颗粒堆内微观力学结构的离散元模拟研究

将离散单元法应用到三维堆积过程的模拟计算,探讨了滑动摩擦及滚动摩擦对堆积形成的影响,得到了颗粒堆内部的应力分布规律,发现颗粒堆的形态是由滑动摩擦和滚动摩擦共同决定的,在堆内颗粒间的作用力基本呈树状结构.在模拟得到的颗粒堆中出现了应力分布奇异现象,在堆积角较大的情况下,颗粒堆与地面间作用力的最大值常发生在距堆底中心不远的环状区域,而并非发生在堆底的中心;在堆积角相对较小时颗粒堆与地面间作用力的最大值较容易发生在堆底的中心.对于一个颗粒堆,具体会发生哪种受力情况具有一定的偶然性. 关键词： 堆积 离散单元法 计算颗粒力学     

基于超二次曲面的颗粒材料缓冲性能离散元分析

自然界或工业中普遍是由非球形颗粒组成的复杂体系,与球形颗粒相比,非球形颗粒间的高离散和咬合互锁可使冲击载荷引起的能量有效衰减实现缓冲作用.基于连续函数包络的超二次曲面单元能准确地描述非球形颗粒的几何形态,并可精确地计算单元间的接触碰撞作用.本文采用离散元方法对冲击载荷作用下非球形颗粒物质的缓冲性能进行数值分析,并与圆柱体冲击的理论结果和球体冲击的实验结果进行对比验证.在此基础之上,进一步研究了筒底作用力在不同颗粒层厚度和形状等因素影响下的变化规律.计算结果表明:不同颗粒形状都存在一个临界厚度H_c.当HH_c时,缓冲率随H的增加而增加;当HH_c时,缓冲率的变化不再显著并趋于稳定值.此外,减小颗粒表面尖锐度和增加或减小圆柱形和长方形颗粒的长宽比都会提高颗粒材料的缓冲效果.     

无黏性颗粒在平面上的堆积角

运用连续介质模型和库仑屈服条件,介绍了库仑不等式的证明方法,研究了无黏性颗粒物质在自然堆积状态下的堆积角的形成机制及影响因素,通过理论模型导出理想状况下锥形堆的自然休止角与内摩擦角的关系.实验结果表明:颗粒的密度对于堆积角不存在确定的影响.不规则颗粒的自然休止角、内摩擦角与粒径间的变化趋势一致,粒径的分布对锥形堆的自然休止角产生影响;规则颗粒的几何尺寸对堆积角无明显影响,非球形颗粒的几何形状对堆积角有显著影响.底面摩擦系数较小时,锥体的堆积角与底面摩擦系数呈正相关,随着摩擦系数的增大,堆积角将达到饱和.     

颗粒分层过程三维离散元法模拟研究

采用软球干接触模型对球形及非球形颗粒的分层过程进行了三维离散元法模拟研究,从颗粒间作用力、转动力矩和能量变化的角度分析了颗粒分层机理,讨论了颗粒的粒度比对分层速度的影响规律.结果表明,分层过程中,大颗粒比小颗粒活跃,非球颗粒由于具有较高的动能而比球颗粒活跃,在一定程度上弥补了颗粒形状对分层过程的影响.大颗粒间的平均法向、切向作用力、平均力矩及平均动能均大于小颗粒.颗粒分层速度随着粒度比的增加而显著增大,当粒度比大于临界粒度比3时,分层速度的增幅减缓.     

二维晶格颗粒堆积中侧壁的压力分布与转向系数

颗粒物质是大量颗粒聚集在一起的软凝聚态物质, 其微观结构与宏观力学性质的联系非常复杂. 本文用实验的方法观测了二维竖直晶格堆积颗粒, 在竖直方向外加正压力作用下其侧壁的受力分布情况, 根据实验结果详细讨论和分析了颗粒体系中正压力的转向行为. 实验结果表明: 在缓慢压缩颗粒体系的过程中, 正压力的变化呈现非线性和线性两段不同的规律; 对于确定堆积结构的颗粒体系, 竖直方向施加的正压力通过颗粒力链转向, 且水平方向不同堆积高度处所受压力值不同, 中部的压力大于顶部和底部的压力; 转向系数k的饱和值随堆积角θ 的增大而减小. 对颗粒堆的几何结构与受力情况进行分析, 给出了转向系数与堆积角之间的数学表达式, 理论值与实验值符合较好.     

颗粒堆准静态崩塌及慢速流动过程中的堆结构研究

运用自行设计的实验装置并结合颗粒跟踪与成像技术,系统地研究了不同堆积程度的颗粒堆在准静态崩塌过程中的滑移行为.实验发现在颗粒堆中一部分颗粒沿着斜下方向滑动,而另一部分颗粒则几乎没有滑动.精确的数据分析还表明颗粒堆的滑动部分具有明显的层状结构特征,在每一滑动层中颗粒的滑移量基本相同,且各滑动层之间近似相互平行.这些滑动层与水平面的夹角约在40—50之间,与静态层表面与水平面的夹角一致.各滑动层中颗粒的滑移量随其距静态层表面的距离而线性的增加.不同堆积程度的颗粒堆的静态部分基本上不随堆积体积而改变.     

