Fiber-modes and fiber-anisotropy characterization using low-coherence interferometry

An optical low-coherence interferometry technique has been used to simultaneously resolve the mode profile and to measure the intermodal dispersion of guided modes of a few-mode fiber. Measurements are performed using short samples of fiber (about 50 cm). There is no need for a complex mode-conversion technique to reach a high interference visibility. Four LP mode groups of the few-mode fiber are resolved. Experimental results and numerical simulations show that the ellipticity of the fiber core leads to a distinct splitting of the degenerate high-order modes in group index. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, it has been demonstrated that degenerate LP11 modes are much more sensitive to core shape variations than the fundamental modes and that intermodal dispersion of high-order degenerate modes can be used for characterizing the anisotropy of an optical waveguide.     

基于复合干涉的光纤低相干干涉传感系统研究

研究一种能够进行远程及绝对测量的光纤低相干干涉传感系统。该系统包含两个光纤干涉仪,其中一个光纤干涉仪置于被测场中感应被测量的变化,可实现远程测量;另一个光纤干涉仪解调被测量的值。运用波分复用技术,使用于解调的光纤干涉仪同时工作于低相干干涉和高相干干涉状态。用低相干干涉信号决定被测量的幅值,对被测量实现绝对测量,并使测量量程不受波长限制;同时,用高相干干涉信号对被测量进行高精度的测量。系统的测量量程为6mm,测量分辨率小于1nm,位移实验结果的线性相关系数R为0.99。     

少模光纤布拉格光栅折射率传感的分析与测量

理论分析和模拟计算了少模光纤布拉格光栅基模及高阶模的耦合与传输特性,得到在相同外部折射率变化情况下,少模光纤基模与高阶模耦合对应的布拉格波长变化,比正、反向基模之间耦合对应的布拉格波长变化显著增大.实验上制作了少模光纤布拉格光栅,测量了基模之间以及基模与高阶模之间对应的布拉格波长随外部折射率、温度变化的情况,得到与理论分析相符的结果.而对于温度变化对折射率测量结果干扰的问题,提出了通过计算布拉格波长差来克服温度影响的方法.这些结果为采用布拉格光纤光栅测量外部折射率变化提供了一种新的途径.     

Fiber laser with combined feedback of core and cladding modes assisted by an intracavity long-period grating

We present a fiber laser made in a single piece of conventional doped-core fiber that operates by combined feedback of the fundamental core mode LP((0,1)) and the high-order cladding mode LP((0,10)). The laser is an all-fiber structure that uses two fiber Bragg gratings and a long-period grating to select the modes circulating in the cavity; the laser emits at the coupling wavelength between the core mode LP((0,1)) and the counterpropagating cladding mode LP((0,10)) in the Bragg gratings. This work demonstrates the feasibility of high-order mode fiber lasers assisted by long-period gratings.     

Measurement of group-velocity dispersion of Bloch modes in photonic-crystal-fiber rocking filters

We use low-coherence interferometry to measure the group-velocity dispersion (GVD) of the fast and slow Bloch modes of structural rocking filters, produced by twisting a highly birefringent photonic crystal fiber to and fro while scanning a focused CO(2) laser beam along it. The GVD curves in the vicinity of the resonant wavelength differ dramatically from those of the unperturbed fiber, suggesting that rocking filters could be used in the optimization of, e.g., four-wave mixing and supercontinuum generation. Excellent agreement is obtained between theory and experiment.     

Fourier-domain low-coherence interferometry for differential mode delay analysis of an optical fiber

We propose a novel mode analysis and differential mode delay measurement method for an optical fiber using Fourier-domain low-coherence interferometry. A spectral interferometer based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer setup was used with a broadband source and an optical spectrum analyzer to detect relative temporal delays between the guided modes of a few-mode optical fiber by analyzing spectral interference signals. We have shown that experimental results of the proposed method agree well with those results obtained by using a conventional time-domain measurement method. We have demonstrated that this new mode analysis technique has high sensitivity (<60 dB) and very good resolution (<1 ps/m).     

Polarization-resolved imaging of an ensemble of waveguide modes

We demonstrate polarization-sensitive measurement of the modal content of waveguides by generalizing the classic rotating wave-plate-based polarimeter to wide-field optical low-coherence interferometry. The spatial phases of the modes are retrieved with principal component analysis. By applying this polarization-sensitive cross-correlation (C²) imaging technique to the characterization of a few-mode fiber, we reveal that different modes experience distinct bend-induced birefringence in optical fibers. This polarization-resolved C² imaging is well suited for analyzing the impact of polarization on wave propagation in high-power fiber lasers as well as in mode-division-multiplexed communications systems.     

