不同垃圾焚烧炉排放的PM10 中多环芳烃的研究

对大气可吸入颗粒物采样器进行改装，建立了垃圾焚烧炉烟气中PM10采样系统，并采集了三家垃圾发电厂焚烧炉排放烟气中的可吸入颗粒物。利用GC-MS对可吸入颗粒物中的16种多环芳烃进行定量研究，获得了多环芳烃的质量分数和浓度，并对不同环数的芳烃进行了比较，分析了不同样品中的多环芳烃的毒性参数。结果表明，颗粒物中的多环芳烃主要集中在4环、5环和6环，3环和2环所占比例较少；与燃煤电厂相比，垃圾焚烧发电厂排放的烟气中多环芳烃的浓度和毒性参数更高。     

生物油中固体颗粒物的特性分析

利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱、红外光谱分析和X射线衍射对不同固体颗粒物样品的特性进行了研究。结果表明,生物油中的固体颗粒物主要由焦炭颗粒、灰分和少量高分子有机物组成,其中,灰分主要包括多种金属元素和一定量SiO₂,有机物主要是具有木质素结构的低聚物。不同热解工艺的固体颗粒物样品特性也不同。循环流化床工艺制取的生物油中固体颗粒物含量较高。此外,固体颗粒物样品中的金属元素含量受到热解原料种类的影响。     

北京市大气颗粒物中生物质燃烧排放贡献的季节特征

研究了1997年11月~1998年10月期间一年四季北京郊区十三陵(一号站)和市区天坛(五号站)采集的110个大气颗粒物样品中有机碳(OC)与水溶性钾(K⁺)的质量浓度变化. 利用指示物K⁺定性识别了春耕(清明)、麦收、秋收、秋季落叶等4个生物质燃烧过程. 对OC与K⁺数据进行了回归分析, 用以表征生物质燃烧的特征, 并在此基础上评估了生物质燃烧对北京市大气颗粒物OC的贡献. 春耕(清明)、麦收、秋季落叶期间回归斜率在两站点之间比较一致, 表现了生物质燃烧排放的区域性特点. 回归截距的差异反映了两个站点的不同属性. 1998年秋收时段北京市发生重污染事件, 二次有机碳大量形成, 生物质燃烧是主要排放源之一. 生物质燃烧排放具有季节性与周期性, 是北京市大气颗粒物有机碳的一个重要来源, 在生物质燃烧典型样品中, 其贡献高达三至六成.     

垃圾衍生燃料流化床燃烧过程中HCl和NOx的排放研究

在床总高为4040mm的变截面流化床中试规模装置内，研究垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)在气化和燃烧不同阶段中NOx和HCl的生成特性。含NaCl的垃圾衍生燃料在流化床内燃烧，燃烧低于640℃时，Ca(OH)2的脱氯效果比较好;但随着温度升高，烟气中HCl的体积分数迅速增长，但脱氯效果明显受到CaCl2化学反应平衡的限制。燃烧状况特别是氧的体积分数对NOx的生成影响比较大。含氮量高的RDF燃烧产生NOx的体积分数明显高于低含氮燃料所产生的。     

应用ICP-AES同时测定生物和环境试样中的微量元素

应用ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ同时测定生物和环境试样中的微量元素魏路线张保军（武汉汽车工业大学微观分析中心，武汉，４３００７０）本文报道了组合型等离子发射光谱仪在生物和环境样品分析中的应用．对人发、模拟酸雨提取液和电厂煤燃烧排放的粉尘试样中多种痕量金属元素进行同...     

煤燃烧过程生成氮氧化物前驱体的研究

对煤中氮在燃烧条件下生成NOx前驱体（HCN、NH3）进行了研究。实验采用石英玻璃管流化床反应系统，测定了神木煤、澳大利亚烟煤、澳大利亚褐煤在400 ℃～900 ℃HCN、NH3的生成，用离子色谱测定了HCN、NH3的生成量，用差热分析测定了三种煤的燃烧峰温及起始燃烧温度。实验结果表明，在燃烧条件下煤中氮转化为HCN、NH3的比例很高，这一释出过程伴随着煤燃烧过程而发生; 在400 ℃～500 ℃燃烧时HCN、NH3的生成量占煤中总氮质量分数的50%～70%,无论是煤挥发分还是半焦中的氮都在此条件下转化生成了HCN、NH3, 这一实验规律与热解条件的实验结果不同。煤样在更高的温度下燃烧（>700 ℃）时，气体产物中的HCN、NH3的质量分数很少，这是HCN、NH3进一步氧化生成了NOx的缘故。     

