相位光栅型波前曲率传感器

研制了一套相位光栅型波前曲率传感器。实验结果表明,相位型散焦光栅能消除零级衍射光的干扰,正负一级衍射光的衍射效率达到49%。用相差板引进波前畸变,进行了波前测量实验。用格林函数算法进行了波前恢复,并和Veeco检测结果进行了比较。制备的光栅型波前曲率传感器测量结果正确,峰谷值存在10%的误差,均方根值存在2%的误差。     

局域体全息光栅的衍射特性

基于三维耦合波理论，研究了两束有限宽度的任意偏振平面波干涉产生的局域体全息光栅的衍射问题。以单位均匀振幅的任意偏振平面波为例，给出了透射波和衍射波振幅的主分量和交叉分量的解析表达式，讨论了记录过程和再现过程中入射的参考光波的偏振角对透射波和衍射波振幅的影响。计算结果表明，记录过程中的偏振角越小，形成的光栅内的耦合越强，衍射效率越高，但光束质量越差；再现过程中不同的偏振角，由于入射波和衍射波的电矢量的不同方向的耦合强弱不同，透射波和衍射波振幅的主分量和交叉分量的振幅变化行为不同。     

体全息光栅衍射特性的相位迭加分析

本文简要介绍了相位迭加方法,并用该方法分析了反射式体全息光栅的衍射特性,角度选择性和波长选择性,对分析得出的结果进行了数值模拟,并将此方法与经典的耦合波理论进行了对比分析。     

记录结构对体光栅各向异性衍射选择特性研究

以静态体光栅各向异性衍射理论分析模型为基础，将与体光栅厚度有关的记录光强调制度引入到各向异性耦合波方程中.利用耦合波理论分析了光折变晶体中体光栅的各向异性衍射性能，研究了在不同初始记录光强比的条件下，记录光入射角的改变对光折变体光栅各向异性布喇格衍射性能的影响.结果表明：记录光入射角和记录光初始光强比均对体光栅的各向异性衍射具有选择性；与此相比，记录光入射角和记录光初始光强比对于体光栅各向同性衍射不具备选择性.     

局域体全息光栅衍射的平面波与柱面波的波前转换研究

利用一维耦合波理论研究了入射方向相互垂直的一束平面波与一束柱面波干涉形成光折变局域体全息光栅的波前转换情况。给出了透射波和衍射波振幅的解析表达式。讨论了该局域体全息光栅的几何尺寸以及全息透镜的焦距对光栅衍射效率的影响。结果表明,随着光栅横向尺寸的增加,光栅的衍射效率也逐渐增加。然而,光栅的衍射效率却随着光栅纵向尺寸的增加而减小。全息透镜的焦距越长,光栅的衍射效率也越大。此外,分析了光栅的布拉格选择特性,该光栅具有非常好的角度选择特性。在平面波与柱面波干涉形成全息透镜的设计中,为了获得最优的衍射效率,应当根据要求合理地选择记录所用柱面波和设计光栅的几何尺寸。     

曝光系统离焦对平面全息光栅衍射波前的影响

波前像差是衍射光栅的重要技术指标，它直接影响光栅的分辨率。由光致刻蚀剂记录两束相干光干涉条纹是制作全息光栅的关键步骤。为了提高全息光栅曝光系统调整精度、减小离焦、降低光栅的衍射波前像差，从离焦对反射球面准直镜的准直光平行度的影响程度出发，分析了准直光平行度对全息光栅衍射波前像差的影响。理论分析和数值模拟结果表明，准直镜调整误差直接决定全息光栅衍射波前像差大小。以3种不同刻线密度光栅为例，得出了准直镜调整误差的允许变化范围。     