颗粒物质内自旋小球运动行为的数值模拟研究

针对大耳沙蜥在沙子中的运动行为,以球形物体为研究对象,利用3维离散元数值模拟程序LIGGGHTS模拟了旋转运动模式对颗粒物质中球形物体平动和上升/下降行为的影响,定量分析了旋转速度以及颗粒间摩擦系数等因素的具体影响.研究结果表明:球形物体与颗粒物质基底颗粒间的摩擦系数以及球形物体的自转角速度对球形物体的运动有明显影响,摩擦系数越大物体运动越明显,自转角速度越大物体运动越明显.该结果比较好地解释了沙漠生物外表具有鳞片的原因.     

颗粒滚动摩擦系数对堆积特性的影响

为探讨颗粒摩擦系数对堆积特性的影响,利用离散单元法,模拟静摩擦系数固定时,变化滚动摩擦系数对椭球形颗粒堆积角及堆积体的影响.利用自制斜面仪测定了颗粒静摩擦系数,并对滚动摩擦系数与堆积角建立线性方程.结果表明,滚动摩擦系数对颗粒堆积特性有显著影响,颗粒堆积角随滚动摩擦系数增大而增大,边界圆与连续圆间的间隙随滚动摩擦系数增大而减小.依据颗粒堆积过程中旋转动能的变化可以阐述上述结果,建立的滚动摩擦系数与堆积角的线性方程可为具体颗粒物料滚动摩擦系数的获取提供数值测量思路.模拟堆积的过程可为散体物料一些不易测量的参数进行虚拟实验标定.     

湿颗粒聚团碰撞解聚过程的离散元法模拟

基于线性接触模型、库仑滑移接触模型以及平行黏结三种接触模型的组合, 利用离散元法对包衣结构的湿颗粒聚团与壁面碰撞解聚的物理过程进行了数值模拟, 研究了碰撞过程中湿颗粒聚团解聚模式、解聚过程中聚团内各颗粒的速度变化以及颗粒间液桥断裂的规律, 分析了聚团的碰撞速度、黏附小颗粒的重力以及中心大颗粒的旋转对聚团解聚的影响. 研究发现: 聚团的碰撞解聚呈现出碰撞式、重力-碰撞式和剪切-碰撞式三种解聚模式. 湿颗粒聚团与壁面的碰撞打破了聚团内颗粒速度的一致性, 颗粒间出现相对运动而使颗粒间的液桥发生拉伸断裂. 液桥的断裂由聚团的碰撞点向外、由底部向上、由内层向外扩展. 聚团内液桥的断裂经历了缓慢断裂、快速断裂和完全断裂三个阶段. 碰撞速度越大, 黏附的小颗粒质量越大、大颗粒的转速越高, 湿颗粒聚团的缓慢断裂阶段越短暂且解聚程度越高. 模拟结果和实验符合.     

CFB不同密相区形状对固态医疗垃圾颗粒运动特性的影响

提出了不同密相区结构形状(球形、椭球形、方形体)的固态医疗垃圾循环流化床(SMW-CFB),并针对SMW-CFB各段特征,对循环流化床不同密相区形状对固态医疗垃圾颗粒运动特性的影响进行了数值研究,结果表明:密相区为球形体结构比其它结构形状密相区更易出现回流.密相区不同形状时,颗粒运动进入分离器的时间不一样.固态医疗垃圾颗粒在循环流化床内,直径在大于3.5 mm的垃圾颗粒,随烟气上升到一定高度后,落回密相区,而直径小于3.5 mm的颗粒随烟气一同进入分离器,分离器可以捕集直径大于0.025 mm的颗粒,直径小于0.025 mm的颗粒由排气管排出.球形和椭球形密相区有助于垃圾颗粒与风充分混合接触,有利于垃圾颗粒的燃烧.     

Physics of humid granular media

A very small amount of liquid added or condensed from a vapor in a granular heap can induce dramatic changes of its static properties. In this paper we review recent advances in humid granular media. We discuss the first approaches for describing the cohesion forces acting between spherical rough beads, and their effect on the maximum avalanche angle of a granular heap. We also discuss the time dependency of these cohesive forces leading to ageing effects in the properties of the medium. To cite this article: L. Bocquet et al., C. R. Physique 3 (2002) 207–215.     

Modelling of Binder-Induced Agglomeration

From the analysis of pendular liquid bridge forces between spherical particles, a model has been developed to predict bridge rupture energies. Whilst this model has been shown to predict the correct trends in certain stages of agglomeration, it is limited by the assumptions of zero contact angle, toroidal bridge geometry, spherical particles and quasi-static rupture. The work described here is aimed at extending the model to more generally applicable conditions using direct measurement of bridge rupture energies between particles down to 3 μm in diameter under different physiochemical conditions. Initial results show that the spreading coefficient of the binder to the particle has a marked effect on the dynamic behaviour of the bridge itself and its subsequent geometry at equilibrium, i.e. for non-zero contact angles theoretical equations tend to over-predict the force of adhesion, whilst for zero contact angles the force of adhesion agrees with that predicted using the Laplace equations for constant curvature. On the other hand, the corrected expression for maximum separation distance shows good agreement with experimental results.     