CeO2-ZrO2催化材料对汽油车颗粒物的催化燃烧

采用共沉淀的方法合成了一系列不同CeO₂和ZrO₂质量比的催化剂（wCeO₂-（1-w）ZrO₂）并用于汽油车颗粒物的催化燃烧。采用程序控制以10 ℃·min^-1的升温速率,从室温升到850 ℃氧化测试催化剂的燃烧活性。同时,对催化剂进行了X射线衍射（XRD）、拉曼（Raman）光谱、氮气-吸脱附比表面（N₂-BET）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）分析、储氧能力（OSC）、氢气-程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）表征。经过800 ℃焙烧后,70%CeO₂-30%ZrO₂样品表现出最好的活性性能,其T_m（活性测试燃烧反应中燃烧产物浓度达到最大峰值铈所对应的燃烧温度）从空白样品的719 ℃降低到625 ℃。同时,70%CeO₂-30%ZrO₂样品也表现出优异的热稳定性能。催化燃烧性能与催化剂的结构、表面组成特性以及氧化还原性能有关。XRD和拉曼光谱表明富铈样品具有典型的立方相结构,富锆样品具有四方相结构。XPS表明不同催化剂的Ce中Ce³⁺的摩尔比例及表面氧与晶格氧的比例存在明显差异,其导致催化性能不同。同时,70%CeO₂-30%ZrO₂样品具有最大的储氧能力及最优异的还原性能。此外,焙烧温度的升高,70%CeO₂-30%ZrO₂样品在结构、表面组成和氧化还原能力并没有出现明显的下降和破坏,表明70%CeO₂-30%ZrO₂样品具有优良的热稳定性能。     

动力煤的燃烧特性研究

选择了挥发分从２０％至４０％的五种典型动力煤，结合常规分析和热失重技术得到了燃煤的燃烧热失重曲线、燃烧特征温度以及动力学参数。结果表明：不同的燃烧图意味着不同的燃烧特性；燃烧特征温度（Ｔ＿１＋Ｔ＿２）／２与煤的挥发分存在一定的线性关系；五种煤的燃烧反应活化能大小顺序如下：淮北煤＞青龙山煤＞枣庄煤＞淮南煤＞柴里煤；燃烧反应可用相同的动力学模型不同的相应参数表示，ｄｘ／ｄτ＝Ａ·ｅ￣（－Ｅ／ＲＴ）·（１－ｘ）。     

凹凸棒黏土对燃煤PM2.5排放及团聚捕集特性影响

在固定床反应系统上考察凹凸棒黏土对燃煤可吸入颗粒物PM_2.5的排放及团聚捕集特性影响,分析凹凸棒黏土添加量以及添加凹凸棒黏土情况下燃烧气氛、燃烧温度和钙硫物质的量比等参数对燃煤PM_2.5的数量浓度、质量浓度以及团聚捕集率的影响规律。结果表明,煤燃烧过程中添加凹凸棒黏土可以显著降低PM_2.5排放浓度,凹凸棒黏土的添加量不宜超过3%(质量分数);空气气氛下燃烧产生的PM_2.5多于O₂/CO₂气氛;随着钙硫物质的量比的增大,PM₁的质量浓度减小,但PM_1~2.5的质量浓度增大,颗粒物的粒径有向更大粒径转移的趋势;燃烧温度的升高会促进PM_2.5各粒径范围颗粒物的生成,降低了凹凸棒黏土对PM_2.5团聚捕集率。     

固定燃烧源排放颗粒物稀释采样系统

固定燃烧源排放颗粒物采样系统，该系统包括烟气进气系统，两级稀释器，停留室和设置在停留室下部的采样系统。在一级稀释器的进口端设有压缩空气系统．，其出口端分别设置带有气体流量计的采样气出口和带有气体流量调节阀的多余气体出口；在二级稀释器的进口端设有稀释空气供气系统和气体流量计，并在停留室下部的四周均匀设有多个压力平衡孔。本发明不仅能够模拟固定燃烧源产生的气溶胶排放到大气中的物理化学过程，采用大气环境颗粒物的采样方法采集分粒径颗粒物样品进行物理化学分析，而且采样系统小型化，操作简便，系统稳定度高，测量结果可靠，适合于现场应用。     

Application of sequential extraction and the ICP-AES method for study of the partitioning of metals in fly ashes

In this work, the original BCR extraction scheme was modified and applied to study the partitioning of metals in fly ashes. In the first step, the water-soluble fraction was investigated here. The next metal fractions were acid-soluble, reducible, and oxidisable. Two kinds of coal fly ash certified reference materials were analysed. Metal concentrations in the extracts were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The efficiency of the extraction process for each step was examined. The partitioning of metals between the individual fractions was investigated and is discussed.     

