压剪复合冲击下氧化铝陶瓷的剪切响应实验研究

通过对92.93%氧化铝陶瓷进行倾斜板碰撞实验,研究了多晶陶瓷材料在压剪复合冲击下的非弹性变形响应和剪切波传播规律。压剪复合冲击实验由57 mm开槽气体炮驱动铜飞片对陶瓷靶板加载,通过试件内埋植的电磁速度计来测量内部质点速度历程。将纵向粒子速度从感应电动势曲线中分离后得到横向粒子速度历程,发现在压剪复合冲击下由于材料剪切刚度的降低而引起的剪切波衰减。冲击软回收试件的扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察表明,冲击载荷低于屈服强度时,多晶氧化铝陶瓷中存在沿晶界、气孔的微裂纹成核与扩展,在高于屈服强度的冲击加载下进一步产生了穿晶微裂纹,微裂纹系统导致了材料在卸载后的显著的体积膨胀。     

A95陶瓷材料的动态压缩测试研究

为了得到陶瓷材料有效的实验结果,必须采用多种改进措施(PulseShaper、高强度和高刚度垫块、直接测试试样应变以及使用较大长径比的试样)来满足SHPB装置所要求的基本假设条件。研究以A95陶瓷的测试为例,通过数值模拟分析证明:针对陶瓷材料改进的SHPB装置,可以得到陶瓷材料的有效压缩应力 应变曲线和压缩破坏强度。但是在分析材料的压缩破坏强度时,必须排除劈开破坏的干扰。数值模拟研究发现,压缩测试中出现的劈开破坏是由卸载过程中出现的局部横向(沿直径)拉伸造成的拉伸破坏。在修正了弥散对压缩破坏强度的影响后,研究得到了A95陶瓷的压缩破坏强度为3.5GPa。A95陶瓷的高应变率压缩应力 应变曲线显示了良好的线弹性,并且曲线的斜率与杨氏模量相同。     

陶瓷材料SHPB实验的改进垫块法

高强度陶瓷材料SHPB实验中,利用圆柱或圆台形垫块可避免压杆的端面塑性变形,但存在陶瓷试件中轴向的应力不均匀现象,从而影响实验结果的有效性。本文通过数值模拟分析了两种垫块方式引起的试件中轴向应力分布的特点,并以此为基础提出了一种更为合理的垫块方法。利用商业软件LS-DYNA,数值模拟了改进垫块方法的陶瓷材料SHPB实验。结果显示,基本上消除了陶瓷试件中轴向应力不均匀现象。应用一维应力波理论,分析了实验中的波传播过程,得到了对实验数据的修正处理方法,并证明了所提的修正方法是可行有效的。     

冲击载荷下Al_2O_3陶瓷材料的动态力学行为和响应

采用分离式Hopkinson压杆实验装置和ABQAUS软件,对氧化铝陶瓷材料进行冲击压缩实验和有限元数值模拟;分析了此类材料中的应力-应变关系、应力波的传播特性和冲击动态响应。结果表明:氧化铝陶瓷的极限强度和应力波波速均随着应变率的增加而明显增加,应变率效应明显;氧化铝陶瓷材料属于递减硬化材料,随着应变的增大,应力波的波速降低,动态切线模量逐渐减小;当应变率增加50%时,此类材料的应力、应变、速度、加速度等参量的冲击动态响应分别增加约68.67%、77.42%、22.84%、25.75%。     

PMMA动态拉伸破坏实验研究

本文利用Hopkinson压杆系统对PMMA变截面柱锥试样进行冲击加载,研究材料动态拉伸断裂特性和破坏机理.由于PMMA的拉压强度差别不大,采用圆柱状试件难以产生反射拉伸破坏,因此,将试样设计为圆柱锥状,实验时,将试样的圆柱端粘贴于输入杆上.实验结果表明,在一定的撞击速度下,由于应力波的汇聚作用,在试样锥段产生了反射拉伸破坏;当撞击速度较高时,在产生反射拉伸破坏的同时,试件中还产生了银纹区,随着打击速度的提高,银纹区域增大.同时根据断口的SEM观察,研究了材料的破坏机制.     

