Mn助剂加入方式对铁基催化剂F-T合成性能的影响

采用连续共沉淀与喷雾干燥成型技术相结合的方法制备了系列微球状Fe/Mn/K催化剂,结合H2 DTG、CO TPR、Mossbauer谱等表征手段,研究了Mn助剂的加入方式对铁基催化剂物相结构、还原和碳化行为以及F-T合成性能的影响。催化剂在浆态床反应器中以接近F-T合成实际工况条件 (250℃、1.5MPa、H2/CO=0.67和2.0L /(gcat·h)) 进行评价。结果表明,以共沉淀方式加入Mn助剂具有较强的Fe Mn相互作用,从而抑制了催化剂的还原和碳化,降低了催化剂的活性,提高了催化剂的稳定性。而以部分共沉淀和黏结剂方式加入Mn助剂促进了催化剂的还原和碳化,提高了反应活性加速了催化剂的失活。与共沉淀Mn相比,部分共沉淀和黏结剂Mn提高了重质烃和烯烃的选择性,同时抑制了有机含氧化合物的生成。     

Effect of reduction temperature on a spray-dried iron-based catalyst for slurry Fischer–Tropsch synthesis

An industrial iron-based catalyst (100Fe/5Cu/6K/16SiO₂, by weight) was characterized after reduction at different temperatures and after Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) in a stirred tank slurry reactor (STSR). The BET surface area and pore volume of the catalyst decreases with increasing reduction temperature, and the contrary trend was found for pore size. The iron phase compositions of catalysts reduced with syngas were strongly dependent on pretreatment conditions employed. Pretreatment with syngas at lower temperature prevents iron catalyst activation. Carburization was intensified with the increase in reduction temperature. The formation of iron carbides in reduced catalyst was necessary for obtaining stable high FTS activity. The relationship between the amount of CO₂ in tail gas during activation and the Fe³⁺ (spm) content in the reduced catalyst was observed. The rapid carburization at high reduction temperature resulted in the formation of a superparamagnetic Fe³⁺ core and an iron carbide layer of the reduced catalyst. FTS activity decreased with the increase in the reduction temperature, but the stability distinctly improved. It was found that the working catalyst loss in the heavier waxy products resulted in higher deactivation rate of the catalyst reduced at lower temperature. With the increase in the reduction temperature, the product distribution shifted towards the lower molecular weight products.     

煅烧温度对Mn改性γ-Fe2O3催化剂结构及低温SCR脱硝活性的影响

采用共沉淀法,在不同煅烧温度下制备一系列Mn改性γ-Fe₂O₃催化剂(Fe_0.7Mn_0.3O_z),研究了煅烧温度对Fe_0.7Mn_0.3O_z催化剂低温SCR脱硝活性的影响,并借助XRD、N₂吸附-脱附、EDS及SEM等手段对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,350 ℃煅烧所得Fe_0.7Mn_0.3O_z催化剂的低温SCR活性最佳,在70 ℃时取得92%的NO_x转化率,100~200 ℃可维持100%的NO_x转化率,而450 ℃煅烧所得催化剂的低温SCR活性最低;煅烧温度为350 ℃时,催化剂具有最大的比表面积和比孔容、发达的孔隙结构及适当结晶度的γ-Fe₂O₃,而煅烧温度为400或450 ℃时,催化剂发生烧结且有α-Fe₂O₃生成,不利于低温SCR反应的进行,因此,Fe_0.7Mn_0.3O_z催化剂的最佳煅烧温度为350 ℃。     

Characterization and Activity of Iron-Manganese Catalysts for Carbon Monoxide Hydrogenation

Studies on the structural changes and catalytic behavior of iron-manganese catalysts for CO hydrogenation were conducted using Mossbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, temperature programmed reduction and kinetic measurements. It was observed that the reduction of the mixed oxide catalyst precursors proceeds via the formation of Fe_3-xMn_xO₄,Mn_3-xFe_xO₄ mixed spinel and Fe_1-zMn₂O mixed oxide to α-iron and MnO. After use for CO hydrogenation, catalysts are oxidized as well as carburized. The Mn_3-yFe_yO₄ mixed spinel and Fe_1-2Mn_zO mixed oxide are the most powerful phases for olefin production. The highest attainable 2–4 low carbon olefin selectivity is 41% with an 86% conversion level. Higher manganese content or lower reduction temperatures may change the carbide formed from χ-Fe₅C₂ to the more unstable ?′-Fe₂₂C. Carbide formation is greatly dependent on manganese content and activation procedure used.     