Elution behaviour and environmental impact of heavy metals and rare-earth elements from volcanic ashes of Mt. Oyama,Miyake Island

To obtain information on the environmental impact of materials eluted from volcanic ashes of Mt. Oyama, Miyake Island, which erupted in July 2000, the dissolution behaviours of heavy metals and rare-earth elements from the volcanic ashes were examined. The most important characteristic of the Mt. Oyama eruption is that sulphur dioxide (SO₂) gas has been continuously released, and all persons living on Miyake Island have been required to evacuate. To estimate in terms of the volcanic eruption using SO₂ gas, the ash nature in Mt. Usu, Hokkaido, was also examined and compared with that in Mt. Oyama. When rain water mixed the ashes, the water from the ashes of Mt. Oyama became acidic because of the sulphuric acid. Therefore, SO₂ gas in Mt. Oyama can accelerate the dissolution of protons and heavy metals in the ashes, whereas the rain water in Mt. Usu was not acidic and the dissolution of the heavy metals was not so evident compared with that in the case of Mt. Oyama. With this sulphuric acid, heavy metals such as As, Cd, Pb and Hg in the ashes in Mt. Oyama easily dissolved owing to the low pH. The ashes in Mt. Oyama had been released for eight years and the amount of fallen ashes was estimated to be 33 billion tons. The weights of the harmful heavy metals in the volcanic ashes, such as As, Cd, Pb and Hg, were estimated to be 3.8?×?10², 1.3?×?10³, 1.1?×?10³ and 29?kg, respectively, and these heavy metals were dissolved and diluted in seawater. Therefore, the concentration and species (chemical form) of these metals should be carefully monitored in the future. Moreover, SO₂ gas, which has a direct effect on human health and has been monitored continuously, causes other effects, such as facilitation of metal ion elution and rock aeration.     

Fractionation studies of trace elements in Polish uranium-bearing geological materials: potential environmental impact

The samples of U deposits from Podlasie Depression (East Poland) and Peribaltic Syneclise (Northeast Poland) were studied to state the U and accompanied metal content and to estimate a potential environmental impact caused by the studied area. Sequential extraction is an effective method for assessing the heavy metal behaviour in environment in such environmental materials as soils, sediments, different wastes and ores.

The modified Bureau of Reference of the European Commission sequential extraction procedure has been used for fractionation study of nine elements (U, V, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) in two kinds of U ores: dictyonema shale and sandstone. The total content and the content in each fraction of metals of interest were determined by the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method.

The obtained results show the high mobility of such elements as Co, Zn and Ni in shale and U, Co and Mn in sandstone. These results make it possible to assess the environmental risk associated with heavy metals occurring in tested U-bearing ores.     

Competitive sorption and desorption of heavy metals in mine soils: influence of mine soil characteristics

Many mine soils are chemically, physically, and biologically unstable and deficient. They are sometimes amended with sewage sludge and ashes but often contain heavy metals that increase the already high mine soils' heavy metal contents. Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in mutual competition were added to five mine soils (Galicia, Spain). Soil capacities for heavy metal sorption and retention were determined by means of distribution coefficients and selectivity sequences among metals. Influence of soil characteristics on sorption and retention was also examined. Retention selectivity sequences indicate that, in most of the soils, Pb is the preferred retained metal, followed by Cr. The last metals in these sequences are Ni, Cd, and Zn. Soil organic matter content plays a fundamental role in control of Pb sorption. Gibbsite, goethite, and mica influence Cr retention. Soil organic matter, oxides, and chlorite contents are correlated with K(d sigma sp medium). Heavy metals are weakly adsorbed by soils and then desorbed in high amounts. To recover these soils it is necessary to avoid the use of residues or ashes that contain heavy metals due to their low heavy metal retention capacity.     

城市污水污泥与固体垃圾混烧过程中重金属迁移特性的研究

通过城市污水污泥与固体垃圾合成样品在小型管式焚烧炉内的混烧实验,采集灰渣样品进行XRF化学成分分析和浸出毒性鉴别测试,结合污水污泥焚烧过程中热力学平衡计算,定量表征了污水污泥中Cu、Pb、Zn、 Mn、Ni在焚烧过程中向底灰、飞灰和烟气迁移的特性及对灰渣的毒性影响。研究结果表明,污水污泥混烧显著提高了飞灰和底灰中重金属含量,其中Zn和Pb增加量最大,而Ni、Mn、Cu依次减少;随着有机氯的加入,飞灰中重金属含量呈现递增趋势,其中Zn表现最明显。毒性测试结果显示,污水污泥的混烧也导致了垃圾焚烧飞灰中Zn和Pb的浸出浓度超过中国对危险废物浸出的控制标准值。同时,重金属迁移的热力学平衡模型预测结果与实验结果差距较大。这表明热力学平衡计算方法还需进一步考虑影响重金属氯化物形成的其他因素,如在焚烧过程中反应动力学、焚烧室内氧气含量变化、与其他元素间的化学反应等。     

