牡丹皮及种植土壤中重金属元素铅和镉的分析

测定不同产地牡丹皮及种植土壤中的重金属铅、镉含量,并分析牡丹皮与种植土壤中铅、镉含量的相关性.从安徽和山东产地采样,通过硝酸-过氧化氢-氢氟酸体系进行牡丹皮和种植土壤微波消解,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(GFAAS)测定牡丹皮和种植土壤中铅、镉含量.Pb元素在0-60μg/L范围内线性关系良好,回收率为102.35％,精密度RSD为1.6％ ;Cd元素在0-4μg/L范围内线性关系良好,回收率为99.85％,精密度RSD为0.7％.不同产地牡丹皮均检出重金属元素铅和镉,铅含量偏低、镉含量偏高;种植土壤中的铅、镉含量比较高,大约是牡丹皮的6-7倍.该方法具有分析速度快、测定结果的精确度和精密度高等特点.种植土壤存在着重金属污染现象,为确保药材质量,保护环境、保护药材种植土壤是非常必要的.     

原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中的镉

改进土壤中镉的测定方法.在土壤样品中加入浓硝酸和氢氟酸,在恒温干燥箱内100℃加热1h,冷却后加入2mL高氯酸,在电热板上沙浴消解,原子吸收光谱法测定样品中镉的含量.结果显示,该方法检出限为0.006mg/kg,相对标准偏差＜5％,加标回收率为90％-107％.该方法样品不需高温消解,测定损失小,操作简便、快速,精密度和准确度较好.     

应用ICP-MS和GFAAS测定藻类食品中铅、镉的方法研究及比较

建立微波消解-电感耦合等离子体-质谱法(ICP-MS)测定藻类食品中铅、镉含量的方法,并与国家标准方法石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(GFAAS)进行了比较.样品经过微波消解,分别使用ICP-MS和GFAAS测定藻类食品裙带菜和海带中铅、镉含量,各元素校正曲线的相关系数均大于0.9991,样品分析结果RSD均小于3.6%(n=6...     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定珍珠粉中的重金属

采用微波消解珍珠粉样品,石墨炉原子吸收法测定铅和镉.以磷酸为基体改进剂,可提高灰化温度,消除珍珠粉复杂的基体干扰.结果表明珍珠粉中铅含量偏高.镉含量较低.本方法快速简便、结果准确.符合分析要求.     

微波消解ICP—MS测定有机肥中的砷、铅、镉、镍和铬

建立了一种基于电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测定有机肥中砷、铅、镉、镍和铬等元素的方法。探究了湿法消解和微波消解两种样品前处理方法对有机肥中重金属元素的提取效果。结果表明：微波消解法提取效率较高,方法与国标GB／T23349相比,两种方法测定的结果不存在显著性差异;采用国家水系沉积物标准物GBW07311、GBW07312及土壤标准物GBW07401、GBW07404对方法的准确性和可靠性进行评价,其测定数据与标准值相吻合。方法对砷、铅、镉、镍、铬的检出限分别为0．06、0．009、0．04、0．01、0．02μg／L,加标回收率在95．88％-106．07％之间,精密度（RSD）均小于5％。该方法可快速、准确测定有机肥料中砷、铅、镉、镍和铬含量,为有机肥料中上述元素的检测提供了快速稳定的方法。     

两种消解法测定烟用接装纸中铬、铅和镉的比较

采用两种不同的样品消解法消解烟用接装纸样品,并采用电感耦合等离子体-发射光谱仪测定了其中的3种有害元素铬、铅和镉的含量,通过几组样品的测定结果对比,证明两种样品前处理方法均可用于实际样品测定.     

微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收法测定中药中铅、镉含量的研究

研究了各因素对样品消解效果的影响 ,优化了石墨炉原子吸收条件 ,建立了一种快速、有效的中药中铅、镉含量的检测方法 ,方法对铅、镉的检出限分别为 0 .14 5 ng/ m L、0 .0 119ng/ m L和线性范围分别为 0—2 0 ng/ m L、0— 2 ng/ m L。样品测定回收率为 96 .7%— 10 3.6 % ,结果满意。     

ICP-AES测定土壤中钡、铬和锰含量的不确定度评定

电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定土壤中钡、铬和锰含量的不确定度主要来源于样品称量、样品消解液定容体积和测定样品消解液中各元素的浓度,对这些分量进行了量化计算。土壤中钡、铬和锰的质量分数可分别表示为218.5±17.1,342.5±40.4,1468.9±47.1mg/kg。影响各元素含量测量不确定度的主要因素是测量样品消解液中各元素的浓度引起的不确定度。     

非完全消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定柞蚕蛹中铅、镉

用非完全消解处理柞蚕蛹样品,即在80-100℃的低温下用浓硝酸和过氧化氢,直至消化液呈透明淡黄色,再加入乳化剂OP溶解消解过程中所产生的油脂,可获得均匀的样品乳浊液.取适量的乳浊液制成试液,注入石墨炉中,以氘灯扣除背景吸收,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法的快速测定铅和镉.研究了样品处理条件和干扰的消除,测定结果与灰化法一致,相对误差≤士1.7%.     

