靶标性酞菁类光敏剂的光动力疗法研究进展

光动力治疗（Photodynamic therapy,PDT）作为一种有别于传统癌症治疗方式的新型疗法,近些年来受到了科学家们越来越多的关注.它凭借着自身创伤性小,毒性低微,适用性好,可协同手术治疗以及可重复治疗等独特优势,在许多肿瘤的治疗方面有着广泛的应用.本文简要概述了光动力疗法的原理以及光敏剂的发展历程,并对理想光敏剂的特点作了总结.目前,以酞菁类化合物为主的第三代光敏剂已经成为光动力疗法的研究热点,然而如何提高光敏剂分子的靶向性达到精准的光动力治疗仍然是亟待解决的问题.因此,主要综述了近年来靶向性酞菁类光敏剂的研究进展,并对未来光敏剂的重点研究方向做出了展望.从目前来看,如何克服癌症低氧微环境的限制,发展Type I型不依赖氧的体系以及光穿透力强的靶向光敏剂在光动力治疗方面存在着巨大的潜质,有望成为新一代十分优良的光动力疗法用光敏剂.     

有机光敏剂结构与性能调控及其光诊疗应用

光动力治疗(Photodynamic Therapy,PDT)作为一种新兴的高效治疗方式,具有毒性低、非侵入性和可控等优点,已被广泛用于增生性皮肤疾病和肿瘤等疾病治疗.然而,已开发的PDT光敏剂在实际生物应用中仍面临诸多挑战,如:肿瘤乏氧环境降低治疗效果,光敏剂靶向性差易造成对正常组织的损伤.为了解决上述问题,研究者们开发了许多有效改善有机光敏剂治疗效果的方法.在此,主要综述了有机光敏剂的结构与性能调控策略.此外,对有机光敏剂在抗肿瘤、抗菌治疗以及余辉成像中的应用进行了介绍.最后,对有机小分子光敏剂的设计策略进行了总结与展望,以期促进该领域的发展.     

光敏剂在癌症诊断和治疗中的研究新进展

光敏剂在特定波长的光照射下,产生荧光和单线态氧,已广泛应用于癌症的诊断和治疗.当前的研究热点是如何提高光敏剂的肿瘤选择性,尤其是光敏剂的靶向输送和特异性激活两方面.本文系统评述了提高光敏剂肿瘤选择性的方法及其在癌症诊断和治疗中的应用.引用文献56篇.     

肿瘤光动力治疗临床应用的光敏剂及其研究概况

光动力治疗是一种非侵蚀性并具有一定靶向性的肿瘤治疗新方法。 光动力治疗需要光敏剂、光和氧结合产生光动力反应。 光敏剂是光动力治疗的关键和物质基础。 本文概括介绍了已上市的和已被批准进入临床试验中的光敏剂,并根据其分子的骨架结构,将其分为分卟啉类、二氢卟吩（叶绿素）类和菌绿素/酞菁三类。 同时从理想光敏剂应具备特点出发,探讨了研究中的光敏剂和光动力治疗的发展前景。     

基于光敏剂的纳米诊疗载体构建的研究进展

光动力疗法是一种很有前景的癌症治疗方法,光敏剂作为其核心,在被一定波长的激发光照射下产生荧光,因此光敏剂具有荧光成像诊断的潜力。然而光敏剂多是芳香共轭结构的疏水分子,存在易聚集结晶和溶解度差的问题。本文综述了近五年有关改善光敏剂缺陷,提高光敏剂对癌症的治疗和诊断的研究成果。具体从肿瘤微环境、肿瘤靶向性和改善荧光淬灭三个方面进行综述。     

β-氢醌-卟啉的合成及其生物活性研究

利用卟啉在癌细胞上的富集作用作为定位剂和光敏剂,进行光动力治疗,已成为治疗癌症的一种重要方法[1];同样利用光动力疗法杀死细菌,进行外科手术的消毒和大面积烧伤的杀菌,也有广阔的应用前景[2,3].为了寻找合适的光敏剂,已对其设计、合成作了大量的工作,但离理想的光敏剂还有一段距离.     

酞菁配合物的结构与其光动力抗癌活性

光动力治疗是一种正在发展中的治疗癌症的新方法.主要是利用抗癌光敏剂可优先在 肿瘤组织中富集的特性和随后在适当波长的光照下所引发的光敏化反应来杀死癌肿瘤.自198 5年以来,酞菁配合物作为抗癌光敏剂的研究越来越引人注目. 此文在总结51篇参考文献的 基础上,提出了酞菁配合物的结构与其光动力抗癌活性的某些相关性,着重讨论了中心离子 、环取代基、轴向配体对光动力活性和相关物化性质的影响.得出的一个主要的结论是两亲 性酞菁是极具潜力的光敏剂.     

