Analysis of space off-axis and performance of Cassegrain optical antenna system

The research of optical antenna is of greatest importance in the field of modern optical communication. For optical antenna, alignment of optical system is a significant factor, which influences the transmission quality of optical antenna system. Antenna off-axis is one of the important factors influencing the transmission quality of optical antenna system. In this paper, we analyze and numerically simulate how power attenuation ratio and gain of Cassegrain antenna vary with the antenna deflection angle and the distance that the central axis of receiving antenna deviates from z-axis, when space off-axis happens to the system. Finally, the coupling efficiency of Cassegrain antenna is tested experimentally, and the results show that the coupling efficiency of the Cassegrain antenna dramatically reduces in the case of off-axis. These studies provide a theoretical basis for optical antenna system to achieve accurate alignment in optical communication.     

星间激光通信终端光学天线的隔离度

为满足星间激光通信对高隔离水平光学天线的要求,实现对光学天线隔离度的仿真分析和优化,提出了一种将红外系统冷反射的特征控制量YNI值作为衡量光学元件表面后向反射能量强度,并控制光学天线优化以提高隔离度水平的方法。在Light Tools软件中为某激光通信终端的卡塞格林天线创建了实体模型,通过仿真分析得出了各元件表面的后向反射率。在ZEMAX软件中以增大各元件表面的YNI值为目标优化天线结构。对比优化前后的结果,系统的后向反射率从3.068 8×10~(-4)减小到1.075 5×10~(-5),隔离度从-35.13 d B减小到-49.68 d B。优化后的卡塞格林天线具备较高的隔离度水平,可用于星间激光通信。     

弹载卡式红外光学系统消热差设计

为了消除环境温度变化对弹载红外光学系统成像质量的影响,设计了一种在3.7 m~4.8 m波段工作的弹载卡塞格林式红外消热差光学系统。利用ANSYS软件分析了整流罩在大气中的受热变形对光学系统成像质量的影响,采用光学被动式消热差法对光学系统在-40℃~+65℃范围内进行了温度补偿。设计结果表明,系统MTF在20 lp/mm时轴外可达0.41以上,不同视场下的弥散斑直径小于一个像元尺寸且系统结构简单。该设计可保证光学系统的像面稳定性,有效提高火控系统对目标探测与识别能力。     

Quasi-optical assessment of the ALMA band 9 front-end

The ALMA band 9 (600–720 GHz) receiver is a dual channel heterodyne system which is capable of detecting orthogonally polarised signals utilising a wire grid beam splitter. Two Superconductor–Insulator–Superconductor (SIS) mixers mounted behind hybrid mode corrugated horns are coupled to the 12 m Cassegrain antenna via a wavelength independent configuration of two off-axis elliptical mirrors.We outline an approach involving accurate physical optics simulations in conjunction with precise experimental measurements of the complete optical front-end which guarantees the highest performances. This practical verification approach can be generalised to all quasi-optical receivers to validate system performance. In this paper, we verify the optical design and estimate antenna system efficiency. Comparison between measurement and simulation indicates precise information is achievable in estimating system performance allowing potential improvements in ALMA instrument calibration accuracy.     

卡塞格林系统光学装调技术研究

介绍卡塞格林系统非球面主镜使用三坐标测量仪进行定心装调的方案。系统的主镜口径为300 mm,需要使用结构胶进行胶结固定,选用微应力粘接方法,将胶层粘接应力与热应力变形控制在极小的范围内。利用ZYGO干涉仪获得光学系统的波前信息,将测得的波相差转化为初级像差,根据光学系统失调量与像差的关系对卡塞格林系统进行计算机辅助装调。调试后,系统的RMS值达到0.10,分辨率达到1以内,检测结果表明:该系统的成像质量接近理论衍射分辨率,该方案可以实现快速定心,并且能够满足计算机辅助装调对定心精度的要求。     

The impact of the off-axis for the spatial light to multimode fiber coupling system

The electric field distribution of Gaussian beam and properties of Cassegrain optical antenna are discussed and their images have been simulated. By analysis of Cassegrain optical antenna with collimation and off-axis circumstance, laser power distribution and the curve of coupling efficiency are obtained. The question of spatial light to multimode fiber coupling efficiency with alignment and off-axis are researched. At last, taking into account off-axis situation of Cassegrain and laser beam to multimode fiber, the coupling efficiency of the whole system is discussed. These researches are necessary and useful for increasing spatial light to multimode fiber coupling efficiency.     

