微小型傅里叶变换光谱仪光场分析与衍射抑制

为了进一步实现傅里叶变换红外光谱仪的微小型化,在基于多级微反射镜的傅里叶变换红外光谱仪结构中引入空间光调制器与点探测器。利用多级微反射镜对入射光场进行相位调制,同时利用空间光调制器对各干涉级次进行分布式测量。将两个多级微反射镜作为两个相位衍射屏并将空间光调制器作为振幅衍射屏,分析光波与每一个衍射屏的作用,发现干涉光场受到空间光调制器和多级微反射镜边缘衍射光场的调制。多级微反射镜边缘对入射光的截止产生了衍射效应,为了抑制该衍射效应对系统的影响,提出了一种扩展多级微反射镜阶梯级数的方法。该方法通过扩大干涉区域,避免了边缘衍射效应对内部有效干涉级次的影响。计算表明,该方法可以消除干涉图序列的失真,有效实现信号光谱复原。     

对称分布的相位型互补衍射屏的夫琅禾费衍射

为了验证巴比涅原理在相位型互补衍射屏的应用,建立了相位型互补衍射屏的数学模型,由理论分析得出了二者复振幅透过率的表达式,与用傅里叶光学方法得出其在频谱面上光强分布的表达式相同.由计算机模拟得到抛物柱面相位型互补衍射屏的夫琅禾费衍射光强的分布规律,与理论分析一致,得出分布规律为偶函数的相位型互补衍射屏的衍射符合巴比涅原理.     

基于DMD的光学衍射实验教学

研究各种形状衍射屏的衍射特性,有利于加强学生对光学衍射基本理论的理解.为此,开发了基于数字微镜阵列器件(Digital micromirror device, DMD)空间光调制器的新型光学衍射实验系统.采用DMD替代传统的加工衍射元件,用Paint, AutoCAD和Matlab等绘图软件生成单缝、多缝以及复杂形状的图形,并加载到DMD,以作为可擦写的数字化衍射屏.当准直激光均匀照射数字衍射屏并通过透镜,CMOS相机可在透镜后焦面实时观察各衍射屏的远场衍射图像,进而对夫琅禾费衍射特性进行观测和分析.该新型实验系统能够完成单缝、多缝衍射实验,并拓展至任意形状衍射屏的衍射实验.     

夫琅禾费衍射的计算机仿真

提出了利用MATLAB软件并通过计算机仿真夫琅禾费衍射实验的两种方法：直接计算法和傅里叶变换法,前者适用于形状简单、能精确得到相应衍射强度公式的孔径的仿真;后者适用于获取复杂形状衍射屏的夫琅禾费衍射图样的仿真文中给出各种孔缝的衍射屏的仿真衍射实验结果事实表明,采用这种仿真方法可以得到任意形状衍射屏的夫琅禾费衍射图样和强度分布曲线。     

用衍射屏平移相因子计算夫琅禾费衍射场强分布

用Fresnel-Kirchhoff衍射积分求解夫琅禾费衍射场分布时引入衍射屏平移相因子,可简化对较复杂衍射屏夫琅禾费衍射的讨论,加深对衍射、干涉现象的理解．     

部分象素全息屏实现三维显示

介绍了利用部分象素全息屏实现三维立体显示的基本原理和结构,并指出可通过记录部分象素结构复合在同一平面内的狭缝全息图获得这种部分象素衍射屏.与电子束刻蚀技术相比,具有制作简便、成本低、制得屏面积大等优点.最后给出了光学实验方法与结果.     

利用干涉光场的相位涡旋测量拉盖尔-高斯光束的轨道角动量

对拉盖尔-高斯光束经多圆孔衍射屏在远场平面上形成的干涉光场的相位和零值线进行了计算模拟.当入射光束的轨道角动量量子数为零时,实部零值线与虚部零值线在干涉光场中心点不相交,因而在该点上不能形成相位涡旋.当入射光束的轨道角动量量子数为+1和-1时,实部零值线与虚部零值线在干涉光场中心垂直并相交,干涉光场相应位置处的相位涡旋的符号相反.当入射光束的轨道角动量量子数为±2和±3时,有四条零值线相交于干涉光场的中心点上,并且实部零值线和虚部零值线交替分布,该交点处形成的相位涡旋的拓扑荷的值恰好与拉盖尔-高斯光束的轨道角动量量子数相等.这种结果可以用来测量涡旋光束的轨道角动量.     