光动力疗法用糖基光敏剂的研究进展

作为光动力疗法中至关重要的决定性因素,光敏剂的研究受到越来越多的重视.而糖基的引入,可以大大提高光敏剂母体的膜透过性和特异吸收性.从糖基光敏剂的母体结构、糖基光敏剂分子的构效关系、糖基的作用机理以及糖基光敏剂的药物动力学和代谢产物这四个方面对近年来糖基光敏剂的研究现状进行了综述,对其发展趋势进行了展望.     

吩噻嗪-荧光蛋白生色团类似物的合成、S原子促进的光动力治疗及双光子荧光成像

绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)生色团由于良好的生物相容性、低暗毒性和光稳定性而备受关注,然而,将GFP生色团用于光动力治疗鲜有报道.以N-丁基吩噻嗪-3-甲醛、甘氨酸叔丁酯盐酸盐和亚胺酯为原料,通过[2+3]环加成反应合成了一种吩噻嗪荧光蛋白生色团类新型光敏剂(Ptz-FP), Ptz-FP是一种不含重原子、由S原子促进的具有优异单线态氧产生效果的光敏剂,可用于光动力治疗.在二甲基亚砜(DMSO)溶液中,Ptz-FP光敏剂的吸收波长位于436nm,此处的摩尔消光系数为1.4×104 L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1),发射波长在626 nm, Stokes位移高达190 nm,荧光量子产率为1.5%.以Ru(bpy)3Cl2为参比,测得光敏剂Ptz-FP在甲醇溶液中单线态氧产率为33.1%.通过噻唑蓝(MTT)法测试了光敏剂Ptz-FP的暗毒性和光毒性,结果表明其具有较低的细胞毒性(≥89.9%)和较高的光毒性,能在30 min内杀死50%以上的A-549细胞.此外,通过活性氧检测试剂盒DCFH-DA在15 min内成功检测到A-549细胞中活性氧的产生,并由AO/EB活死细胞染色剂监测到A-549细胞凋亡过程.最后,光敏剂Ptz-FP成功应用于双光子荧光成像.光敏剂Ptz-FP有望为今后荧光成像指导的荧光蛋白生色团类光敏剂的开发奠定基础.     

可激活抗癌光敏剂

光动力治疗（Photodynamic therapy,PDT）是利用光敏剂在光照下促使分子氧转为具有细胞毒性的活性氧,从而达到破坏靶细胞和靶组织效应的一种治疗手段。可激活光敏剂（Activatable photosensitizers,aPSs）是指事先屏蔽了光敏效应的光敏剂,只在特定因素下,如与肿瘤相关的特异性酶、酸性pH、核酸等的激活下,光敏剂转为激活状态,从而发挥诊断或者治疗的作用。可激活光敏剂由于具有更高的选择性而备受瞩目,成为医用光敏剂领域的研究前沿热点。本文将总结和分析近年来可激活抗癌光敏剂的研究现状和构效关系,以期为后续的相关研究提供参考。     

酞菁和酞菁铜的三阶非线性光学性质

用INDO/SDCI方法研究了酞菁和酞菁铜的电子结构, 紫外-可见光谱, 三阶非线性光学系数及其色散效应, 发现酞菁铜中Cu^2+对γ的贡献很小, 故酞菁与酞菁铜的γ几乎相等, 我们的计算结果对此进行了合理的解释。     

5]helicene-fused phthalocyanine derivatives. New members of the phthalocyanine family

An efficient synthetic route to fuse [5]helicene moieties around the phthalocyanine core is reported. The helicene moiety was constructed by the Diels-Alder reaction of 3,4,3',4'-tetrahydro-1,1'-dinaphthyl and dibromobenzyne. Subsequent cyanation, oxidation, O-alkylation, and cyclic tetramerization resulted in octaalkoxy phthalocyanine derivatives which showed high solubility in common organic solvents and displayed strong absorption in the near-IR region.     

Metal phthalocyanine nanoribbons and nanowires

Nanoribbons and nanowires of different metal phthalocyanines (copper, nickel, iron, cobalt, and zinc), as well as copper hexadecafluorophthalocyanine (F(16)CuPc), have been grown by organic vapor-phase deposition. Their properties, as a function of substrate type, source-to-substrate distance, and substrate temperature, were studied by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and absorption measurements. The size and morphology of the nanostructures were found to be mainly determined by the substrate temperature. The crystal structure was dependent on the substrate temperature as well. At substrate temperatures below 200 degrees C, in addition to straight nanoribbons, twisted nanoribbons were found for all investigated materials except F(16)CuPc, which formed helical nanoribbons upon exposure to an electron beam. The formation of different nanostructures (nanoribbons, twisted nanoribbons, and helical nanoribbons) is discussed.     