Microparticle column geometry in acoustic stationary fields

Particles suspended in a fluid will experience forces from stationary acoustic fields. The magnitude of the force depends on the time-averaged energy density of the field and the material properties of the particles and fluid. Forces acting on known particles smaller than 20 microm were studied. Within a 500 kHz acoustic beam generated by a plane-piston circular source, observations were made of the geometry of the particle column that is formed. Varying the acoustic energy altered the column width in a manner predicted by equations for the primary acoustic radiation force from scattering of particles in the long-wavelength limit. The minimum pressures required to trap gas, solid, and liquid particles in a water medium at room temperature were also estimated to within 12%. These results highlight the ability of stationary acoustic fields from a plane-piston radiator to impose nano-Newton-scale forces onto fluid particles with properties similar to biological cells, and suggest that it is possible to accurately quantify these forces.     

Localization of Spherical Particles under the Action of Gradient Forces in the Field of a Zero-Order Bessel Beam. Rayleigh–Gans Approximation

The amplitude of the gradient force acting on a transparent spherical particle in the field of a zero-order Bessel beam has been calculated in the Rayleigh–Gans approximation. The expression obtained for the gradient-force amplitude takes into account the heterogeneity of the acting radiation in the volume of the particle. The optimal conditions of trapping and transportation of the particle (parameters of the particle, liquid, and of the Bessel beam) to the localization region have been determined using the solution of the kinetic equation of particle motion in a liquid. It is shown that for certain relationships between the particle radius and the Bessel beam width the localization region is shifted relative to the central maximum of the beam. This is due to the equal action of the gradient forces caused by the central maximum and the first interference ring of the Bessel beam. A qualitative comparison of the results obtained with the known experimental data has been performed.     

Shapes of heaps and in silos

Experimental investigations on the shape of a heap formed in a Hele Shaw cell either on a flat base or in a two-dimensional silo are presented. We have focused our attention on the shape dependence on mass flux and initial energy of particles poured into the cell. Two kinds of granular media are considered: glass beads and sand and we shall point out their different behaviors. We described the variations of the angle of repose and of the size of the tail as a function of the experimental parameters. We also report the time evolution of the angle of repose during the formation of the heap. Received 28 September 1998 and Received in final form 20 January 1999     

The dynamics of multiparticle collisions in motion of a granular material

We consider the complex problem of how to calculate particle motions taking into account multiparticle collisions. Multiparticle contacts occur when a particle collides with neighbouring particles, so that those contacts have a direct influence on each other. We will focus on the molecular dynamics method. Particularly, we will analyse what happens in cohesive materials during multiparticle contacts. We investigated the expression of repulsive force formulated under fractional calculus which is able to control dynamically the transfer and dissipation of energy in granular media. Such approach allows to perform simulations of arbitrary multiparticle collisions and also granular cohesion dynamics.     

Electrostatic force of dust deposition originating from contact between particles and photovoltaic glass

Charged photovoltaic glass produces an electrostatic field. The electrostatic field exerts an electrostatic force on dust particles, thus making more dust particles deposited on the glass. In this paper, the contact electrification between the deposited dust particles and the photovoltaic glass is studied. Meanwhile, the surface charge density model of the photovoltaic glass and the electrostatic force of charged particles are analyzed. The results show that with the increasing of the particle impact speed and the inclination angle of the photovoltaic panel, the charges on particles increase to different degrees.Under a given condition, the electrostatic forces acting on the charged particles at different positions above the glass plate form a bell-shaped distribution at a macro level, and present a maximum value in the center of the plate. As the distance between the particle and the charged glass decreases, the electrostatic force exerted on the particle increases significantly and fluctuates greatly. However, its mean value is still higher than the force caused by gravity and the adhesion force,reported by some studies. Therefore, we suggest that photovoltaic glass panels used in the severe wind-sand environment should be made of an anti-static transparent material, which can lessen the dust particles accumulated on the panels.     

Measurement of the interaction force among particles in three-dimensional plasma clusters

The interaction forces between particles have been studied in a 3D plasma cluster under weak external confinement. A suitable combination of dc and rf applied to a small electrode provided gravity compensation, uniform over dimensions much larger than the cluster itself. The forces acting on the particles could be reconstructed due to unique three-dimensional diagnostics, which allow us to obtain coordinates and velocities of all the particles simultaneously. The measurements yield a maximum (external) confinement force of 1.4 x 10(-15)N and interparticle force that is repulsive at short distances and attractive at larger distances, with a maximum attractive force of 2.4 X 10(-14)N at particle separation 195 microm.