PROGRESSIVE FRAGMENT MODELING OF FAILURE WAVE IN CERAMICS UNDER PLANAR IMPACT LOADING

Polycrystalline ceramics have heterogeneous meso-structures which result in high singularity in stress distribution. Based on this, a progressive fragment model was proposed which describes the failure wave formation and propagation in shocked ceramics. The governing equation of the failure wave was characterized by inelastic bulk strain with material damage and fracture. And the inelastic bulk strain consists of dilatant strain from nucleation and expansion of microcracks and condensed strain from collapse of original pores. Numerical simulation of the free surface velocity was performed in good agreement with planar impact experiments on 92.93％ aluminas at China Academy of Engineering Physics. And the longitudinal, lateral and shear stress histories upon the arrival of the failure wave were predicted, which present the diminished shear strength and lost spall strength in the failed layer.     

压剪复合冲击下氧化铝陶瓷的剪切响应实验研究

通过对92.93%氧化铝陶瓷进行倾斜板碰撞实验,研究了多晶陶瓷材料在压剪复合冲击下的非弹性变形响应和剪切波传播规律。压剪复合冲击实验由57 mm开槽气体炮驱动铜飞片对陶瓷靶板加载,通过试件内埋植的电磁速度计来测量内部质点速度历程。将纵向粒子速度从感应电动势曲线中分离后得到横向粒子速度历程,发现在压剪复合冲击下由于材料剪切刚度的降低而引起的剪切波衰减。冲击软回收试件的扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察表明,冲击载荷低于屈服强度时,多晶氧化铝陶瓷中存在沿晶界、气孔的微裂纹成核与扩展,在高于屈服强度的冲击加载下进一步产生了穿晶微裂纹,微裂纹系统导致了材料在卸载后的显著的体积膨胀。     

动高压加载下锆基金属玻璃强度测量

为了研究Zr₅₁Ti₅Ni₁₀Cu₂₅Al₉金属玻璃的高压强度特性,进行了平靶冲击实验。采用反向碰撞方式,运用DISAR技术测量金属玻璃样品/LiF窗口界面粒子速度剖面,分析粒子速度剖面获得了37~66GPa压力范围锆基金属玻璃的屈服强度和剪切模量。实验结果表明,在上述压力范围金属玻璃的屈服强度和剪切模量均显示出一定程度的压力硬化效应,分析表明金属玻璃冲击加载波阵面剪应力衰减并非由损伤/破坏或温度软化等因素导致。     

Dynamic damage constitutive relation of mesoscopic heterogenous brittle rock under rotation of principal stress axes

A micro-mechanics-based model is developed to investigate microcrack damage mechanism of four stages of brittle rock under rotation of the principal stress axes. They consist of linear elastic, non-linear hardening, rapid stress drop and strain softening. The frictional sliding crack model is applied to analyze microcracks nucleation, propagation and coalescence. The strain energy density factor approach is applied to determine the critical condition of microcrack nucleation, propagation and coalescence. The inelastic strain increments are formulated within the framework of thermodynamics with internal variables. Rotation of principal stress axes affect the dynamic damage constitutive relationship and the failure strength of brittle rock.     

Influence of lateral confinement on dynamic damage evolution during uniaxial compressive response of brittle solids

A dynamic damage growth model applicable to brittle solids subjected to biaxial compressive loading is developed. The model incorporates a dynamic fracture criterion based on wing-crack growth model with a damage evolution theory based on a distribution of pre-existing microcracks in a solid. Influences of lateral confinement pressure (dynamic or static) as well as frictional coefficient on the rate dependence of fracture strength of basalt-rock are investigated systematically. It is found that the failure strength, damage accumulation and wing-crack growth rate are strongly influenced by the nature and the magnitude of confinement pressure. It is also verified that the effect of strain rate on fracture strength of brittle solids is independent of confinement pressure in a certain range of strain rate.     

Deformation and failure mechanism in AISI 4340 steel under ballistic impact

Deformation and failure mechanism in quench-hardened AISI 4340 steel under ballistic impact is investigated. The influence of microstructure on damage evolution is also evaluated. Strain localization and shear failure along adiabatic shear bands are the dominant deformation and failure mechanisms. The time and critical strain for the commencement of strain localization is influenced by strain rate and microstructure. The microstructure of the steel sample also influenced the type of adiabatic shear bands formed during impact. Failure mechanism involves nucleation of micro-voids, which clusters to form bigger pores. Extremely fine micro-cracks are initiated adjacent to the pores and in shear flow direction along the shear bands. These micro-cracks become interconnected and grow to macro-cracks, which cause fracture of some of the investigated cylindrical steel samples under impact. The susceptibility of the adiabatic shear bands to cracking increases with decreasing tempering temperature of the steel.     