Donor-acceptor phthalocyanine nanoaggregates

A novel donor-acceptor bisphthalocyanine (bis-Pc, 1) in which two different Pc units (Zn(II)-Pc and Ni(II)-Pc) are linked via vinylene spacers to the pseudopara positions of a central [2.2]paracyclophane moiety is described. The synthesis of 1 is achieved by two successive Heck reactions of pseudopara-divinyl[2.2]paracyclophane 9 with, sequentially, a zinc(II)- and a nickel(II)-iodophthalocyanine (4 and 5, respectively). The self-assembly ability of 1, which is the result of the complementary donor-acceptor character of its phthalocyanine units, has been assessed by a variety of techniques. It is revealed that 1 forms one-dimensional aggregates of nanometer-sized dimension, whereas equimolar mixtures of the donor and acceptor Pc subunits 2 and 3, although strongly interacting, do not give large arrays. The aggregates of 1 represent a novel type of supramolecular polymers based mainly upon donor-acceptor interactions.     

2,10,18,26-四磺酸基酞菁锌的合成及其与牛血清白蛋白的作用

先合成了“分子碎片”4-磺酸邻苯二甲酸,然后以该“分子碎片”为原料,钼酸铵为催化剂,无水氯化锌为模板剂合成并分离得到了具有C4h结构的四磺酸基酞菁锌（ZnPCS4）单异构体.同时用紫外光谱法和荧光猝灭法研究了ZnPcS4与牛血清白蛋白（BSA）的相互作用.     

Reactivity of phthalocyanine precursors

Russian Chemical Bulletin - A higher reactivity of 4-nitrophthalonitrile as compared to phthalonitrile and 4-amino-phthalonitrile in the reaction with sodium methoxide in methanol was demonstrated...     

Aluminum tetraphenylporphyrin and aluminum phthalocyanine neutral radicals

Treatment of tetraphenylporphyrinato(aluminum) chloride, Al(TPP)Cl, with Na/Hg in THF yields the stable radical Al(TPP)(THF)2. Similarly, treatment of aluminum phthalocyanine chloride, Al(Pc)Cl, with Na/Hg in THF yields the stable radical Al(Pc)(THF)2. Solution-phase magnetic susceptibility measurements show that both are monomeric radicals in solution, and ESR spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that in both molecules the unpaired electron is delocalized throughout the ring system. While DFT calculations indicate that both molecules should undergo a Jahn-Teller distortion, only the porphyrin complex exhibits the predicted C-C bond length alternation in its X-ray crystal structure. That distortion of the ring system has precedent only in the similar reduced porphyrin complex Si(TPP)(THF)2.     

Bismuth triple-decker phthalocyanine: synthesis and structure

Triclinic crystals of bismuth(III) triple-decker phthalocyanine, Bi₂Pc₃, Pc=C₃₂H₁₆N₈²⁻, were grown directly by the reaction of Bi₂Se₃ with 1,2-dicyanobenzene at 220°C. The Bi₂Pc₃ molecule is centrosymmetric with the bismuth atoms located closer to the peripheral phthalocyaninato(2−) rings than to the central ring. Each bismuth(III) ion is connected by four N-isoindole atoms to the peripheral and by four N-isoindole to the central Pc ring with average distances of 2.333 and 2.747 Å, respectively. This indicates a stronger connection of Bi(III) to the peripheral saucer-shaped macrocyclic rings than to the central rings. The neighbouring phthalocyaninato(2−) moieties in the Bi₂Pc₃ molecule are separated by a distance of 3.101(5) Å. The central Pc ring is rotated by 36.4° with respect to the peripheral ones. Differences in Bi–N bond lengths are a result of interaction of the bismuth ion with peripheral and central rings as well as the repulsion forces between two bismuth ions in the same Bi₂Pc₃ molecule, which are separated by a distance of 3.839(2) Å. The crystal packing is characterized by a distance of 3.56 Å between Pc rings of neighbouring Bi₂Pc₃ molecules.     

Synthesis and study of properties of the sulfonaphthylazophenoxyphthalonitrile and related phthalocyanine

The 4-[4′-(5-sulfonaphthylazo)phenoxy]phthalonitrile potassium salt was synthesized by the reaction of 4-chlorophthalonitrile with 5-(4′-hydroxyphenylazo)-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid, and on its basis was obtained tetra-4-[4′-(5-sulfonaphthylazo)phenoxy]phthalocyanine. The products were characterized by elemental analysis, IR and electron spectroscopy. The effect of the introduced substituent on the spectral and other properties of the synthesized compounds was demonstrated.