Numerical algorithm for waveguide and leaky modes determination in multilayer optical waveguides

A new algorithm for waveguide and leaky modes spectrum calculation in multilayer planar waveguides is proposed. The method is of high computational efficiency due to the preliminary search for propagation constants approximation. Numerical efficiency of this algorithm is demonstrated for several waveguide structures. Waveguide and leaky modes propagation constants calculated for these structures using proposed method are in good agreement with previously published results.     

Simple low-loss waveguide bends using ARROW effect

A new concept for reducing bend loss in dielectric planar waveguides is presented. It is based on the introduction of a set of antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs) on the outside of the bent core and defined in the same fabrication step as the main bend. It has been ascertained by simulation that the bending loss can be significantly reduced. The method is compatible with other bend-lossreduction strategies, as well as with different waveguiding structures, such as rib and buried waveguides and fibers.This revised version was published online in August 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

弱导多层平面光波导辐射模的自由空间模近似

本文用自由空间模简化及近似表示弱导多层介质光波导的辐射模.只要辐射方向与介质界面的角度不是很小,近似程度很好.将其应用于求解光栅耦合器的辐射损耗问题,使计算公式简化,用自由空间模计算的结果与用辐射模计算的结果比较接近,也与其它近似方法进行了比较.     

Enhanced third harmonic reflection and diffraction in Silicon on Insulator photonic waveguides

Enhanced third harmonic (TH) generation from Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) planar waveguides as well as SOI photonic crystal (PhC) slabs is studied in different angular configurations, both in the visible and infrared energy ranges. In the SOI planar waveguide, the multilayer structure causes the optical properties such as TH reflection to be different from those of bulk silicon samples. This behavior is well reproduced by calculations of TH reflectance.Measurements of third-harmonic reflection and diffraction from one-dimensional PhC slabs etched in the SOI waveguide are also reported. The angular positions of TH peaks at various diffraction orders agree well with those calculated from a nonlinear grating equation. Both reflection and diffraction processes contribute to enhanced TH generation efficiency in the PhC slabs.TH reflectance measurements performed on PhC slabs in the near infrared show a resonant interaction between the incident beam and the photonic structure, dependent on the angle of incidence. This leads to a nonlinear conversion efficiency which is strongly enhanced with respect to that of the SOI waveguide, due to the excitation of strong local fields associated with the presence of photonic modes in the PhC slab.     

Pedestal antiresonant reflecting waveguides for robust coupling to microsphere resonators and for microphotonic circuits

Strip-line pedestal antiresonant reflecting waveguides are high-confinement, silica integrated optical waveguides in which the optical modes are completely isolated from the substrate by thin high-index layers. These waveguides are particularly well suited for whispering-gallery mode excitation in high-Q microspheres. They can also be used in microphotonic circuits, such as for microring resonators. The theory and design of these structures are highlighted. Experiments that show high coupling efficiency to microspheres are also demonstrated.     

Single-molecule detection sensitivity using planar integrated optics on a chip

We present a fully planar integrated optical approach to single-molecule detection based on microfabricated planar networks of intersecting solid and liquid-core waveguides. We study fluorescence from dye molecules in liquid-core antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides, and demonstrate subpicoliter excitation volumes, parallel excitation through multiple pump waveguides, and single-molecule detection sensitivity. Integrated silicon photonics combined with single-molecule detection in solution create a compact, robust, and sensitive platform that has applications in numerous fields ranging from atomic physics to the life sciences.     

Hollow-core waveguide characterization by optically induced particle transport

We introduce a method for optical characterization of hollow-core optical waveguides. Radiation pressure exerted by the waveguide modes on dielectric microspheres is used to analyze salient properties such as propagation loss and waveguide mode profiles. These quantities were measured for quasi-single-mode and multimode propagation in on-chip liquid-filled hollow-core antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides. Excellent agreement with analytical and numerical models is found, demonstrating that optically induced particle transport provides a simple, inexpensive, and nondestructive alternative to other characterization methods.     

光子晶体表面光波导的特性研究

采用平面波展开法和时域有限差分法,研究了光子晶体表面光波导的色散及光传输特性。研究结果表明,表面模的出现及其色散特性与表面介质柱的半径相关,色散曲线的斜率保持单调变化,并在最低或最高频率附近展现低群速度频率区。由于光子带隙和全内反射的共同影响,光场将沿晶体表面高效率地传输。研究结果为探索在光子晶体外部控制光传输具有重要的理论意义。     

有增益及损耗的平板波导导模的精确微扰分析

给出求含有增益层与损耗层的突变与渐变折射率剖面多层平板波导导模的微扰与解析计算公式。举例讨论了导模模式的增益（或损耗）与结构参数和偏振的关系，本文方法较求解复本征值的打靶法等简便且节省机时，对于（半导体激光器与半导体激光放大器等）实际遇到的波导结构能给出精确数值结果，并可用以分析材料的增益系数或损耗对ＴＥ和ＴＭ模式及其增益的影响等问题。     

扩散平面光波导的传递函数方法

引入一种计算光波导传播特性的新方法传递函数方法。给出了公式推导,计算了扩散各向同性及扩散各向异性平面光波导的传播特性,并与其它方法所得结果进行了比较。结果表明用传递函数方法处理折射率渐变分布的光波导问题,计算相对简单,可以得到精确的数值结果。     

Forward and backward wave propagation in multilayer planar waveguide using metamaterials layer

In this study, an efficient method is discussed to analyze the multilayer planar waveguides with double negative guided (DNG) and double positive material as guiding film. Here, among various lossless multilayer planar waveguide structures, only three layer and five layer structures are discussed. For these structures, guided dispersion characteristic, along with electric field distribution of TM modes are numerically analyzed and compared. This analysis enables an effective comparison of guided modal properties of various modes and results in a better understanding of the multilayer planar waveguide with DNG as guiding film.     

