterpenoids

The carbon-13 NMR spectra of lanosta-8-en-3β-ol, lanosta-8, 24-dien-3β-ol, lanosta-7,9(11)-dien-3β-ol, lanostan-3β-ol, eupha-8-en-3β-ol, eupha-8,24-dien-3β-ol, ursa-12-en-3β-ol (α-amyrin) and oleana-12-en-3β-ol (β-amyrin) have been obtained and completely assigned. The results of this study provide chemical shift data for methyl, methylene, methine and quaternary carbon atoms in tetra- and pentacyclic triterpenoid spectra. The carbon-13 NMR spectrum of a triterpenoid provides a unique fingerprint for the molecule.     

The occurrence of head-to-head butene units in ethylene-butene copolymers and corresponding ethyl branches in low-density (branched) polyethylenes

A high resolution carbon-13 NMR study of an ethylene-butene copolymer has yielded a spectrum whose resonances could be assigned to isolated ethyl branches, 1,3-diethyl branching as well as 1,2-diethyl branches resulting from head-to-head butene polymerization. All these structures are present in the same sample. An examination of all the published spectra of low-density (branched) polyethylenes has revealed many examples of heretofore unassigned resonances which can be associated with this latter type of diethyl branching in these polymers. Spin-lattice relaxation times have been determined, when feasible, for the carbon atoms in each of the three branched structures.     

Metal ion catalysis of natural products transformations. Novel aldopentose disproportionation reactions catalyzed by rhodium(III)

The detailed stoichiometry of the reaction between the aldopentoses, ribose, arabinose, lyxose, and xylose, and the cis rhodium(III) complex of the macrocyclic tetraamine ligand rac-5,5,7,12,12,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane in weakly acidic aqueous solution has been studied by 13C NMR, using deuterium- and carbon-13-labeled substrates. The overall process is a catalytic disproportionation reaction, in which two aldopentose molecules are transformed into the corresponding alditol and aldonolactone, both with an unchanged configuration around carbon atoms 2, 3, and 4. The mechanism of this reaction is suggested to involve coordination of a hydrated and an unhydrated substrate molecule through their carbon-1 bound oxygen atoms followed by a hydride shift from the hydrated to the unhydrated substrate. This disproportionation process is subsequently followed by aquation of the reaction product to give the free alditol and a mixture of the aldonic acid and the corresponding aldonolactone. Concurrently with the aquation reaction, incorporation of solvent hydrogen at the carbon-1 atom of the alditol is also observed for the rhodium-coordinated alditol reaction product.     

Mass spectroscopic fragmentation pathways of 1,8-nonadiyne

Cleavage α to triple bonds in straight-chain hydrocabons with only one triple bond is a very minor process. The mass spectrum of 1,8-nonadiyne (mol. wt 120) shows strong peaks at around m/z91, which points to a major fragmentation pathway of cleavage α to triple bonds in straight-chain diynes. This study attempts to explain this paradox. Through-space interaction was indicated through the use of carbon-13 labelling of the terminal carbon atoms in 1,8-nonadiyne, 1,2,8,9-¹³C-1,8-Nonadiyne and 3,7-¹³C-1,8-nonadiyne were prepared to determine which carbon atoms were lost in the process of [M]⁺˙ and [M? 1]⁺ going to m/z91. These two molecules were chosen for ease of synthesis. Low-resolution mass spectra and low-voltage studies determined that a major portion of carbon atoms being lost were from the middle of the carbon chain. This points to a fragmentation pathway that results from through-space interaction of the two terminal triple bonds. It is likely that ionization enhances this through-space interaction of the two triple bonds.     

