端羟基丁二烯-丙烯腈共低聚物控制组成的计算方法与合成

针对二元共聚反应,在分批聚合中制备组成相同的共聚物,提出了为控制共聚物组成在反应过程中补加活性较大单体的计算方法。并根据这种方法合成了端羟基丁二烯-丙烯腈共低聚物。该方法也可用于其它二元共聚反应。     

端羟基丁二烯/丙烯腈共低聚物的合成及其力学性能I.控制组成的计算方法

通过分批聚合，制备具有均匀组成的共聚物。提出了为控制共聚物组成在反应过程中补加单体的计算方法。它不仅适用于丁二烯与丙烯腈的共低聚反应，也适用于其它二元共低聚反应     

端羟基丁二烯／丙烯腈共低聚物的合成及其力学性能：Ⅰ.控制？…

通过分批聚合,制备具有均匀组成的共聚物,提出了为控制共聚物组成在反应过程中补加单体的计算方法。它不仅适用于二烯与丙烯腈的共低聚反应,也适用于其它二元共低聚反应。     

丙烯腈/衣糠酸共聚行为的Monte Carlo模拟

建立了针对丙烯腈/衣糠酸共聚反应的Monte Carlo模拟算法,首先在不同pH值单体竞聚率条件下计算了共聚组成随单体投料比的变化,由实验结果验证了该Monte Carlo模型的准确性。在此基础上,对丙烯腈共聚物链结构的变化规律和影响因素进行了理论分析,指出传统一次性进料工艺中存在共聚物组成和序列结构均匀性差的问题,进而根据模拟计算结果提出调控共聚物序列结构均匀性的可行性方案。结果表明,通过在聚合不同阶段分时按比例补加活泼单体衣糠酸(ITA),可以对聚合产物的瞬时组成和序列结构起到有效的平均化效果,从而改善共聚组成和序列结构的均匀化程度,这种链结构的改进将有利于最终碳纤维性能的提高。     

在α-甲基苯乙烯二聚体调节作用下的苯乙烯-丙烯腈乳液共聚

<正> 由于苯乙烯(St)和丙烯腈(AN)竞聚率的差异,在乳液共聚中所得产物为组成不均匀的共聚物,因此一般在反应后期通过复杂计算和实验验证补加消耗快的单体,或采用回收大量单体等方法得到组成均匀的共聚物。St-AN乳液共聚物的分子量较大,产物不     

基于Matlab的二元共聚物组成与转化率关系曲线的绘制及应用

采用Matlab GUI工具,以单体组成为中间变量,依据共聚物组成方程及单体组成与转化率关系式,开发出一款用于绘制二元共聚合反应共聚物组成与单体转化率关系曲线的图形用户程序。通过对苯乙烯与甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯腈与醋酸乙烯酯等共聚反应的应用表明：该图形用户程序界面友好,交互性强,适用性广,计算便捷,解决了绘制过程中共聚物组成与单体转化率关系式过于复杂而无法找到直接关系的困难,为预测不同竞聚率、不同投料比时共聚物组成与转化率的变化规律,控制共聚物组成,选择控制方法,验证实验,指导生产提供理论依据。     

共聚理论进展

凡由两种或多种单体构成链节的高聚物称为共聚物,而合成此类聚合物的过程叫做共聚反应。按聚合反应机制可分为自由基型和离子型两种。根据生成的共聚物链结构序列的不同,则可分为无规共聚、交替共聚、嵌段共聚和接枝共聚。本世纪初发现了共聚现象。早期主要研究了异戊二烯和丁二烯,丁二烯与苯乙烯和丙烯腈,以及一系列烯类和双烯类单体的共聚反应,并且得到了一些有价     

合成化学均匀的共聚物

作为合成新高分子化合物最重要方法的共聚反应,具有很大的意义,它能使我們按照需要而改变聚合物的性貭。如合成橡胶中的异丁橡胶(异丁烯与丁二烯的共聚物),丁苯橡胶(丁二烯与苯乙烯的共聚物),丁腈橡胶(丁二烯与丙烯腈的共聚物);合成树脂与合成纤維中的沙綸(Saran)(氯乙烯与偏二氯乙烯的共聚物),維尼縈与維尼縈HH(Vinyon HH)(氯乙烯与醋酸乙烯酯的共聚物),維尼縈N(氯乙烯与丙烯腈的共聚物)等,均是近代共聚物中最重要的代表物。     