二维磁性光子晶体及其模场分析

利用频域有限差分方法分析了两种二维磁性光子晶体结构(方形和圆形空气孔结构)的模场分布和有效折射率. 结果表明：在该种结构的材料中，原本简并的基模被分为两个不简并的偏振模——左旋模和右旋模，且两种模式的有效折射率不同； 其次，该种结构材料的法拉第旋转角较连续分布的磁光介质有显著增加. 通过选择适当的空气孔参数，方孔结构材料的法拉第旋转角可增大约一个数量级，而圆孔结构可增加4倍左右. 同时发现，当光通过这类材料后偏振态发生了变化，随着法拉第旋转角的增加出射光的椭圆率也在增加. 最后分析了产生这一现象的原因并提出了解决偏振态变化这一问题的方法，即在材料中心处引入缺陷. 关键词： 磁光效应 二维磁性光子晶体 频域有限差分法     

Bending dependence of optical delay difference between multicore fiber cores

The group delay difference between modes of multicore optical fiber cores is studied by the interference method using a Mach–Zehnder interferometer and a low-coherence radiation source. The data obtained show that the group delay difference between multicore optical fiber cores is caused by optical fiber bending and increases with decreasing winding radius.     

光子晶体光纤纤芯整形获得中空模式输出

实验研究了高非线性光子晶体光纤中模式控制的非线性过程,利用激发出高阶模式获得上转换到可见光波段的色散波.通过控制输入飞秒激光的偏振方向,获得了两组相互正交的高阶模式的非线性输出.进一步在光子晶体光纤空气孔包层中注入蜡修整纤芯结构,使得正交模式的有效模折射率差降低,从而形成简并的模式,并通过叠加简并模式获得了中空模场的输出. 关键词： 光子晶体光纤 飞秒激光 频率变换 中空模式     

Optical low-coherence reflectometry characterization of cladding modes excited by long-period fiber gratings

The group refractive-index difference of cladding modes excited by a long-period fiber grating is characterized by use of the technique of optical low-coherence reflectometry, with a precision of <10(-4) . Very good agreement between theoretical and experimental results is demonstrated.     

长周期光纤光栅模式与耦合的研究

长周期光纤光栅是在光纤纤芯中沿轴向形成折射率周期性调制的带阻型光纤器件。与光纤布拉格光栅不同，它表现为前向传播的纤芯基模与同向传播的各阶次包层模式在特定波长的耦合。研究了纤芯基模、包层模式（HE1t/EH1t）及其有效折射率随波长的变化，研究了纤芯基模与包层模式（HE1t/EH1t）的耦合系数。研究表明，纤芯基模与一阶低次包层模式的有效折射率随波长增大而减小，纤芯基模与HE1t产生的耦合系数远大于与EH1t的耦合系数，并且包层模式次数较低时，耦合系数随次数的升高而增加。这与以前的研究结果有所不同。     

High-power photonic-bandgap fiber laser

An original architecture of an active fiber allowing a nearly diffraction-limited beam to be produced is demonstrated. The active medium is a double-clad large-mode-area photonic-bandgap fiber consisting of a 10,000 ppm by weight Yb(3+)-doped core surrounded by an alternation of high- and low-index layers constituting a cylindrical photonic crystal. The periodic cladding allows the robust propagation of a approximately 200 microm(2) fundamental mode and efficiently discriminates against the high-order modes. The M(2) parameter was measured to be 1.17. A high-power cw laser was built exhibiting 80% slope efficiency above threshold. The robust propagation allows the fiber to be tightly bent. Weak incidence on the slope efficiency was observed with wounding radii as small as 6 cm.     

应用耦合模理论研究光在圆对称双包层光纤中的传输(英文)

为了深入理解双包层光纤的光场传输特性,应用耦合模理论将双包层光纤等效为相互耦合的单模光纤和环形芯光纤,研究了圆对称的双包层光纤的光场传输.通过计算单模光纤LP01模和环形芯光纤导模的耦合系数发现了环形芯光纤LP0n模的耦合系数远大于其它导模的耦合系数,且LP0n模中的高阶模比低阶模的耦合系数大.据此,应用耦合模理论计算得到了该双包层光纤的光传输特性,计算结果发现光场沿光纤轴向呈近似周期分布,且纤芯中光功率变化的平均周期随波长递增,但平均归一化功率与光纤参数紧的选择有关.     