Hydrogenolysis of cycloalkanes on a tantalum hydride complex supported on silica and insight into the deactivation pathway by the combined use of 1D solid-state NMR and EXAFS spectroscopies

Hydrogenolysis of cyclic alkanes is catalysed by [(triple bond)SiO)(2)Ta-H] (1) at 160 degrees C and leads to lower alkanes and cyclic alkanes including cyclopentane. The turnover number is correlated with the number of carbon atoms of the cyclic alkanes, and therefore while cycloheptane is readily transformed, cyclopentane does not give any product (<1 %). The mechanism of ring contraction probably involves carbene de-insertion as a key carbon-carbon bond-cleavage step. The reluctance of cyclopentane to undergo hydrogenolysis was further studied: under the reaction conditions cyclopentane reacts with 1 to give the corresponding cyclopentyl derivative [(triple bond)SiO)(2)Ta-C(5)H(9)] (13), which evolves towards cyclopentadienyl derivative [(triple bond)SiO)(2)Ta(C(5)H(5))] (14) according to both solid-state NMR and EXAFS spectroscopies. This latter complex is inactive in the hydrogenolysis of alkanes, and therefore the formation of cyclopentane in the hydrogenolysis of various cyclic alkanes is probably responsible for the de-activation of the catalyst by formation of cyclopentadienyl complexes.     

离子性指数、极化效应指数烷烃^13C NMR化学位移的 关系研究

定义了烷烃分子中碳原子的离子性指数(INI)，用离子性指数(INI)、极化效应指数(PEI)及N^i~H(i=αβΥ)结构信息参数研究了烷烃的^13CNMR化学位移模型，结果表明，烷烃^13CNMR化学位移(CS)可用下式来定量描述：CS=194.6156-37.7394(INI)+98.6505(ΣPEI)+27.1630(INI/ΣPEI)-652.9106(ΣPEI/INI)+0.7735N^α~H+2.2468N^β~H-0.1742N^γ~H。用上式估算了304个碳原子的化学位移，平均绝对误差仅为0.77δ，标准差0.9860δ，预测值与实验值非常吻合。     

石油化学粗粒化分子力学/分子动力学力场：Ⅰ.烷烃的粗粒化模型

提供了一种用以描述石油中烷烃分子的通用型粗粒化模型.依据石油中烷烃的结构特征,划分出从A1到A7共7种粗粒化珠子.7种烷烃的粗粒化珠子含有3～6个碳原子,与之相对应的既有直链烷烃,也有支链烷烃.这些基本结构单元以不同的组合方式可以得到石油中从C3～C40各种烷烃的粗粒化分子.为了获得精确的力场参数,采用密度泛函方法优化...     

直链烷烃对Ti-HMS分子筛合成的影响

以十二胺为模板剂,正硅酸乙酯为硅源,钛酸四丁酯为钛源,直链烷烃正己烷或正辛烷为有机添加剂,在室温下合成出具有较大孔径的Ti-HMS分子筛.研究了烷烃对Ti-HMS分子筛的扩孔作用及对分子筛结晶度和催化性能的影响.结果表明,加入的烷烃越多,分子筛的孔径越大;烷烃链长越长,对Ti-HMS的扩孔作用越显著.与不加烷烃的Ti-HMS相比,加入烷烃后,分子筛的结晶度及四配位骨架钛的含量均有所降低,而且加入的烷烃量越多,影响越明显.将加入烷烃所得的Ti-HMS用于模拟燃料中4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩的氧化脱除反应,结果发现,Ti-HMS的催化氧化活性有所提高,对4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩的脱除速率增大.     

几种过渡金属离子与苏丹Ⅰ(1-苯基偶氮基-2-萘酚)形成配合物的13C核磁共振研究

目前用核磁共振测定配合物结构的报道很多,J。Blackburn等人曾用NMR做为研究电子施主-受主配合物结构的探针^[1],也有人曾用弛豫速率研究胰朊酶的钙键位置^[2]。但随过渡金属离子的逐渐加入形成配合物的NMR研究报道尚不多,本文利用苏丹Ⅰ与一些过渡金属离子形成配合物后¹³C化学位移的变化,并以红外光谱、紫外-可见光谱为佐证研究了这些配合物的结构,并用多种方法对苏丹Ⅰ骨架的¹³CNMR谱进行了归属,初步探讨了,苏丹Ⅰ分子¹³C屏蔽机理及化学位移与分子电子结构间的关系。     