Mo 和 Cu 助剂对 FeK/SiO2 催化剂费托合成性能的影响

 研究了 Mo 和 Cu 助剂对 FeK/SiO₂ 催化剂的性质及费托 (F-T) 合成性能的影响. 采用 N₂ 物理吸附、H₂ 程序升温还原、X 射线衍射、穆斯堡尔谱和 X 射线光电子能谱技术对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, Mo 加入后与 Fe 产生了较强的相互作用, 抑制了催化剂的还原和碳化; Cu 助剂的加入促进了催化剂的还原和碳化; 当 Mo 和 Cu 共同加入后, 催化剂的还原和碳化行为与单独加入 Cu 助剂时相似. 催化剂 F-T 合成性能在固定床上于 280 ^oC, 1.5 MPa, 2 000 h^-1, H₂/CO = 2.0 的合成气中测试. 结果表明, Mo 的加入降低了催化剂活性, 但提高了重质烃 (C₅₊) 的选择性; Cu 的添加提高了催化剂的活性, 但对稳定 C₅₊选择性作用不明显. Mo 和 Cu 共同加入后, 催化剂既表现出较为稳定的 C₅₊选择性, 同时其活性也没有降低.     

A study on the reduction behavior of silica supported iron and platinum-iron catalysts

The reduction behavior of silica supported iron and platinum-iron catalysts were studied by combinedin situ temperature programmed reduction (TPR)-M?ssbauer Spectroscopy (MBS). The results indicated that the TPR profiles of the supported Fe catalysts were different from that of bulk α-Fe₂O₃. There existed an interaction between the Pt and Fe metals and the SiO₂ support for the Pt−Fe/SiO₂ catalyst. On the supported iron-containing catalysts, the Fe³⁺ species were highly dispersed on the SiO₂ supported before reduction. No Fe⁰ and Fe²⁺ in octahedral vacancy were found in the reduction of SiO₂ supported iron-containing catalysts. Addition of Pt to the Fe/SiO₂ catalyst could promote the reduction of the iron species.     

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over Ru/Al2O3 catalysts

Fischer-Tropsch syntheses (FTS) were carried out in a slurry phase over Ru/Al₂O₃ catalysts using hexadecane as a solvent. The outcome of the FTS was dependent on the oxide support, calcination temperature, synthesis gas composition and sulfur content. The addition of Mn/Na to Ru/Al₂O₃ was effective in raising the initial activity and C5+ selectivity, but after 20 hours, the performance of the modified catalyst was similar to that of the unmodified catalyst. An additional investigation involving the use of fresh vs used catalysts demonstrated that an agglomeration of the metallic Ru, at least in part, does occur during the reaction.     

Study of an iron-based Fischer–Tropsch synthesis catalyst incorporated with SiO2

The effect of adding SiO₂ to a precipitated iron-based Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) catalyst was investigated using N₂ physical adsorption, H₂ differential thermogravimetric analysis, temperature-programmed reduction/desorption (TPR/TPD) and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The FTS performances of the catalysts with or without SiO₂ were compared in a fixed bed reactor. The characterization results indicated that SiO₂ facilitates the high dispersion of Fe₂O₃ and significantly influences the Fe/Cu and Fe/K contacts, which play an important role in the surface basicity, reduction and carburization behaviors, as well as the FTS performances. The incorporation of SiO₂ enhances the Fe/Cu contact, further enlarges the H₂ adsorption and promotes the reduction of Fe₂O₃ → FeO_x, while the transformation of FeO_x → Fe is suppressed probably due to the strong Fe–SiO₂ interaction. SiO₂ indirectly weakens the surface basicity and severely suppresses the carburization and CO adsorption of the catalyst. In the FTS reaction, it was found that SiO₂ decreases the FTS initial activity but improves the catalyst stability. Due to the lower surface basicity than the catalyst without SiO₂, the catalyst incorporated with SiO₂ has higher selectivity to light hydrocarbons and methane and decreased selectivity to the olefins and heavy hydrocarbons.     