全息曝光系统轴向调节误差对光栅衍射波像差的影响

光栅衍射波像差作为全息光栅重要的技术指标之一,直接影响光栅分辨率,其中曝光光学系统的调节误差是引起光栅衍射波像差的主要因素。采用q参数讨论了高斯光束在光栅曝光光学系统中的传播和变换,通过计算高斯光束经准直系统后的相位给出了叠栅条纹相位分布的解析表达式,由此系统分析了曝光系统调节误差与光栅衍射波像差的关系。理论分析结果表明:左右曝光光路准直系统的相对离焦对光栅衍射波像差的影响最为显著;相对离焦量相同时,光栅衍射波像差随曝光系统焦距的减小而逐渐增大;理论模拟的条纹分布与实验中获得的叠栅条纹能够很好吻合。     

金纳米颗粒掺杂光致聚合物的体全息混合光栅模型

金纳米颗粒掺杂光致聚合物在全息曝光过程中,光产物周期分布会形成折射率调制相位型主光栅,同时金纳米颗粒周期分布形成由局域表面等离子体共振引起强吸收的振幅型辅助光栅。研究基于耦合波理论的一种混合光栅模型,分析了光栅的体全息光学特性。结果表明,混合光栅中的折射率光栅和吸收光栅都能够提升体光栅的衍射效率; 体光栅的角度选择性也可以得到明显的改善。     

用傅里叶变换法测试平面衍射光栅的分辨特性

本文提出了测试平面衍射光栅的分辨特性的新方法,用干涉法测量光栅衍射的波阵面的相位,得出衍射波阵面的三维波面图,并用所取得的相位数据作傅里叶变换求得其在谱面上的光谱衍射斑——光谱线像的强度分布,并可据此确定半宽度值和分辨极限.文中叙述了这一新方法的优点、基本原理和实验方法,并给出应用这方法测量一批光栅所得结果中的两个例子,结果表明,与通常所用直接扫描光谱线法所测结果相符合.     

变波长读出条件下光折变局域体全息光栅的衍射性质

利用二维耦合波理论,研究了用短波长记录全息光栅而用通讯波段内的长波长读出时,用于90°结构垂直读出平板型的光折变局域体全息光栅的衍射性质.讨论了局域体全息光栅的几何尺寸对其衍射效率及光栅布喇格选择性的影响.结果表明,随着光栅的纵向和横向尺寸的增加,光栅的衍射效率也逐渐增加.当光栅的纵向和横向尺寸发生改变但光栅的总面积不变时,光栅衍射效率保持不变.此外,随着光栅尺寸的增加光栅的布喇格选择性越好.在利用短波长记录全息光栅而用长波长读出的光学器件设计过程中,为了获得最佳的衍射效率及其布喇格选择特性,应当根据要求合理地设计光栅的几何尺寸.     

Boundary effects in the diffraction of light by volume gratings: II. Phase transmission gratings

The two-wave approximation of the method of characteristics modes is used to analyze theoretically the diffraction of light by volume phase transmission gratings for arbitrary proportions between the average refractive index of the grating and the refractive indices of the ambient media. Simple expressions are derived for calculating the amplitudes of the diffracted waves in the case where the angle of incidence of the primary wave coincides with the Bragg angle. The roles of the front and back boundaries of the grating are discussed separately, and a new method for separating the contribution of the boundary diffraction, which is due to the periodic inhomogeneity of the grating boundaries, is proposed. The experimental possibility of selecting partial Bloch waves in the measurements of the diffraction efficiency of gratings that have high reflection coefficients of both boundaries is demonstrated.     

散射光彩色数字全息光学系统及波面重建算法研究

令物体表面为散射面,参考光及重建光为球面波,详细研究了离轴数字全息物光场重建平面的光波场.导出物光、共轭物光及零级衍射光分布与光学系统参数的关系.根据彩色数字全息的特点,提出抑制零级衍射干扰的光学系统设计方法,并且对一种能够避免插值误差的波面重建算法进行了优化研究,给出了相应的实验证明.     