Ab-initio study of initial atmospheric oxidation reactions of C3 and C4 alkanes

Second-order, Møller–Plesset (MP2)-unrestricted Hartree–Fock calculations with full geometry optimization in the 6-31G(d, p) basis set were carried out to study the initial atmospheric oxidation reactions of alkanes. All structures in the initial hydrogen abstraction reaction by an OH radical and the subsequent addition of molecular oxygen to the alkyl radical were characterized for alkanes with three and four carbon atoms. The reaction paths for the formation of the peroxyl radicals were obtained and discussed in the light of similarities along series involving primary, secondary, and tertiary hydrogens. A 0.999 correlation was found between the height of our barriers for the OH abstraction of a primary hydrogen atom from alkanes containing one to four carbon atoms and the optimally estimated activation energies for this reaction recently presented. From the slope and the intersection at zero activation energy an equation was obtained that yields scaled values of the activation energies to account for the tunnel effect and for the error due to the basis set and the method employed. We present new results for the abstraction of the less favored primary hydrogens in propane, butane, and isobutane, which should be important at high temperatures. Negative net activation energies were obtained for the addition of molecular oxygen to all the alkyl radicals formed in the first reaction. The structure of the peroxyl radicals is discussed; and very good correlations are observed for similar compounds, regardless of the length of the carbon chain. A revision of some experimental values is suggested. Single point density functional calculations at the MP2 geometries were also performed with the B3LYP functional for comparison. The observed trends are exactly the same for the two methods. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 20: 845–856, 1999     

Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of isomeric oxaziridines. Effects of the nitrogen lone pair on carbon-13 chemical shifts

The carbon-13 n.m.r. spectra of several oxaziridines were measured. Aliphatic and aromatic ipso carbon atoms trans to the lone pair of nitrogen in oxaziridines were shifted upfield by c. 9 ppm, and 3.4 ppm, respectively, in comparison with isomers of inverted configuration. The results suggest that the nitrogen lone pair is partially responsible for the observed upfield shifts.     

Measurements of the 12C/13C kinetic isotope effects in the gas-phase reactions of light alkanes with chlorine atoms

The carbon kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) of the reactions of several light non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) with Cl atoms were determined at room temperature and ambient pressure. All measured KIEs, defined as the ratio of the Cl reaction rate constants of the light isotopologue over that of the heavy isotopologue (Clk12/Clk13) are greater than unity or normal KIEs. For simplicity, measured KIEs are reported in per mil according to Clepsilon=(Clk12/Clk13 -1)x1000 per thousand unless noted otherwise. The following average KIEs were obtained (all in per thousand): 10.73+/-0.20 (ethane), 6.44+/-0.14 (propane), 6.18+/-0.18 (methylpropane), 3.94+/-0.01 (n-butane), 1.79+/-0.42 (methylbutane), 3.22+/-0.17 (n-pentane), 2.02+/-0.40 (n-hexane), 2.06+/-0.19 (n-heptane), 1.54+/-0.15 (n-octane), 3.04+/-0.09 (cyclopentane), 2.30+/-0.09 (cyclohexane), and 2.56+/-0.25 (methylcyclopentane). Measurements of the 12C/13C KIEs for the Cl atom reactions of the C2-C8 n-alkanes were also made at 348 K, and no significant temperature dependence was observed. To our knowledge, these 12C/13C KIE measurements for alkanes+Cl reactions are the first of their kind. Simultaneous to the KIE measurement, the rate constant for the reaction of each alkane with Cl atoms was measured using a relative rate method. Our measurements agree with published values within+/-20%. The measured rate constant for methylcyclopentane, for which no literature value is available, is (2.83+/-0.11)x10-10 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, 1sigma standard error. The Clepsilon values presented here for the C2-C8 alkanes are an order of magnitude smaller than reported methane Clepsilon values (Geophys. Res. Lett., 2000, 27, 1715), in contrast to reported OHepsilon values for methane (J. Geophys. Res. (Atmos.), 2001, 106, 23, 127) and C2-C8 alkanes (J. Phys. Chem. A, 2004, 108, 11537), which are all smaller than 10 per thousand. This has important implications for atmospheric modeling of saturated NMHC stable carbon isotope ratios. 13C-structure reactivity relationship values (13C-SRR) for alkane-Cl reactions have been determined and are similar to previously reported values for alkane-OH reactions.