连续相位变化毫米波衍射天线

基于菲涅尔原理及卡塞格伦天线设计方法,设计了一种口面直径为200 mm的卡赛格伦菲涅耳相位修正平面天线。天线采用连续相位修正方式,由一组同心菲涅耳相位修正圆环组成,与传统卡赛格伦抛物面天线相比,该天线具有平面化结构,大大减小了天线自身重量,天线辐射性能较离散相位衍射天线有大幅度提高。在95 GHz频率下,采用物理光学法进行仿真计算,并采用近场扫描系统进行了天线性能测试,天线3 dB波束宽度分别为0.95及1.05,天线实测增益为44.1 dB,天线口面效率为65%。     

卡塞格伦光学天线偏轴及性能分析

设计了具有抛物面结构的卡塞格伦光学天线.通过对偏轴下的卡塞格伦光学天线系统的分析,得到了不同偏转角所对应的接收光斑面积表达式和功率衰减曲线.讨论了偏轴下的接收天线增益与波长及偏转角的关系,仿真出在偏轴与轴对准两种情形下的增益曲线.仿真结果表明,〖JP2〗最大偏轴比轴对准情形增益降低了6.564dB.最后分别针对轴对准与某种偏轴情形下的系统做了光斑测试实验与天线耦合效率测试实验.结果为：偏轴下天线耦合效率降低了26.966%.这些研究为星间光通信中控制系统实现光轴的精确对准提供了理论依据,具有重要的实用价值 关键词： 偏轴 卡塞格伦光学天线 偏转角 增益     

红外光学系统的污染镜面杂散辐射分析

以卡塞格伦结构为例,利用ASAP光学分析软件,建立了红外光学系统的三维仿真模型,在光学元件表面存在均匀分布和非均匀分布的微粒污染情况下,对红外光学系统的杂散辐射特性进行了仿真和比较分析,对影响系统杂散辐射特性的主要因素进行了讨论,并对系统中机械元件的杂散辐射路径进行了分析。在此基础上,采用有效发射率对系统的杂散辐射性能进行了评价,讨论了镜面污染程度对红外光学系统杂散辐射性能的影响。     

Theoretical analysis and test for off-axis Cassegrain optical antenna

By detailed analysis of Cassegrain optical antenna with inclined optical axis, the receiving antenna power and the curve of power attenuation are obtained for different deflection angles. Three-dimensional images which describe the power distribution of the receive laser beam have been obtained. The coupling efficiency of antenna system is obtained from specific experiment. If the deflection angle is less than 0.1519 rad, the coupling efficiency is beyond 80%. In this case, the optical antenna system can be viewed as in alignment approximately. This research will provide a theoretical base and broad application for achieving precise alignment of optical axis in the field of optical communications and three-dimensional laser radar images.     

非视线散射大气光通信的光学天线

由于大气衰减的影响,非视线散射大气光通信需要使用光学天线以提高对光信号的采集能力,进而增加通信距离。针对非视线大气光通信的需求,利用ZEMAX软件对半球透镜、复合抛物面聚光器（CPC）和卡塞格伦望远镜等光学天线进行了性能分析。分析表明：半球透镜和CPC视场较大,增益值高。利用蒙特卡罗法模拟计算了一定条件下,非视线散射光通信在有无半球透镜或CPC作光学天线时到达探测元件的能量随通信距离的变化。结果表明：CPC聚光能力更强,适合作为非视线散射光通信的光学天线。     

外场多光轴平行性测试的光学系统设计

针对外场条件下因大气环境影响导致多光轴平行性误差的问题,设计了一种可见光、1.06μm激光及812μm的长波红外多光轴平行性测试的光学系统,系统采用卡塞格林系统为共光路并以可见光为基准光轴.卡塞格林系统的主次镜均采用双曲面校正球差及慧差,添加校正透镜减小了轴外像差.设计结果表明,该光学系统成像质量达到了衍射极限,在大气...     

红外自适应系统中双波段望远镜与红外物镜设计

大孔径红外光学系统往往易受自重和环境温度影响造成像质恶化,引入自适应光学技术的红外自适应系统能够很好地解决该问题,为此设计了一个用于Hartmann-Shack波前检测的红外自适应光学系统。重点设计了10×可见光与中波红外双波段望远镜,物镜为卡赛格林反射物镜组,无需消色差,在可见光与中波红外2个波段实现了消色差目镜设计;还设计了红外成像中继光学系统,可实现100%冷光阑效率,并补偿望远镜在中波红外波段的残余像差,使最终设计的光学系统MTF接近衍射极限,达到了0.5以上,满足设计指标要求。     

Impact of optical antenna and plasmonics on infrared imagers

The advent of nanophotonics allows devising and fabricating optical antenna as the advanced optical structures that can enhance light–matter interaction in quantum structures such as quantum wells. Improving infrared photodetector performance is discussed theoretically in this paper. We also investigate our recent demonstration of optical antenna integrated on quantum well infrared photodetector which improves the performance of the detector as can be evidence in responsivity of the detector.     