Influence of iron oxide support preparation method on the properties of Ru/Fe2O3 catalysts for water-gas shift reaction

Studies were undertaken of phase transitions of iron oxide obtained from iron oxide-hydroxides of type α-, β-, γ- and δ-FeOOH, and used as a support of ruthenium catalysts Ru/Fe₂O₃, employed in the water-gas shift reaction. In asprepared pure supports and ruthenium catalysts the main phase was α-Fe₂O₃. After use in the water-gas shift reaction, the support showed the presence of different phases of iron oxide. The most active Ru/Fe₂O₃ catalysts prepared on the basis of α- and δ-FeOOH, after use in the water-gas shift reaction, revealed the presence of Fe₃O₄ or a mixture of phases Fe₃O₄ and γ-Fe₂O₃. The least active catalysts, prepared on the basis of β- and γ-FeOOH, contained a solid solution of Fe₃O₄-γ-Fe₂O₃ with traces of α-Fe₂O₃.     

Binary α-Fe2O3–Co3O4 nanostructures for advanced oxidation process: Role of synergy for enhanced catalysis

Iron and its binary oxides are meticulously exploited for environmental remediations. However, only limited studies have been carried out on the degradation of industrial organics by advanced oxidation process. In this study, iron oxide, cobalt oxide, and iron–cobalt binary oxides were synthesized by a modified hydrothermal method as heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysts for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from wastewaters. The oxide nanostructures were characterized by different analytical techniques. Studying the effects of various parameters such as catalyst dose, MB concentration, and H₂O₂ concentration, the reaction conditions were optimized to enhance the removal of MB dye. The results revealed that α-Fe₂O₃–Co₃O₄ shows much higher activity than both Co₃O₄ and α-Fe₂O₃ for the degradation of MB at room temperature and beyond. The binary α-Fe₂O₃–Co₃O₄ shows degradation efficiency of 96.4% at 65 °C within 60 min. Furthermore, the binary α-Fe₂O₃–Co₃O₄ catalyst retains its activity for up to four successive cycles. A probable mechanism is also proposed, involving the generation of ‧OH radical as well as Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ or Co²⁺/Co³⁺ redox couple of the binary α-Fe₂O₃–Co₃O₄ catalyst.     

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis by nano-structured iron catalyst

Effects of nanoscale iron oxide particles on textural structure, reduction, carburization and catalytic behavior of precipitated iron catalyst in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) are investigated. Nanostructured iron catalysts were prepared by microemulsion method in two series. Firstly, Fe2O3, CuO and La2O3 nanoparticles were prepared separately and were mixed to attain Fe/Cu/La nanostructured catalyst (sep-nano catalyst); Secondly nanostructured catalyst was prepared by co-precipitation in a water-in-oil microemulsion method (mix-nano catalyst). Also, conventional iron catalyst was prepared with common co-precipitation method. Structural characterizations of the catalysts were performed by TEM, XRD, H2 and CO-TPR tests. Particle size of iron oxides for sep-nano and mix-nano catalysts, which were determined by XRD pattern (Scherrer equation) and TEM images was about 20 and 21.6 nm, respectively. Catalyst evaluation was conducted in a fixed-bed stainless steel reactor and compared with conventional iron catalyst. The results revealed that FTS reaction increased while WGS reaction and olefin/paraffin ratio decreased in nanostructured iron catalysts.     

Fe2O3含量对Cu-Fe/铝土矿水煤气变换催化剂结构和性能的影响

利用具有高比表面积和介孔结构的改性铝土矿为载体,采用并流共沉淀法制备不同Fe₂O₃含量的Cu-Fe/铝土矿催化剂。以水煤气变换反应为探针反应,考察了催化剂性能。利用X射线荧光元素分析(XRF)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、H₂程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、CO程序升温脱附(CO-TPD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明:负载的Fe₂O₃能显著提高CuO/改性铝土矿催化剂的水煤气变换活性特别是热稳定性能,且随负载的Fe₂O₃含量增加而提高,当负载量为20%时达到最佳。其原因是负载的Fe₂O₃和CuO之间发生了相互作用,形成了类似于CuFe₂O₄复合氧化物,且随负载的Fe₂O₃含量的增加而增强,这种相互作用同时促进了CuO和Fe₂O₃的还原,抑制了CuO的烧结,进而提高了催化剂的性能。     

