量子计算与量子计算机

 最近,量子计算与量子计算机引起了人们的极大兴趣.一个光子的偏振或一个自旋为1/2的粒子(两态系统),对应于布尔态0和1,可构造量子计算机存储单元.     

量子计算机

较系统地阐述了量子计算机的发展和现状，着重介绍经典可逆计算机，量子可逆计算机，量子图灵机，量子计算机的构造，应用，以及当前研究热点如量子纠错和消相干问题。     

自旋电子学和相干态

自旋电子学是近年来发展起来的一个新研究领域,它研究固体,特别是半导体中的电子自旋相干态,实验发现,自旋相干态能够保持足够长的时间（几百ps量级）,因此有可能用来制造一个固态的量子计算机,但是制造实际的自旋电子器件,首先需要解决的是将自旋极化电子（或穴穴）注入半导体中的方法和如何检测它们。     

固态量子计算

量子计算机拥有比经典计算机更强大的计算能力，人们普遍认为，量子计算机最终将会在固态系统中实现，文章介绍了三种固态量子计算机的方案，它们分别基于固态核振磁共振，超导结和量子点。     

级联动力学退耦合与无消相干子空间实现量子计算

量子计算与量子信息过程中一个最主要的障碍量子消相干问题.克服量子消相干的策略,一般可以分为两大类方式:量子编码和动力学控制.近年来,无消相干子空间的量子编码以其能够有效的避免消相干过程得到了人们的广泛关注,在理论和实验上都取得了较大的进展.另外,利用强快脉冲实现量子系统与环境的动力学退耦合也可以有效的压缩消相干过程,动力学退耦合的噪声控制形式也得到了广泛研究.本文利用强快脉冲实现量子比特与环境的部分退耦合,然后用两个量子比特编码到无消相干子空间,从而可以克服系统与环境的一般耦合带来的消相干.另外,我们考虑了量子比特之间的相互作用,两个量子比特的耦合会导致量子信息在量子比特之间的非控制流动,使量子计算失败.我们利用对两个量子比特实行非同步的脉冲控制,使编码的量子态在比特间固有相互作用影响下保持稳定.我们给出了一维比特串结构的量子计算机模型,每个计算单元内包括三个逻辑比特,每个逻辑比特采用不同的脉冲控制保护量子比特态的稳定.通过调节控制脉冲,有顺序的"打开"不同的相互作用,可以得到普适的逻辑门组,从而实现了可扩展、容错的普适量子计算机.     

北京大学ERL装置交汇段的研究与设计

 在交汇段设计理论的基础上，针对北京大学ERL的具体情况，对交汇段的束流传输结构进行了优化设计，通过模拟得到了满足要求的一组设计参数；研究了空间电荷效应以及相干同步辐射对束流发射度、能散及包络的影响。结果表明：空间电荷效应对发射度影响不大，但对束流包络影响较明显；相干同步辐射引起的发射度增长及能散较小，且不影响束流包络。     

量子信息讲座第一讲 量子计算机

量子力学和计算机理论，这两个看起来互不相关的领域，其结合却产生了一门富于成效的学科：量子计算机．文章介绍了量子计算机的基本概念和历史背景，它相对于经典计算机的优越性，它的构造和实验方案，以及实现量子计算的困难及其克服途径，最后展望了量子计算机的发展前景     

量子计算机与双螺旋结构的三旋联系

量子计算机的出现也许能揭示人脑与ＤＮＡ双螺旋结构的结合，才是更为完善的类似电脑与量子计算机的结合。而三旋理论又为量子计算机原理提供了更为清晰的图象。     

部分相干离焦散斑照相的统计理论

运用散斑统计理论，探讨了部分相干离焦散斑照相的统计规律，指出了影响条纹质量的各种因素，并给出了实验验证。     

量子算法的NMR实现方法

量子计算机是一种以量子耦合方式进行信息处理的装置[1 ] 。原则上 ,它能利用量子相干干涉方法以比传统计算机更快的速度进行诸如大数的因式分解、未排序数据库中的数据搜索等工作[2 ] 。建造大型量子计算机的主要困难是噪音、去耦和制造工艺。一方面 ,虽然离子陷阱和光学腔实验方法大有希望 ,但这些方法都还没有成功实现过量子计算。另一方面 ,因为隔离于自然环境 ,核自旋可以成为很好的“量子比特” ,可能以非传统方式使用核磁共振 (NMR)技术实现量子计算。本文介绍一种用NMR方法实现量子计算的方法 ,该方法能够用比传统方法少的步骤解决一个纯数学问题。基于该方法的简单量子计算机使用比传统计算机使用更少的函数“调用”判断一未知函数的类别。     