Leaching Studies of Inorganic and Organic Compounds from Fly Ash

Fly ash is produced in massive quantities by fossil fuel based power plants and waste incinerators, and contains high levels of potentially toxic chemicals. Various leaching tests exist to determine the available fractions, but the outcome is strongly dependent on the experimental conditions, and these have not yet been harmonised at the international level. In order to test existing protocols for heavy metals, several intercomparisons were organised within the framework of an EU-INCO project "ANALEACH", in which seven institutes from five countries participated. Two existing reference materials were made available for the project and test batches of two new fly ash reference materials were produced. Availability tests, leaching tests and pH-stat tests were studied and critical steps in the procedures were identified. Fly ashes can also contain large amounts of inorganic sulphur and nitrogen compounds, and the determination and leaching behaviour of these compounds were also studied. In one intercomparison for metals, inorganic S and N-compounds were also included. A five-step leaching test was optimised for fly ash in order to link metal fractions to different types of binding. Column leaching experiments were carried out to investigate leaching from fly ash into soil, mimicking the effects of (acid) rain on fly ash deposited on topsoil after atmospheric transport. The major fraction of the leached metal ions was retained by the soil. Also large numbers of organic compounds (including many toxic ones) were identified in fly ash extracts, especially in city waste incinerator ash. Leaching procedures based on ultrasonic extraction were developed for organic compounds and an intercomparison exercise was organised. In a field study at the river Nitra(Slovakia) numerous organic pollutants were found at elevated levels downstream from a major fly ash dump site.     

生物质灰对煤焦加氢气化的催化作用

以小麦秸秆、马尾藻和山苦荬等三种富含碱金属和碱土金属的生物质为原料,研究了在500、600和815℃下制得的生物质灰对神府煤焦加氢气化的催化作用。结果表明,随着制灰温度由500℃升高至815℃,灰产量减少,且灰中的碱金属和氯元素的含量降低;当制灰温度达到815℃,生物质灰出现明显的熔融现象;600℃灰样对神府煤焦加氢气化具有较好的催化作用,催化效果随灰样添加比例增大而增强。山苦荬灰催化作用较好,而马尾藻灰催化作用较弱。小麦秸秆灰中较高的硅含量和马尾藻灰中较高的氯含量是其催化作用较弱的主要原因;氯元素会加剧碱金属的挥发,弱化与其结合的碱金属的催化效果,对碱金属催化所产生的抑制作用比相同摩尔数的硅更加明显。     

Direct Determination of Aluminum in Archaeological Clays by Laser‐Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Abstract

Instrumental techniques that allow the direct analysis of solids with little or no sample preparation are particularly important for the evaluation of samples that are difficult to analyze such as refractory or geological materials. Laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a promising technique for the direct, rapid analysis of elements in solid materials with minimal sample preparation. The main advantages over wet techniques are virtual nondestructiveness and analysis speed. The goal of this work is the direct determination of aluminum of archaeological pieces using laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy. The corresponding signals of metals were interpolated from calibration graphs of different salts of the metals. The matrix effects from the direct determination of these elements were thoroughly investigated. The potential of this technique for direct quantitative analysis of real archaeological materials (from Department of Ancient Science, University of Zaragoza) was evaluated, and the reproducibility of LIBS spectra from different archaeological samples was measured as a function of the number of laser shots. Finally, the results from LIBS are compared with those obtained by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.     

On solute-mercury interactions in dilute amalgams of main group metals

The paper challenges the concept of intermetallic compound formation in dilute (mole fraction <10⁻³) amalgams of s-block metals. Although the formation of these amalgams is strongly exothermic the generated energy is much lower than the Fermi level difference between pure solutes and mercury. Thermodynamic considerations suggest that the energy of metal ions is higher in amalgams than in pure s-block metals. Repulsive interactions between the cores of these metals and mercury ions are responsible for abnormally low diffusion coefficients of alkali and alkaline earth metals in mercury. The mercurophobic character of alkali metal ions demonstrates itself in the strong adsorption of these metals on the Hg-vacuum interface, and in the high rates of ion exchange between electrolytic solutions and amalgams.