Influence of the preparation history of α-Fe2O3 on its reactivity for hydrogen reduction

TG experiments on the hydrogen reduction of α-Fe₂O₃ were carried out to elucidate the influence of the preparation history of the oxide on its reactivity. α-Fe₂O₃ samples were prepared by the thermal decomposition of seven iron salts in a stream of oxygen, air or nitrogen at temperatures of 500–1200°C for 1 h. Thirteen metal ions such as Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, etc. were used as doping agents. The reactivity of the oxide was indicated by the initial reduction temperature (T_i. α-Fe₂O₃ prepared at lower temperatures showed lower T_i values and the reduction proceeded stepwise (Fe₂O₃ → Fe₃O₄ → Fe). T_i values increased with the rise in the preparation temperature of the oxide. The oxides prepared at higher temperatures showed that two reduction steps (Fe₂O₃ → Fe₃O₄ → Fe) proceed simultaneously. the preparation in oxygen gave higher T_i than that in air or nitrogen. The doping by metal ions, except Ti⁴⁺, lowered the T_i of α-Fe₂O₃. The Cu²⁺ ion showed the lowest T_i, while Ti⁴⁺ showed the highest T_i and the inhibition effect.The reduction process was expressed by two equations; Avrami—Erofeev's equation for α-Fe₂O₃ → Fe₃O₄ and Mampel's equation for Fe₃O₄ → Fe.     

XPS and ISS analysis of Fischer-Tropsch catalysts

Summary The surface compositions of K and Cu containing Fe/Mn oxide catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis were investigated by XPS and ISS. The surface species after calcination are identified as Fe₂O₃, Mn₂O₃, MnO₂, CuO and most likely KO₂, and after in situ reduction at 723 K Fe⁰, Cu⁰, Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ oxides, MnO and KOH. Mn and K are enriched on the surfaces after calcination and reduction; the Cu surface content is approximately equal to the bulk concentration. The K enrichment is especially strong and ISS indicates that potassium is mainly confined to the uppermost layers. The degree of reduction of Fe is strongly dependent on the amount of Cu or K. The change in surface composition during Fischer-Tropsch reaction in the XPS equipment can be correlated to the activity of the catalysts. The pure and Cu containing samples show a constant activity and only a small increase in carbon surface concentration. The K containing catalysts deactivate after a short time and are then totally covered by carbon. On all catalyst surfaces a small amount of carbonate is formed.

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XPS- and ISS-Analyse von Fischer-Tropsch-Katalysatoren

     

费托合成 Fe基催化剂中铁物相与活性的关系

 采用连续共沉淀和喷雾干燥相结合的方法制备了微球形 Fe 基催化剂, 采用 N2 吸附-脱附、X 射线衍射和穆斯堡尔谱等手段, 考察了催化剂在不同还原条件下铁物相的转变, 并在浆态床反应器中评价了催化剂的费-托合成 (FTS) 反应性能. 结果表明, Fe 基催化剂在合成气气氛下首先从α-Fe2O3 转变为 Fe3O4, 然后转变为铁碳化物 (FexC); 还原压力的增大有利于 α-Fe2O3 向 Fe3O4 的转变, 而抑制 Fe3O4 向 FexC 的转变; 还原空速的增加则促进 Fe3O4 转变为 FexC. 催化剂的 FTS 反应活性随着催化剂中 Fe3O4 含量的增加而逐渐下降, 而随着 FexC 含量的增加而逐渐上升.     

Support Morphology Effect on Selective Hydrogenation of 3-Nitrostyrene to 3-Vinylaniline over Pt/α-Fe2O3 Catalysts