基于电磁诱导透明机制的压缩光场量子存储

光场的量子存储不仅是构建量子计算机的重要基础,而且是实现量子中继和远距离量子通信的核心部分.由于存在不可避免的光学损耗,光学参量放大器产生的压缩真空态光场将变为压缩热态光场,不再是最小不确定态.因此,压缩热态光场的量子存储是实现量子互联网的关键.在原子系综中利用电磁诱导透明机制能够实现量子态在光场正交分量和原子自旋波之间的相互映射,即受控量子存储.本文根据量子存储的保真度边界,研究了实现压缩热态光场量子存储的条件.量子存储的保真度边界是通过经典手段能够达到的最大保真度,当保真度大于该边界时,就实现了量子存储.通过数值计算分析了不同情况下压缩热态光场的量子存储保真度边界,以及存储保真度随存储效率的变化关系,得到了实现量子存储的条件,为连续变量量子存储实验设计提供了直接参考.     

Modeling of Nonvolatile Quantum Dot Gate Structures Operating at Millimeter Wave Frequencies for Memory Applications

This paper models electrical characteristics of quantum dot nonvolatile memory cells during READ and WRITE operations. Capacitance-voltage characteristics are calculated by self-consistently solving the Schrodinger and Poisson equations. The memory access time for a 32 kb NOR array is 73 ps, which reduces to 13 ps in lightly-doped sheath (LDS) structures. The results show that a change in the quantum dot charge has a strong effect on drain to source current. The calculated cutoff frequency f _T is 135 GHz for a 0.1 m channel length Si field-effect memory structures. The application of a quantum dot memory cell as a programmable resistor in RF circuits is presented. By changing the quantum dot charge, the resistor values can be changed by 25%.     

Quantum memory in warm rubidium vapor with buffer gas

The realization of quantum memory using warm atomic vapor cells is appealing because of their commercial availability and the perceived reduction in experimental complexity. In spite of the ambiguous results reported in the literature, we demonstrate that quantum memory can be implemented in a single cell with buffer gas using the geometry where the write and read beams are nearly copropagating. The emitted Stokes and anti-Stokes photons display cross-correlation values greater than 2, characteristic of quantum states, for delay times up to 4 μs.     

基于量子存储的长距离测量设备无关量子密钥分配研究

针对量子中继器短时间内难以应用于长距离量子密钥分配系统的问题, 提出了基于量子存储的长距离测量设备无关量子密钥分配协议, 分析了其密钥生成率与存储效率、信道传输效率和安全传输距离等参数间的关系, 研究了该协议中量子存储单元的退相干效应对最终密钥生成率的影响, 比较了经典测量设备无关量子密钥分配协议和基于量子存储的测量设备无关量子密钥分配协议的密钥生成率与安全传输距离的关系. 仿真结果表明, 添加量子存储单元后, 协议的安全传输距离由无量子存储的216 km增加至500 km, 且量子存储退相干效应带来的误码对最终的密钥生成率影响较小. 实验中可以采取调节信号光强度的方式提高测量设备无关量子密钥分配系统的密钥生成率, 为实用量子密钥分配实验提供了重要的理论参数.     

稀土掺杂固态量子存储研究进展

量子存储对量子信息网络的实现至关重要,是当前量子信息领域的研究前沿和热点.在实现量子存储的多种媒质中,稀土掺杂固体材料由于具有较长的光学相干时间和较宽的光学吸收带宽而备受研究人员的关注.本文将系统地介绍稀土掺杂固态量子存储在材料体系、存储协议、应用范围等方面的重要进展,着重从物理机理、实验方法和新近成果等方面,阐述基于原子频梳协议的稀土掺杂固态量子存储方案,并对该方案的未来发展做简要展望.     

Quantum dissipation from power-law memory

A new quantum dissipation model based on memory mechanism is suggested. Dynamics of open and closed quantum systems with power-law memory is considered. The processes with power-law memory are described by using integration and differentiation of non-integer orders, by methods of fractional calculus. An example of quantum oscillator with linear friction and power-law memory is considered.     