Generalized phase-shifting interferometry with arbitrary unknown phase steps for diffraction objects

A general method of extracting the arbitrary unknown and unequal phase steps in phase-shift interferometry from interferograms recorded on the diffraction field of an object and then reconstructing the object wave front digitally with our derived formulas is proposed. The phase steps are first calculated based on the statistical nature of the diffraction field and are further improved by an iterative approach. This method is simple, highly accurate, and usable for any frame number N (N > or = 3) and for both smooth and diffusing objects, as is verified by a series of computer simulations.     

A method for the evaluation of the grating envelope in volume holographic media

A novel method for measuring the three-dimensional spatial distribution of gratings in a volume holographic medium is described. In this method, the diffraction of a uniform probe light wave is measured as a function of the deviation (either in angle or wavelength) from the Bragg condition. The envelope function of the grating is obtained by solving the coupled wave equations inversely. Not only the amplitude but also the phase of the envelope function is obtained. This method allows for the depletion of the probe light wave in the hologram and is applicable to both dielectric (refractive index) and absorption gratings. The resolution and the maximum measurable depth in this method are discussed.     

Study on measuring refractive index modulation of volume phase holographic gratings

In this paper, we present an approach to measure the refractive index modulation of volume phase holographic gratings (VPHG) by use of its angular selectivity, with the advantage of avoiding the diffraction efficiency errors induced by noise. Based on Kogelnik's coupled wave theory for volume holographic gratings, the wave vectors matching relationship for reflective VPHG at different readout wavelengths is deduced and the diffraction efficiency as a function of readout angle is also obtained. Then an all-fiber experimental system is designed to measure corresponding diffraction efficiency with different readout angles for VPHG recorded in dichromate gelatin. By seeking the Bragg angle where diffraction efficiency is maximum and the blank angle where diffraction efficiency drops to the minimum value, the refractive index modulation can be calculated. The experiment results proves the feasibility of the method.     

Thin and thick diffraction gratings: Thin matrix decomposition method

A brief review of the properties of transmission diffraction gratings is presented. Two types of gratings will be analyzed: thin and volume gratings explaining how the efficiency of the different orders that propagate inside the gratings can be calculated in both cases. For thin diffraction gratings the so-called amplitude transmittance method is applied in order to get the amplitude of the different orders, whereas in the case of volume gratings more complex methods are needed, such as Coupled Wave or modal theories. We will comment on the thin matrix decomposition method (TMDM), firstly proposed by Alferness, which gives a very intuitive approach and connects the properties of thin gratings to the properties of volume ones. The thin matrix decomposition method consists in dividing the volume grating in a number of thin gratings and applying the amplitude transmittance method to each thin grating. In this way the output of a grating will be considered as the input of the next and any individual grating can be treated by the amplitude transmittance method. The novelty of this work is that a comparison is made between the analytical expressions obtained by Alferness using the TMDM with the numerical results obtained using the coupled wave (CW) and rigorous coupled wave (RCW) theories for the efficiencies of the zero, first and second order when a plane wave incides onto a sinusoidal diffracion grating at the second on-Bragg replay angular condition.     

Oval-Shaped Spectrogram Formed by Randomly Oriented Refractive Index Gratings in Photorefractive Crystals

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利用位错光栅实现中空光束

讨论了螺旋波的特性，利用计算机模拟螺旋波与平面波干涉仪形成的光学位错图案制成光栅，利用不同阶次的位错光栅得到不同暗斑尺寸的中空光束。     

数字全息显微术对细胞的研究

通过数字全息显微的方法分析研究了新鲜洋葱表皮细胞的形貌结构. 根据全息理论、光的衍射理论和透镜的相位变换性质,从理论上分析了数字全息显微原理,并依据四步相移和最小二乘去包裹技术,研究了重构细胞相位的方法.分析比较了不同参考光对数字全息显微分辨率的影响,设计了用球面光波作为参考光记录数字全息显微的装置.以新鲜洋葱表皮细胞为样本完成了实验检测和相位重构,得到了细胞的相位和三维信息,并粗略估计了细胞宽度和厚度.系统分辨率达到了1.3 μm.