考虑微结构特征的陶瓷材料含损伤本构模型

为了研究不同微结构陶瓷材料的冲击破坏特征,以从微结构角度出发、描述陶瓷材料非弹性变形和断裂行为的Deshpande-Evan模型为基础构建本构模型,计算了无约束条件下材料的应力状态。为了验证改进模型的有效性,将VUMAT子程序编程方法将与ABAQUS有限元软件相结合,并将其应用于典型陶瓷材料（YAG透明陶瓷）冲击破坏过程的分析模拟。采用改进模型分析应变率、应力三轴度、晶粒尺寸及初始缺陷分布密度对YAG透明陶瓷动态力学行为和损伤演化机制的影响规律。结果表明：随着晶粒尺寸和裂纹分布密度的增加,YAG透明陶瓷破坏程度随之加剧,完全损伤区域面积也随之增加,晶粒尺寸对YAG透明陶瓷宏观破坏特征的影响程度要大于裂纹分布密度;YAG透明陶瓷失效强度以及断裂应变随着晶粒尺寸以及初始缺陷分布密度的增大而减小;随着应变率不断增加,YAG透明陶瓷在不同晶粒尺寸以及初始缺陷分布密度下的峰值应力和断裂应变均随之增加;裂纹扩展速度会随着晶粒尺寸的增加呈现出先增加而后平缓的趋势,裂纹扩展速度与初始缺陷分布密度系数成线性关系。改进模型可以描述YAG透明陶瓷微结构对其宏观破坏特征的影响,为进一步分析微结构对陶瓷材料宏观...     

脆性材料的均强度破坏准则

在大量工程陶瓷和玻璃力学性能研究的基础上,针对脆性材料的强度特点,提出一个新的强度准则——均强度准则.指出了脆性材料存在一个固有特征——破坏发生区,并导出了相应的解析表达式.应用该理论解释了弯曲强度的尺寸效应,给出了不同尺寸试件弯曲强度的关系式.并通过一系列实验以及格里菲斯的经典实验验证了均强度准则的正确性和可行性.为工程陶瓷等脆性材料的力学性能评价提供了一个有效的破坏准则.     

石英玻璃杆Taylor撞击实验的数值模拟

采用离散元方法模拟石英玻璃杆Taylor撞击问题,再现了其破坏过程:在撞击端,杆以压缩失效波的形式破坏;在自由端,出现了密集的拉伸层裂破坏. 分析表明:层裂是失效波阵面应力快速下降引起的追赶卸载波,与弹性压缩前驱波在自由端反射引起的迎面卸载波相互作用的结果;随着撞击速度的增大,撞击端失效波造成的压缩破坏区域损伤程度增大,反射端层裂破坏损伤区域减小. 进一步对失效波阵面的结构变化及其波速问题进行了研究,发现失效区域随着扩张变成一段裂纹逐渐由密到稀的区段,将此区段分为高损伤区和低损伤区,研究发现由稀疏微裂纹组成的低损伤区的前端面传播速度和弹性前驱波速基本相同,为固定值;而高损伤区前端面的裂纹密度随着传播距离的增加变稀,直至过渡为低损伤区,其传播具有显著的速度衰减、端面模糊直至停止的过程. 高损伤前端面的平均速度随着撞击速度的增大而增大,并逐渐趋近于弹性波速. 最后与已有实验做了对比,发现实验中高速摄影观察到的玻璃中"失效波"阵面实际上是高损伤前端面,而稀疏的低损伤微裂纹很难捕捉.      