Selective hydrogenation of substituted nitroaromatic compounds is an extremely important and challenging reaction. Supported metal catalysts attract much attention in this reaction because the properties of metal nanoparticles (NPs) can be modified by the nature of the support. Herein, the support morphology on the catalytic performance of selective hydrogenation of 3-nitrostyrene to 3-vinylaniline was investigated. Pt NPs supported on octadecahedral α-Fe₂O₃ supports with a truncated hexagonal bipyramid shape (Pt/α-Fe₂O₃-O) and rod-shaped α-Fe₂O₃ supports (Pt/α-Fe₂O₃-R) were prepared by glycol reduction method. Detailed characterizations reveal that the electronic structure and dispersion of Pt NPs can be modified by the supports. The Pt/α-Fe₂O₃-O catalyst exhibited superior catalytic performance for hydrogenation of 3-nitrostyrene because of its low coordinated Pt sites and the small Pt NPs size, which is benefit from the high-index exposed surfaces of truncated hexagonal bipyramid-shaped α-Fe₂O₃ support. The structural evolution during the catalytic reaction was investigated in detail by identical location transmission electron microscopy (IL-TEM) method, which found that the high cycling activity of Pt/α-Fe₂O₃-O catalyst during the cycle experiment results from the stability of Pt NPs.     

The oxidation of carbon monoxide on iron oxide

The oxidation of CO on α-Fe₂O₃ was studied in a flow reactor. The conversion was complete at 650–660 K. The catalytic activity of iron oxide was higher than that of the ferrite-containing xMgOyFe₂O₃ catalyst. The adsorption of CO on iron oxide and the kinetics of interaction of carbon monoxide with oxygen atomically adsorbed on the surface of α-Fe₂O₃ were studied. The kinetic parameters of the oxidation of CO are evidence of the participation of adsorbed oxygen atoms, whose binding energy on the surface of α-Fe₂O₃ is lower than that on the surface of the magnesium ferrite-containing catalyst.     

Effect of the pore size of Co/SBA-15 isomorphically substituted with zirconium on its catalytic performance in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

Cobalt catalysts supported on a series of mesoporous SBA-15 materials isomorphically substituted with zirconium (Zr/Si atomic ratio = 1/20) with different pore sizes (5.7 nm, 7.8 nm, 11.6 nm, 17.6 nm) have been synthesized. The catalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, ²⁹Si solid state magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR, N₂ adsorption-desorption measurements, X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, H₂-temperature programmed reduction, H₂-temperature programmed desorption and O₂ titrations. The results indicated that larger pore size led to weaker interactions between cobalt and the supports which lowered the temperature of both reduction steps (Co₃O₄→CoO and CoO→Co⁰). The catalytic performances of the catalysts in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) were tested in a fixed bed reactor. It was found that the FTS catalytic activity and product selectivity depended strongly on the pore size of the catalysts. The catalyst with a pore size of 7.8 nm showed the best FTS activity, and the catalyst with a pore size of 17.6 nm showed the highest selectivity to C₁₂–C₂₀ and C₂₀₊ hydrocarbons.     

不同RuO2含量对RuO2-Fe2O3催化剂氨选择性催化氧化性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法（sol-gel）制备了一系列具有不同RuO₂含量的RuO₂-Fe₂O₃催化剂,并将其应用于氨选择性催化氧化（NH₃-SCO）研究中。结果表明,所有RuO₂-Fe₂O₃催化剂都表现出较好的低温活性,且RuO₂含量对催化剂的NH₃催化氧化活性影响显著。此外,利用BET、XRD、H₂-TPR和DRIFTS等表征手段研究了催化剂的物理化学性质和催化活性之间的关系。结果表明,RuO₂的加入增大了催化剂的比表面积。RuO₂与Fe₂O₃之间存在的协同效应提高了催化剂的氧化还原能力,从而提高了催化剂的氨氧化活性。同时,RuO₂含量对催化剂表面酸性影响很大,且催化剂表面主要存在Lewis酸性位点。     

F—T合成Fe—Mn超细粒子催化剂的表面结构

本工作利用XPS研究了用于F-T合成的加K助剂的Fe-Mn超细粒子催化剂的表面结构,考察了制备方法和预处理条件对催化剂表面结构的影响。在合成气处理条件下,伴随着Mn向表面迁移并产生富集。催化剂表面显著富K;适当的Mmt和富集有利于提高低碳烯烃选择性,同时活性不会明显降低。催化剂还原可以用“内还原模型”来描述,依还原程度不同。表面形成不同的Fe~3+、Fe~(?)、Fe_3O_4、x-Fe(?)C(?)、Mn~(3+)、Mn~(3+)的混合物,Mn的加入促进了表面铁物种的还原与碳化,合成气氛下,催化剂表面形成了三种不同的表面碳物种:烃类碳、石墨型碳(284.6eV)以及碳化物碳(283.2eV)。