应用耦合模理论研究光在圆对称双包层光纤中的传输

为了深入理解双包层光纤的光场传输特性,应用耦合模理论将双包层光纤等效为相互耦合的单模光纤和环形芯光纤,研究了圆对称的双包层光纤的光场传输.通过计算单模光纤LP01模和环形芯光纤导模的耦合系数发现了环形芯光纤LP0n模的耦合系数远大于其它导模的耦合系数,且LP0n模中的高阶模比低阶模的耦合系数大.据此,应用耦合模理论计算得到了该双包层光纤的光传输特性,计算结果发现光场沿光纤轴向呈近似周期分布,且纤芯中光功率变化的平均周期随波长递增,但平均归一化功率与光纤参数紧的选择有关.     

猫眼腔激光器的横模变换与频率分裂

为了产生多种激光横模,以前的系统相对比较复杂,而且一般只能产生基横模和低阶横模,很难产生高阶横模,同时也很难观察到模竞争中一个频率抑制另一个频率的变化过程。基于猫眼谐振腔激光器和频率分裂技术,提出了一种新型的激光原理综合实验系统。该系统利用猫眼逆向器作为He-Ne激光器的一个腔镜,通过调节猫眼逆向器中两镜片间距可输出包括基横模、低阶横模、高阶横模在内的十余种典型横模,并可完成纵模、偏振、出光带宽等多种激光基本特性的实验。同时在基横模状态下,利用谐振腔内加入的石英晶体片可实现激光频率分裂及其频差调节。在此基础上又可实现完整的模竞争过程的观察。     

少模光纤的弯曲损耗研究

随着光纤通信容量的不断增加, 基于少模光纤的模分复用技术由于其多信道复用、 高频谱效率及低非线性效应成为目前提高光纤通信容量的研究热点. 本文推导得到了适用于少模光纤中高阶模式弯曲损耗的计算公式, 系统研究了下陷层辅助弯曲不敏感抛物线型少模光纤的主要参数(包括芯层半径、芯层到下陷层距离、下陷层宽度及下陷层折射率差)对其弯曲损耗特性的影响. 研究表明: 对于少模光纤, 模式阶数越高, 光纤的弯曲敏感性越高; 随纤芯与下陷层间距离的变化, 光纤各阶模式的弯曲损耗均存在一个最小值. 本文结论对弯曲不敏感少模光纤的设计、制造及少模光纤弯曲性能优化具有指导意义.     

Single-mode single-polarization holey fiber using anisotropic fundamental space-filling mode

We present the single-mode single-polarization regime of a circular-hole holey fiber consisting of a core with large elliptical holes. The elliptical holes in the core, which produce large anisotropies, split the fundamental mode into two orthogonally polarized fundamental modes, often referred to as slow and fast modes. This fiber can guide only one polarization state of the fundamental mode when a fundamental space-filling mode index of the cladding region is designed to lie between these indices of the slow and fast modes of the core region. We demonstrate one design example of this fiber and show that the single-polarization regime can be achieved over a wide wavelength range.     

Interferometric measurement of injection nozzles using ultra-small fiber-optical probes

The measurement of boreholes with diameters smaller than 500 μm is a demanding task that cannot be performed using state-of-the-art production metrology. In this letter, a miniaturized fiber probe with a diameter of 80 μm is presented. A probe is used for low-coherence interferometry to conduct highly precise measurements of form deviations of small boreholes. Measurements conducted in nozzles are also presented. The results prove the potential of the fiber-optical sensor for quality inspection of high-precision parts, such as injection nozzles, for common-rail diesel engines.     

基于薄芯光纤模态干涉技术的曲率光纤传感器

提出了一种新的基于薄芯光纤模态干涉技术的光纤曲率传感器。在单模光纤的中间部分插入薄芯光纤用于传感光路,没有插入薄芯光纤的单模光纤用于参考光路,以消除环境对曲率测量的影响。由于插入的薄芯光纤和单模光纤纤芯失配,导致包层的高次模被激发,并与纤芯模在单模光纤内形成干涉。当改变薄芯光纤的曲率时,沿纤芯和包层传播的模态和光纤长度会发生改变,使得干涉谷峰发生平移。将传感光纤的两端固定的平移台上,当调节平移台距离时,薄芯光纤的曲率发生改变,导致干涉谷峰向短波方向平移。通过观察谷峰的平移距离可以实现曲率的传感测量。实验表明,该装置具有低损耗、低成本和高灵敏度的特点。