衍射图样的数值模拟

介绍了平面波角谱理论中得到衍射积分公式的方法.用Matlab计算了15×15矩孔阵列近场区域的衍射图样,在距离周期衍射屏特定距离处出现衍射屏的自成像.     

六角孔的夫琅禾费衍射场的实验演示

采用一维光栅叠加和傅里叶变换对二维矩形光栅构成的矩孔衍射屏进行了分析计算,给出了衍射场光强分布的解析解和数值模拟结果.将内部具有3个不同取向的光栅的六角孔衍射屏看作是由3个不同方向一维光栅的叠加,对构造出的衍射屏进行快速傅里叶变换,得到该衍射屏的夫琅禾费衍射场分布.结果表明,单个六角孔的衍射场仅在衍射场中心处有一亮斑,衍射光强在3个受限方向有展开,演示观察效果不明显;内部具有光栅结构的六角孔的衍射场能明显地反映出六角孔的形状和衍射光强在3个受限方向的展开,演示效果明显.     

基于菲涅耳双棱镜分波前干涉装置的全息光栅制作实验

不同于传统全息光栅制作教学实验中的分振幅干涉光路,提出了利用准平行相干光源照射菲涅耳双棱镜实现分波前干涉制作全息光栅的方法.利用菲涅耳双棱镜分波前光路分别演示了单个双棱镜制作一维全息光栅和2个棱脊正交菲涅耳双棱镜制作二维全息光栅.实验过程中可通过多种方法对干涉条纹间距和光栅常量进行估算,丰富了干涉实验内容和光栅制作实验内容.     

The elliptical gaussian wave transformation due to diffraction by an elliptical hologram

Realized as an interferogram of a spherical and a cylindrical wave, the elliptical hologram is treated as a plane diffracting grating which produces Fresnel diffraction of a simple astigmatic gaussian incident wave. It is shown that if the principal axes of the incident beam coincide with the principal axes of the hologram, the diffracted wave field is composed of three different astigmatic gaussian waves, with their waists situated in parallel but distinct planes. The diffraction pattern, observed on a transverse screen, is the result of the interference of the three diffracted wave components. It consists of three systems of overlapped second-order curves, whose shape depends on the distance of the observation screen from the hologram, as well as on the parameters of the incident wave beam and the hologram. The results are specialized for gratings in the form of circular and linear holograms and for the case of a stigmatic gaussian incident wave, as well as for the normal plane-wave incidence on the three mentioned types of hologram.     

平面屏系统中标量光波传播的矩阵理论(柱坐标)

本文在文献[8]的基础上,提出了一个平面屏系统中标量光波传播的矩阵理论。由于采用的是柱坐标系,所以它主要适宜于具有理想轴对称性的系统。它的主要优点,是较便于处理上述系统中某些用已有理论实际上较难处理的光传播问题。本文中未考虑散射屏。这个理论的适用范围是:系统中所有平面屏都垂直光传播轴;可对每一屏的衍射应用本文的衍射公式和近似条件;在反射、吸收和增益屏上的入射光锥角较小等。作为应用的例子,本文得出和讨论了无源光学谐振腔中振荡模的矩阵方程。把它和已有的Fox和Li的积分方程作了比较,表明了矩阵方程具有某些重要的实际优点。 关键词：     

Momentum-transfer scattering cross section and the Aharonov-Bohm effect on a toroidal solenoid