浊点萃取-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法检测中成药镉残留量

建立了中成药镉残留量的浊点萃取-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法。样品先经消解,再以非离子表面活性剂浊点萃取富集消解液中的镉,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定镉含量。本方法检出限可达0.008ng/mL;加标回收率94.0%—108.5%;线性范围为0—10ng/mL(r=0.9995)。结果表明,采用浊点萃取可提高石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测镉的灵敏度、准确性、重复性和抗干扰能力。     

Effects,Observables, States,and Symmetries in Physics

We show how effect algebras arise in physics and how they can be used to tie together the observables, states and symmetries employed in the study of physical systems. We introduce and study the unifying notion of an effect-observable-state-symmetry-system (EOSS-system) and give both classical and quantum-mechanical examples of EOSS-systems.     

ICP-AES法同时测定螺旋藻中Ca、Mg、P、Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn

本文研究了干法灰化,盐酸溶解盐类,ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ技术同时测定螺旋藻中Ｃａ、ｍｇ、Ｐ、Ｆｅ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ、Ｚｎ的方法,进行了共存离子干扰和谱线干扰试验,对Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ、Ｚｎ进行了ＡＡＳ法测定对比。方法的相对标准偏差为１．３９％－５．０２％,标准回收率为９５．６％－１０４．８％。方法快速、准确、可靠。     

Allergic, dietary, chemical, stress, and hormonal influences in voice abnormalities

Allergic, dietary, chemical, biochemical, stress, and hormonal abnormalities have long been recognized as important factors in both abnormalities of the voice and in the general health of the professional vocalist. In recent years objective methods have become available to evaluate and treat allergic, dietary, and chemical abnormalities and to better understand the effects of stress and hormonal variations. Assessment of allergic disease is efficient and cost effective through the use of in vitro testing techniques combined with skin end point titration. This provides highly specific and objective results and leads to accurate planning of desensitization treatment. This form of treatment can be especially beneficial in the prevention of recurrent laryngitis. An accurate nutritional history provides evidence of food sensitivities that can lead to cyclical allergic-like vocal symptoms that can be prevented with the use of elimination diets and the judicious use of desensitization therapy. An adequate knowledge of the potential effects of chemical sensitivities will assist the patient in the avoidance of provocative chemical exposures. An in depth evaluation of biochemical abnormalities and a specific assessment of the nutritional status must be considered to evaluate the underlying causes of long-standing general health problems that can affect the voice. Likewise, hormonal variations are not only important in their direct effects on the vocal mechanism but in their cyclical effects on the patient's basic biochemical balance. Lastly, stress, which has long been related to problems in professional performance, is only now being fully studied to determine its actual biologic influences and these must be related to the causes of voice disturbances. Understanding all these influences and planning a rational and efficient evaluation of these potential problem areas are imperative in the complete care of the patient with voice abnormalities.     

Addition,elimination, exchange,and epimerization in nitro sulfones

Three reactions were studied in the diastereomers of 1‐(benzenesulfonyl)‐2‐nitro‐1‐phenylpropane ( 1A and 1B ) and briefly in related compounds: elimination of the benzenesulfonyl group, epimerization of one diastereomer to the other, and deuterium/hydrogen exchange at the methine group next to nitro in starting material. The two diastereomers showed quite different reactivity. The high melting diasteromer showed rapid elimination and some exchange. The low melting diastereomer (at approximately a half‐life) showed extensive epimerization, and elimination to the alkene, but little exchange. There is little effect of aromatic substituents on reaction course. The situation is complicated by re‐addition of benzenesulfinate to the alkene. The addition reaction was similar to elimination in agreement with the Principle of Microscopic Reversibility expectations. An electron transfer mechanism for addition is calculated to be comparatively favorable. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Self-similarity, small-world, scale-free scaling, disassortativity, and robustness in hierarchical lattices

In this paper, firstly, we study analytically the topological features of a family of hierarchical lattices (HLs) from the view point of complex networks. We derive some basic properties of HLs controlled by a parameter q: scale-free degree distribution with exponent γ=2+ln 2/(ln q), null clustering coefficient, power-law behavior of grid coefficient, exponential growth of average path length (non-small-world), fractal scaling with dimension d_B=ln (2q)/(ln 2), and disassortativity. Our results show that scale-free networks are not always small-world, and support the conjecture that self-similar scale-free networks are not assortative. Secondly, we define a deterministic family of graphs called small-world hierarchical lattices (SWHLs). Our construction preserves the structure of hierarchical lattices, including its degree distribution, fractal architecture, clustering coefficient, while the small-world phenomenon arises. Finally, the dynamical processes of intentional attacks and collective synchronization are studied and the comparisons between HLs and Barabási-Albert (BA) networks as well as SWHLs are shown. We find that the self-similar property of HLs and SWHLs significantly increases the robustness of such networks against targeted damage on hubs, as compared to the very vulnerable non fractal BA networks, and that HLs have poorer synchronizability than their counterparts SWHLs and BA networks. We show that degree distribution of scale-free networks does not suffice to characterize their synchronizability, and that networks with smaller average path length are not always easier to synchronize.     

ICP-AES测定铝合金中Mg、Be、Mn、Mo、Fe、Ti、Si和Zn

采用ICP-AES同时测定铝合金中合金元素和杂质元素,优化ICP光谱仪的工作条件,测定回收率96%-106%.RSD 0.28%-6.26%,结果令人满意.     

原子吸收光谱法测定桃叶中K,Mg,Sr,Fe,Cu,Mn和Zn等元素

本文采用桃叶作标准样品，讨论了湿法消化法与炭化－灰化法两种样品处理方法对测定结果的影响及方法操作效果比较，并进一步讨论了温度对炭化－灰化法的影响情况。由此建立起该法的适宜条件。在此条件下，用原子吸收光谱法测定桃叶及冷杉树枯枝、叶中多种元素。其精密度和准确度均能满足测定要求。