Anti-resonant reflecting photonic crystal waveguide (ARRPCW): modeling and design

In this paper, we apply an antiresonant reflecting layer concept in photonic crystal based waveguides. We have proposed a thin core ARRPCW with linear waveguide carved in it and hence calculated the transmission spectra for various length of waveguide and have shown that the longer waveguides in ARRPCW yields transmission with significantly high quality factor. Comparison of the transmission characteristics of normal conventional planar ARROW-B waveguides & ARRPCW has also been reported. The 2D FDTD numerical modeling reveals improved transmission for various lengths of planar ARROW and ARRPCW with low losses in long waveguides. Transmittance and quality factor are also calculated to confirm superior performance of the proposed design of ARROW based photonic crystal waveguide.     

Applications of the finite difference mode solution method to photonic crystal structures

The finite difference waveguide mode solution method, which has been popularly employed in the study of waveguide modes on various optical and dielectric waveguides, is utilized to calculate the modal characteristics of photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) and planar photonic crystal waveguides and the band diagrams of two-dimensional photonic crystals. Vector guided modes on both PCFs based on the total internal reflection guiding mechanism ('holey fibers') and those resulting from photonic band gap effect are accurately computed, with their effective indexes and field distributions compared with other methods. Calculated dispersion of a single-core holey fiber and coupled-power behavior of a two-core holey fiber are found to agree with measured results. For applications to band diagram calculation and planar photonic crystal waveguide analysis, the finite difference scheme is modified simply by imposing suitable periodic boundary condition. Numerical results for air-column crystals and dielectric-rod crystals are both found to agree well with calculations using other methods.     

Atomic spectroscopy and quantum optics in hollow‐core waveguides

Atomic spectroscopy is a well‐established, integral part of the physicist's toolbox with an extremely broad range of applications ranging from astronomy to single atom quantum optics. While highly desirable, miniaturization of atomic spectroscopy techniques on the chip scale was hampered by the apparent incompatibility of conventional solid‐state integrated optics and gaseous media. Here, the state of the art of atomic spectroscopy in hollow‐core optical waveguides is reviewed The two main approaches to confining light in low index atomic vapors are described: hollow‐core photonic crystal fiber (HC‐PCF) and planar antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs). Waveguide design, fabrication, and characterization are reviewed along with the current performance as compact atomic spectroscopy devices. The article specifically focuses on the realization of quantum interference effects in alkali atoms which may enable radically new optical devices based on low‐level nonlinear interactions on the single photon level for frequency standards and quantum communication systems.     

Influence of dimensionality on solutions of diffraction problems in open waveguides

We compare the reflection characteristics of surface (guided) modes scattering from the abrupt termination of a planar dielectric waveguide or an optical fiber with an elongated cross section. Analytical expressions are derived for the reflection coefficients of slightly slowed-down fundametnal modes. The analysis is performed in the scalar approximation with the use of the integral equation method and variational principles. The difference between the characteristics of the problems considered is shown to be closely related to the analytic properties of eigenfunction sets of the waveguides. P. L. Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 115–125, February 2000.     

Analysis of ARROWs with thin cores

The paper provides theoretical analysis of planar antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs) with thin cores. It is shown that the appropriate choice of the cladding system parameters enables fabrication of thin-core ARROWs with all desired properties, such as low-loss single-mode operation and high refractive-index sensitivity of ARROW mode attenuation.     

Network analysis of eigenvalue problem for multilayer dielectric waveguide consisting of arbitrary number of layers

In this paper, the eigenvalue problem of a multilayer dielectric waveguide consisting of arbitrary number of layers is solved by the microwave network method. A general program with the function of computer graphics has been developed for analyzing the dispersion characteristics and the electromagnetic field distributions of an N layer dielectric waveguide. As examples of practical applications of the program, first, the dispersions and field patterns for the planar waveguides with refractive index of parabolic and exponential profiles are analyzed. Secondly, the procedure of mode conversion and mode separation in dielectric branching waveguides is vividly demonstrated through analyzing the field distributions of asymmetric multilayer dielectric structures and the general rules of mode conversion are discussed. The examples show that the present method possesses the advantages of versatility, rapidity, simplicity and accuracy.     

多层平面介质波导辐射模

介绍一种精确计算多层平面介质波导归一化正交辐射模的方法，在全辐射模的情况下，为了保证模的正交性，给出了准奇模和准偶模的确定方法，这此方法地计算机编程，为模传播法的建立和实际应用奠定了基础，本文最后给出几个应用的实例。     

Electromagnetic wave chaos in gradient refractive index optical cavities.

Electromagnetic wave chaos is investigated using two-dimensional optical cavities formed in a cylindrical gradient refractive index lens with reflective surfaces. When the planar ends of the lens are cut at an angle to its axis, the geometrical ray paths are chaotic. In this regime, the electromagnetic mode spectrum of the cavity is modulated by both real and ghost periodic ray paths, which also "scar" the electric field intensity distributions of many modes. When the cavity is coupled to waveguides, the eigenmodes generate complex series of resonant peaks in the electromagnetic transmission spectrum.     

Planar integrated wavelength-drop device based on pedestal antiresonant reflecting waveguides and high-Q silica microspheres

Whispering-gallery modes in silica microspheres can be accessed very efficiently with the recently introduced stripline pedestal antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide (SPARROW) structure. This integrated-optics coupling technique creates novel application opportunities for the high-Q spherical cavities. We report the demonstration of a narrow-band wavelength-drop configuration utilizing SPARROW waveguides and a silica microsphere.