端羟基丁二烯丙烯腈共低聚物的合成及其力学性能：Ⅱ.均匀组成 …

根据共聚物组成的计算方法,合成了组成均匀的端羟基丁二烯与丙烯腈液体共聚物并用ＮＭＲ观察和计算了该液体聚合物的序列分布,测定了力学性能。     

偏氟乙烯和四氟乙烯共聚反应

本文用过氧化二碳酸二异丙酯为引发剂,丙酮为分子量调节剂,对偏氟乙烯-四氟乙烯共聚反应进行了研究,并制得了不同组成,不同分子量的样品,用色谱分析方法分析在共聚反应过程中单体组成的变化,方便地确定了偏氟乙烯-四氟乙烯共聚反应中的“恒比”组成范围,并能控制共聚物组成的均匀性,丙酮有效地调节了共聚物的分子量,对共聚物的性能测定表明,它们有很好的机械性能和热稳定性,在“恒比”组成范围的共聚物的热电系数有一个极大值,它对应于熔点的极小值。     

端羟基丁二烯丙烯腈共低聚物的合成及其力学性能Ⅱ.均匀组成的液体共聚物的合成

根据共聚物组成的计算方法,合成了组成均匀的端羟基丁二烯与丙烯腈液体共聚物并用ＮＭＲ观察和计算了该液体聚合物的序列分布,测定了力学性能     

Effect of reaction medium on the radical polymerization and copolymerization of potassium and sodium p-styrenesulphonate

The kinetics of the homogeneous free radical polymerization of potassium p-styrenesulphonate and sodium p-styrenesulphonate (SSS) in water-salt, water-dioxane, water-dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), DMSO—dioxane mixtures and copolymerization of SSS with acrylamide in water-salt and water-DMSO mixtures have been investigated. The overall rate of the process, the kinetic orders with respect to monomer and initiator, overall activation energy and also the properties of the resulting polymers (molecular weight, copolymer composition and compositional inhomogeneity) depend on the nature of the reaction medium. It is mainly connected with the influence of ionic strength (due to varying ionogenic monomer concentration, addition of salts and also the change of the conversion degree) and with the influence of the polarity of solvent on the rate constants for propagation and termination. The chemical and physical characteristic of the reaction mainly influence parameters of the electrostatic interactions in the system “macroradical-counterions-anions of monomer”. This leads to conformational variation of polymer chains and influences the reactivities of growing macroradicals and ionogenic monomers in polymerization and copolymerization. Data on conductivity and viscometric measurements confirmed the dependence of the conformation of polymer and copolymer macromolecules upon the composition of the medium.     

Semicontinuous heterophase copolymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile

The synthesis of styrene‐acrylonitrile copolymers by semicontinuous heterophase polymerization is reported here. The effect of feed composition at a fixed addition rate of monomer mixture on kinetics, particle size, polymer content, and molar masses, was studied. This process permits the synthesis of nanolatexes containing narrow size‐distribution particles with number‐average diameter (D_n) of about 18 nm, polymer content as high as 23 wt %, and copolymer‐to‐surfactant weight ratios between 23 and 25, depending on monomer feeding rate, which are larger than those reported for microemulsion copolymerization of several comonomers. Copolymers with homogeneous composition similar to the feeding monomers composition were obtained thorough the reaction, which is difficult to achieve by batch polymerization. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012     

Direct rotating-sector studies of the systems: Styrene–methyl methacrylate and styrene–methyl acrylate

The rotating-sector technique was applied directly in a study of two copolymerization systems: styrene–methyl methacrylate and styrene–methyl acrylate. The two coupled rate expressions which describe the change in radical concentrations for two-component polymerizations degenerate into a single expression identical in form to the radical expression for a homopolymerization when the ratio of the radical concentrations under intermittent illumination is assumed constant and equal to the ratio under steady illumination. Numerical solutions of the complete rate expression by use of constants from the literature confirm that this assumption is valid for a rotating-sector experiment. The overall lifetimes of these two-component systems were defined and measured experimentally as a function of monomer composition and then compared with lifetimes calculated by using literature rate constants. The agreement was satisfactory. The direct application of the technique to the two-component system provides an independent experiment which for some systems seems to be more sensitive to the value of the cross-termination constant than the usual steady-state method.     