石英玻璃杆Taylor撞击实验的数值模拟

采用离散元方法模拟石英玻璃杆Taylor撞击问题,再现了其破坏过程:在撞击端,杆以压缩失效波的形式破坏;在自由端,出现了密集的拉伸层裂破坏.分析表明:层裂是失效波阵面应力快速下降引起的追赶卸载波,与弹性压缩前驱波在自由端反射引起的迎面卸载波相互作用的结果;随着撞击速度的增大,撞击端失效波造成的压缩破坏区域损伤程度增大,反射端层裂破坏损伤区域减小.进一步对失效波阵面的结构变化及其波速问题进行了研究,发现失效区域随着扩张变成一段裂纹逐渐由密到稀的区段,将此区段分为高损伤区和低损伤区,研究发现由稀疏微裂纹组成的低损伤区的前端面传播速度和弹性前驱波速基本相同,为固定值;而高损伤区前端面的裂纹密度随着传播距离的增加变稀,直至过渡为低损伤区,其传播具有显著的速度衰减、端面模糊直至停止的过程.高损伤前端面的平均速度随着撞击速度的增大而增大,并逐渐趋近于弹性波速.最后与已有实验做了对比,发现实验中高速摄影观察到的玻璃中"失效波"阵面实际上是高损伤前端面,而稀疏的低损伤微裂纹很难捕捉.     

动态力学量的光电测试法

本文对光电法用于动态力学量测试的可行性进行了系统的分析和研究,并与传统的电阻应变片法作了比较。结果表明,这一方法能可靠地用于准静态直至=10~5s~(-1)范围内的质点位移、速度、试件应变、应变率、应力和泊松比等力学量的测量,其中质点位移和试件大应变为直接测量,能有效提高测试精度.     

PROGRESSIVE FRACTURE MODELING OF THE FAILURE WAVE IN IMPACTED GLASS

The failure wave has been observed propagating in glass under impact loading since 1991. It is a continuous fracture zone which may be associated with the damage accumulation process during the propagation of shock waves. A progressive fracture model was proposed to describe the failure wave formation and propagation in shocked glass considering its heterogeneous meso-structures. The original and nucleated microcracks will expand along the pores and other defects with concomitant dilation when shock loading is below the Hugoniot Elastic Limit. The governing equation of the failure wave is characterized by inelastic bulk strain with material damage and fracture. And the inelastic bulk strain consists of dilatant strain from nucleation and expansion of microcracks and condensed strain from the collapse of the original pores. Numerical simulation of the free surface velocity was performed and found in good agreement with planar impact experiments on K9 glass at China Academy of Engineering Physics. And the longitudinal, lateral and shear stress histories upon the arrival of the failure wave were predicted, which present the diminished shear strength and lost spall strength in the failed layer.     

多孔铁电陶瓷冲击压缩响应与损伤演化的离散元数值模拟

采用flat-joint粘结模型，建立多孔铁电陶瓷在一维应变冲击压缩下的PFC (particle flow code)颗粒流离散元模型，通过数值模拟再现了平板撞击实验中实测的自由面速度剖面历史，并揭示了多孔铁电陶瓷在冲击压缩下的响应过程与损伤演化机制。多孔铁电陶瓷在冲击压缩下的响应过程可分4个阶段:弹性变形、失效蔓延、冲击压溃变形、冲击Hugoniot平衡状态；其中，失效蔓延的内在机制是由剪切裂纹的成核与增长，而冲击压溃变形的主要机制是孔洞的塌缩以及层状剪切裂纹的形成与扩展；冲击速度与孔隙率对铁电陶瓷的响应有显著的影响，Hugoniot弹性极限强烈依赖于孔隙率，但与冲击速度的大小无关，宏观损伤累积随着冲击速度和孔隙率的增加而增加。     

A DAMAGE ACCUMULATING MODELING OF FAILURE WAVES IN GLASS UNDER HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT

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压剪联合冲击下K9玻璃中的失效波

对K9玻璃进行了冲击速度为150~400 m/s,倾斜角为10、15的纵剖试样斜撞击实验。结果表明，在加载剪切横波(S+)和卸载纵波(P-)之间有波速超过了纵波波速的波阵面存在，此波的存在对卸载纵波和卸载横波的幅值有一定的影响。由于失效波的产生与材料的表面性质密切相关，为消除纵剖试样中间界面的影响，模拟VISAR的实验条件，进行了冲击速度为70~300 m/s、倾斜角为10的横剖试样斜撞击实验。可以确定在此冲击范围失效波的波速在0.98~1.4 km/s，产生失效波的临界状态为:压应力0.86~1.01 GPa，对应剪应力0.053~0.071 GPa。表明剪应力的存在极大降低了失效波产生的阈值。在此基础上初步分析了撞击面的动摩擦因数和相对滑移速度。     