Reducing the Entropic Uncertainty via Non-Markovian Effect and Detuning in the Presence of Quantum Memory ∗

The influence of non-Markovian effect and detuning on the entropic uncertainty in the presence of quantum memory is studied by the time-convolutionless master-equation approach. The result shows that the entropic uncertainty in the presence of quantum memory is obviously dependent on both detuning and non-Markovian effect. The bigger the detuning is and the stronger the non-Markovian effect is, the smaller the entropic uncertainty is. Its physical explanation is that the known quantum information stored in the quantum memory can reduce or eliminate the entropic uncertainty about the measurement outcomes of another particle, which is entangled with the quantum memory.     

Quantum Maps with Memory from Generalized Lindblad Equation

In this paper, we proposed the exactly solvable model of non-Markovian dynamics of open quantum systems. This model describes open quantum systems with memory and periodic sequence of kicks by environment. To describe these systems, the Lindblad equation for quantum observable is generalized by taking into account power-law fading memory. Dynamics of open quantum systems with power-law memory are considered. The proposed generalized Lindblad equations describe non-Markovian quantum dynamics. The quantum dynamics with power-law memory are described by using integrations and differentiation of non-integer orders, as well as fractional calculus. An example of a quantum oscillator with linear friction and power-law memory is considered. In this paper, discrete-time quantum maps with memory, which are derived from generalized Lindblad equations without any approximations, are suggested. These maps exactly correspond to the generalized Lindblad equations, which are fractional differential equations with the Caputo derivatives of non-integer orders and periodic sequence of kicks that are represented by the Dirac delta-functions. The solution of these equations for coordinates and momenta are derived. The solutions of the generalized Lindblad equations for coordinate and momentum operators are obtained for open quantum systems with memory and kicks. Using these solutions, linear and nonlinear quantum discrete-time maps are derived.     

Uncertainty relations with quantum memory for the Wehrl entropy

We prove two new fundamental uncertainty relations with quantum memory for the Wehrl entropy. The first relation applies to the bipartite memory scenario. It determines the minimum conditional Wehrl entropy among all the quantum states with a given conditional von Neumann entropy and proves that this minimum is asymptotically achieved by a suitable sequence of quantum Gaussian states. The second relation applies to the tripartite memory scenario. It determines the minimum of the sum of the Wehrl entropy of a quantum state conditioned on the first memory quantum system with the Wehrl entropy of the same state conditioned on the second memory quantum system and proves that also this minimum is asymptotically achieved by a suitable sequence of quantum Gaussian states. The Wehrl entropy of a quantum state is the Shannon differential entropy of the outcome of a heterodyne measurement performed on the state. The heterodyne measurement is one of the main measurements in quantum optics and lies at the basis of one of the most promising protocols for quantum key distribution. These fundamental entropic uncertainty relations will be a valuable tool in quantum information and will, for example, find application in security proofs of quantum key distribution protocols in the asymptotic regime and in entanglement witnessing in quantum optics.     

量子存储研究进展

量子技术,比如量子通信、量子计算,具有经典技术所不具有的优势.但是,作为量子技术基本元素的量子态往往极为脆弱,很容易受到外界环境的影响而丢失,而且量子态的制造和量子操作往往是概率性的.这种概率性使得远距离量子通信和大规模的量子计算很难实现,除非有量子存储器将这些随机产生的量子态缓存并同步起来.在过去的十几年中,量子存储在各种各样的存储方案中得到了研究,而且已经从最初的原理性演示逐步发展到了如今的近乎可实用化.现如今,量子存储领域追求的是可实用化,而判断一个存储器是否可以实用化的基本标准是:高存储效率、低噪音、长寿命(或者大的时间带宽积)和室温条件下运行.通过介绍多个具有代表性的存储方案,本文给出了量子存储领域的研究现状和发展趋势.其中基于室温原子系综的宽带量子存储因其装置简单、实用性更强而广受关注.但是由于噪音问题,直到最近才在实验室中实现可工作在室温环境中的宽带FORD (far off-resonance Duan-Lukin-Cirac-Zoller)量子存储和梯形量子存储.本文对多种存储方案的工作原理、优缺点进行了介绍,对FORD方案之所以能够成功进行了分析,还对量子存储的降噪方法进行了总结.