The quantum-mechanical Aharonov-Bohm effect in the diffraction of charged particles by a toroidal solenoid containing a magnetic field is investigated. The total and differential elastic scattering cross sections depend on the magnetic flux inside the solenoid, even in the presence of a “black” ring-shaped screen which prevents charged particles from entering the region where the magnetic field is localized. Relations describing the momentum-transfer cross section for the elastic scattering of charged particles by a toroidal solenoid are obtained in the eikonal approximation and in a unitary model of scattering with a sharp jump in the partial amplitudes. The momentum-transfer scattering cross section is proportional to the average transfer of the longitudinal momentum of the scattered particle and can be expressed in terms of a force operator. It is shown that in the absence of a screen the momentum-transfer scattering cross section of toroidal solenoid is indeed determined only by the part of the incident beam that intersects the inner region of the toroidal solenoid, where the magnetic field intensity and, therefore, the Lorentz force are nonzero. At the same time, the momentum-transfer cross section for the scattering of charged particles by a toroidal solenoid covered by a “black” ring-shaped screen does not depend on the magnetic flux inside the solenoid and is identical to the momentum-transfer cross section for diffraction by the same screen. The contribution from scattering by an opening in the screen, which depends on the magnetic flux, is completely compensated by the contribution of the interference of the scattering amplitudes of the opening and the “black” screen.     

关于由衍射片的背面反射光形成的衍射图样的讨论

在光的衍射实验中,我们看到的一般是由通过衍射片的直射光形成的衍射图样,但在衍射片的另一面,同样存在着另一个衍射图样,它是由衍射片的背面反射光形成的,两个衍射图样关于衍射片对称.本文给出了这种实验现象,并用巴比涅原理解释了这种现象.     

Spatial filtering of holographic interferograms of lateral shift

With the Fresnel approximation we consider the formation of lateral shift interferograms in diffusely scattering fields during double-exposure recording of Fresnel holograms of a dull screen on the basis of superposition of the objective speckle fields of the two exposures in the plane of the photographic film. It is shown that the interference pattern characterizing the phase distortions of the wave front of radiation, used to illuminate the dull screen, is located in its imaging plane, while the front of the supporting wave is located in the hologram plane. To record them it is necessary to carry out spatial filtering of the diffraction field in the corresponding planes.V. V. Kuibyshev Tomsk State University. Translated from Izvestiya Vyssikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 8, pp. 106–111, August, 1994.     

On the use of antenna weight functions in field strength prediction and interference reduction

In this paper two methods for calculating the received electromagnetic field by a single-parabolic reflector antenna in the shadow region behind a finite-width screen are proposed and analysed. The first one is referred to as the far-field approach and treats the obstacle and reflector antenna diffraction separately. The antenna simply is replaced by a point source having the receiving properties of the reflector antenna considered. The second method is called the near-field approach and considers the combined effect of obstacle and antenna diffraction. It is shown that considerable differences between the results of both methods may exist, even for an obstacle-antenna separation large compared to the Rayleigh distance of the antenna, and both for a CW and broadband analysis of the communications channel. It is concluded that the near-field method gives the best results and can be applied to many practical problems such as interference reduction and searching the optimal position of VSATs in urban environments.     

部份相干光照明的随机孔屏衍射特性

本文从部份相干理论出发，导出了随机孔屏的衍射强度期望分布及涨落方差表达式；对随机孔屏的衍射特性作了较深入的分析；讨论了光源的空间特性对衍射图形的影响；研究表明：衍射强度的光场分布不仅与孔和屏的几何特性有关，还与光源的形状和大小密切相关，文中还指出：在特定明情况下，形状一定的小孔无论在数目还是尺寸上发生随机变化，都不会改变衍射场的强度期望分布和涨落方差分布。     

从双缝实验看干涉和衍射的本质

以双缝为例,从装置图、实验照片和光强度分布入手,讨论了双缝干涉与双缝衍射的区别和联系,从而较深入地探讨了光波干涉与衍射的本质.     

Biprismainterferenzen mit langsamen Elektronen

Diffraction patterns of low energy electrons (150 eV) were observed with an electron interferometer. An interferometer of special design was developed for this purpose. The electron source is reduced in size by a retardation lens, which simultaneously decelerates the electrons down to about 150 eV. The electron beam is split up by an electrostatic biprism (filament diameter 10 μ ¦) in two coherent waves, which recombine behind the biprism giving a Fresnel diffraction pattern. Then the electrons are accelerated and the interference fringes are electron optically magnified. In comparison with an interferometer for high energy electrons the intensity on the viewing screen is higher.