New type optical Cassegrain antenna with lenses telescope system

The loss, which caused by the secondary mirror of Cassegrain antenna, is analyzed with Gaussian theory. Under the diameter of secondary mirror being one-fifth of the primary diameter, the loss goes beyond 15%. Optimum structure of optical antenna, which is made up of Cassegrain antenna and lenses system, is devised to solve the waste effectively. The optimal diameter of the mirror is analyzed with Matlab. The relation, the transmitting distance with the ratio of P_{r min}/P_out1 is attained by Gaussian theory, where P_{r min} is the minimum power of receiver signals required by optimum antenna; P_out1 is the power emitted by the optimum antenna.     

ALMA Band 10 tertiary optics

The ALMA Band 10 (787–950 GHz) receiver is a dual-polarization heterodyne system based on NbTiN superconducting technology. The coupling of energy from the secondary mirror of the ALMA Cassegrain antenna to the Superconductor–Insulator–Superconductor (SIS) mixers used for down-conversion is achieved by a frequency-independent optical system composed of two elliptical mirrors to focus and redirect the incoming radiation, a wire-grid to separate orthogonal linear polarizations and two corrugated horns, one for each polarization and SIS mixer. In this paper, we present the ALMA Band 10 tertiary optics design and evaluate its performance by quasi-optical techniques, Physical Optics simulations and measurements. Detailed results of secondary aperture efficiency and beam-squint are provided. The characterization procedure described in this paper can be used for any optical system at around 1 THz.     

多光轴校轴仪调校关键技术研究

针对多传感器光电系统存在的光轴平行性调校需求,介绍了一种光轴跨距较大的高精度校轴仪及其工作原理。该装置核心为卡赛格林系统,其主镜采用了一种新型粘接与光学定中心方案用于解决受力变形,实际变形结果验证了该方案的可行性。通过精确调校卡赛格林系统以及检测光路的光轴平行性,文中的校轴仪理论检测精度可达10以内,因此其配合大口径离轴反射式平行光管使用时,能实现对多传感器光电系统光轴平行性的高精度调校。     

Directivity of a Spherical Two-Mirror Antenna with an Extended Infrared Receiver

Some characteristics of Cassegrain optical systems, consisting of two spherical mirrors, are considered. Based on simulations in the geometric-optical approximation for a wide range of parameters, we find the relationship between the geometry of an optical system with an extended thermal receiver and the main-lobe width of the angular distribution of the system power. This permits one to optimize the system design on the basis of its performance requirements. We determine the optimal displacement of the small mirror from the quasi-focal area of the large mirror, ensuring the minimum main-lobe width in terms of a given level and a given dissipation factor.     

空间相机主支撑结构优化设计方法的研究

描述了空间相机运载发射及在轨运行阶段经历的力学和热环境,提出空间相机主支撑结构优化设计方法,用有限元分析法对卡塞格林和TMA两种具体空间相机光学系统主支撑结构进行了优化设计。对拓扑优化前后分析结果进行比较,卡塞格林光学系统主支撑结构一阶固有频率从41Hz提高到72Hz,重量降低15%;TMA光学系统主支撑结构一阶固有频率不变,重量降低35%。结果表明,采用此优化设计方法不仅缩短了设计周期,而且有效地降低了支撑结构重量,提高了主支撑结构的性能,满足系统设计要求。     

一种折反式红外/激光复合导引头光学系统设计

设计了一种用于长波非制冷红外和半主动激光复合导引的共口径折反式光学系统。为了减小反射式系统的零件加工和装调难度,将卡塞格林系统次反射镜简化为平面反射镜,主反射镜采用金属抛物面,优化目镜组透镜尺寸,避免光路内部遮挡,利用反射式系统一次像面,配合红外材料选取实现红外通道的光学被动消热差设计;在平行光路中设置平板分光和激光窄带滤光片,提高系统分光效率和透过率。设计结果表明:红外通道特征频率35.7 lp/mm处MTF＞0.2,激光线性区为2°,满足系统指标要求。