PROGRESSIVE FRAGMENT MODELING OF FAILURE WAVE IN CERAMICS UNDER PLANAR IMPACT LOADING

Polycrystalline ceramics have heterogeneous meso-structures which result in high singularity in stress distribution. Based on this, a progressive fragment model was proposed which describes the failure wave formation and propagation in shocked ceramics. The governing equation of the failure wave was characterized by inelastic bulk strain with material damage and fracture. And the inelastic bulk strain consists of dilatant strain from nucleation and expansion of microcracks and condensed strain from collapse of original pores. Numerical simulation of the free surface velocity was performed in good agreement with planar impact experiments on 92.93％ aluminas at China Academy of Engineering Physics. And the longitudinal, lateral and shear stress histories upon the arrival of the failure wave were predicted, which present the diminished shear strength and lost spall strength in the failed layer.     

Mechanical behaviors and damage constitutive model of ceramics under shock compression

One-stage light gas gun was utilized to study the dynamic mechanical properties of AD90 alumina subjected to the shock loading. Manganin gauges were adopted to obtain the stress-time histories. The velocity interferometer system for any reflector （VISAR） was used to obtain the free surface velocity profile and determine the Hugoniot elastic limit. The Hugoniot curves were fitted with the experimental data. From Hugoniot curves the compressive behaviors of AD90 alumina were found to change typically from elastic to ＂plastic＂. The dynamic mechanical behaviors for alumina under impact loadings were analyzed by using the path line principle of Lagrange analysis, including the nonlinear characteristics, the strain rate dependence, the dispersion and declination of shock wave in the material. A damage model applicable to ceramics subjected to dynamic compressive loading has been developed. The model was based on the damage micromechanics and wing crack nucleation and growth. The effects of parameters of both the micro-cracks nucleation and the initial crack size on the dynamic fracture strength were discussed. The results of the dynamic damage evolution model were compared with the experimental results and a good agreement was found.     

动高压加载下锆基金属玻璃强度测量

为了研究Zr₅₁Ti₅Ni₁₀Cu₂₅Al₉金属玻璃的高压强度特性,进行了平靶冲击实验。采用反向碰撞方式,运用DISAR技术测量金属玻璃样品/LiF窗口界面粒子速度剖面,分析粒子速度剖面获得了37~66GPa压力范围锆基金属玻璃的屈服强度和剪切模量。实验结果表明,在上述压力范围金属玻璃的屈服强度和剪切模量均显示出一定程度的压力硬化效应,分析表明金属玻璃冲击加载波阵面剪应力衰减并非由损伤/破坏或温度软化等因素导致。     

A theory of the densification-induced fragmentation in glasses and ceramics under dynamic compression

A boundary of failure which follows a shock front is observed in glasses and ceramics above a critical compressive shock load. This boundary, called the failure wave leaves behind a damaged material with newly evolved properties. These include the Tresca yield behavior and the reduction in sound speed. The evolution of the Mescall zone during long-rod penetration of these materials is associated with this wave. But, the failure wave and this accompanying process of fragmentation under dynamic compression are still not understood. It is known that some brittle solids undergo an irreversible density increase when subjected to high compression. This phenomenon, called densification is linked to the formations of slip lines and cracks in intensely compressed regions of silica glass. It also corresponds directly to the losses in shock wave speeds. Once densified, a region tends to shrink, straining the interface between it and the original solid. Stressed interfaces are unstable and may roughen, causing local cracking. On this basis, the failure wave is idealized as a propagating fracture boundary layer where the solid is comminuted by a process of densification interface roughness. The kinetics for this process are established using the fluctuation dissipation theorem. Shear and tensile modes of fragmentation are studied in plane stress. The theory predicts the powder size in the Mescall zone of silica glass. Nevertheless, this theory still needs experimental verification.