Free-radical polymerization in micellar media: Effect of microenvironment

A micellar polymerization process has been used to prepare polyacrylamide or poly(acrylic acid) hydrophobically modified with low amounts (1–5 mol%) of an N-alkyl- or N-alkylarylacrylamide. The effect of the initial monomer segregation on the copolymer microstructure and the copolymerization mechanism has been investigated. This method leads generally to multiblock copolymers in which the number and length of the hydrophobic blocks vary with the initial number of hydrophobes per micelle. Interestingly, the copolymerization of acrylamide with disubstituted acrylamides leads to homogeneous samples with an average copolymer composition independent of the degree of conversion, in contrast to what is observed with monosubstituted acrylamides for which a drift in composition is observed. The difference in polarity between the bulk phase and the micellar phase is responsible for this behavior. This microenvironment effect modifies the reactivity ratios of those hydrophobes capable of forming hydrogen bonds, whereas the reactivity of the other hydrophobes remains unaffected.     

Propagation Mechanism of Radical Copolymerization of Sulfur Dioxide and Vinyl Chloride

Radical copolymerization of sulfur dioxide and vinyl chloride (VC) has been studied by the comparison of the composition of copolymers obtaining from different reaction conditions, i.e., reaction temperatures, feed compositions, and total monomer concentrations. The composition of VC in copolymer is independent of comonomer composition except at high concentration of VC in feed; it increases with increasing reaction temperature or decreasing total monomer concentration. At lower temperature, the composition of copolymer becomes independent of total monomer concentration. The overall rate of polymerization is proportional to [VC]^1,7 and [SO₂]^0.5. These results were compared with those obtained in our previous study on the SO₂-styrene copolymerization. A propagation mechanism for radical copolymerization of SO₂ and VC is also proposed.     

(2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基)三甲基氯化铵-丙烯酰胺双水相共聚合

将(2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基)三甲基氯化铵(DMMC)与丙烯酰胺(AM)在聚乙二醇(PEG)水溶液中进行双水相共聚合(ATPC),并与DMMC/AM均相水溶液共聚合(HASC)进行比较.在均相水溶液共聚合体系中得到了DMMC/AM共聚体系的竞聚率分别为rDMMC=1.77、rAM=0.32,并给出了竞聚率的95%,99%联合置信区域.比较了两种共聚合体系的转化率-时间曲线和共聚组成,表明双水相共聚合体系初期反应速率高于均相水溶液共聚合体系,但最终转化率相似;两种共聚合体系得到的共聚物组成有较大差别.测得了DMMC、AM以及DMMC-AM共聚物(CPAM)在65℃、反应条件下的相分配系数为K1=0.035、K2=0.125和Kp=0.011.结合双水相聚合的本质以及单体和共聚物在两相的分配系数,提出了一个计算双水相共聚组成的新方法,用该方法计算的双水相共聚合体系的共聚组成与实验点吻合较好.     

Grafting copolymerization of styrene and maleic anhydride binary monomer systems induced by UV irradiation

Photografting copolymerization of maleic anhydride (MAH) and styrene (St) onto LDPE film was investigated by using a one-step method, and further thermally induced grafting copolymerization of them was carried out by using a two-step method. Regarding the photografting copolymerization of MAH/St binary monomer system, both conversion percentage (CP) and grafting efficiency (GE) increased with raising the content of MAH in the monomer feed. In addition, the content of MAH in the grafted copolymers also increased with increasing the fraction of MAH in the monomer feed. The formation of LDPE-g-P(MAH-co-St) grafted film was identified by FTIR and ESCA spectroscopy. In the case of grafting copolymerization of MAH/St by the two-step method, grafting copolymerization proceeded slowly compared with the non-grafting copolymerization. The apparent activation energy (E_a) for the non-grafting copolymerization in the solution and the grafting copolymerization on LDPE film was 24 and 82 kJ/mol, respectively, which were noticeably lower than those of MAH/vinyl acetate (MAH/VAC) binary monomer system under the similar grafting conditions. These data of E_a explained why the grafting copolymerization of styrene/MAH took place faster than that of MAH/VAC binary monomer system. The composition of the grafted copolymer chains was largely affected by the composition of the monomer feeds; however, the composition of the non-grafted copolymers nearly remained at 1/1 even in systems with largely different MAH/styrene ratios in monomer feeds. It is indicated that the non-grafting copolymerization proceeded predominantly following alternating copolymerization, but the grafting copolymerization performed random copolymerization.