High-Rate Progressive Failure of Borosilicate Glass under Mechanical Confinement at High Temperatures

In this study, we experimentally determined the dynamic response of a damaged borosilicate glass at different temperatures, damage levels and confinement pressures. The initiation and evolution of damage during the loading process were also examined. An improved double-pulse loading Kolsky compression bar, integrated with a non-contact high temperature testing system and a single loading momentum trap system, was used to characterize the high-rate mechanical behavior of a damaged borosilicate glass. Specimen deformation was interrupted at different strain levels to reveal damage evolution with increasing strain. The results show that the equivalent flow strength of damaged borosilicate glass depends linearly on the hydrostatic pressure; however the variation of temperature has little effects on the strength. Through post-mortem SEM analysis, the failure in an intact specimen was found to be initiated in the form of axial splitting. Further loading on the splitted specimens induced catastrophic buckling of the columns which converted the specimens into small fragments. Shear zones became evident in the compacted fragments as deformation further accumulated. The propagation of the shear zones to the entire specimen eventually led to full comminution of the borosilicate glass material.     

Search for conditions of compressive fracture of hard brittle ceramics at impact loading

In this paper we discuss three different experimental configurations to diagnosing the modes of inelastic deformation and to evaluating the failure thresholds at shock compression of hard brittle solids. One of the manifestations of brittle material response is the failure wave phenomenon, which has been previously observed in shock-compressed glasses. However, based on the measurements from our “theory critical” experiments, both alumina and boron carbide did not exhibit this phenomenon. In experiments with free and pre-stressed ceramics, while the Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL) in high-density B₄C ceramic was found to be very sensitive to the transverse stress, it was found relatively less sensitive in Al₂O₃, implying brittle response of the boron carbide and ductile behavior of alumina. To further investigate the effects of stress states on the shock response of brittle materials, a “divergent flow or spherical shock wave” based plate impact experimental technique was employed to vary the ratio of longitudinal and transversal stresses and to probe conditions for compressive fracture thresholds. Two different experimental approaches were considered to generate both longitudinal and shear waves in the target through the impact of convex flyer plates. In the ceramic target plates, the shear wave separates a region of highly divergent flow behind the decaying spherical longitudinal shock wave and a region of low-divergent flow. Experiments with divergent shock loading of alumina and boron carbide ceramic plates coupled with computer simulations demonstrated the validity of these experimental approaches to develop a better understanding of fracture phenomena.     

修正的Bodner-Partom本构模型

对于含有微损伤的多孔介质,由于微裂纹和微孔洞的存在,从宏观角度看,非弹性体应变会随着外载荷的变化而发生改变,即非弹性体应变不应为零。本文修正了计及损伤效应的Bodner-Partom本构模型。并以修正的本构模型对LY-12硬铝材料受到电子束辐照时产生的热击波及材料的创伤破坏效应进行了理论计算,将计算值同实验结果比较表明,两者基本上是一致的。     

An Experimental Technique for Spalling of Concrete

The spalling strength of concrete is measured by examining the strain wave profiles in a polymer buffer bar behind the slender concrete bar specimen placed between a large diameter (Φ100 mm) Hopkinson bar and the buffer bar. The experimental results indicate that the spalling strength is related to not only the compressive strength of concrete but also the impact velocities (the loading rates). The rate effect of spalling strength mainly results from the different cracking paths in concrete under different impact velocities. However when the input compressive stress to specimen exceeds the threshold required to trigger the compressive damage, the spalling strength decreases due to the evolution and cumulation of compressive damage in concretes. The repeated impact loading experiments indicate that damage plays an important role in the spallation process of concrete. The high speed video of the spalling fracture process shows that multiple spalling fractures may occur in the scab and damage accumulation resulting from stress wave propagation in scab is the main reason for the producing of multiple spallations.     

压剪复合平板冲击加载技术进展及其应用

自20世纪70年代末发明压剪炮以来, 压剪复合冲击加载实验技术和诊断技术有了长足进展, 应用也日益广泛.由于压剪联合加载波直接反映了材料的动态剪切特性, 对于认识材料的屈服、损伤演化、失效、相变、界面滑移等动态行为和机理, 构筑更全面的本构模型能够提供必要的附加信息.本文主要讨论气炮实验中压剪复合应力波的产生方式, 诊断技术, 以及在压剪复合塑性波和动高压本构模型、聚合物压剪冲击行为、剪切波跟踪法(SWT)和水泥基复合材料的损伤和失效、界面动摩擦行为、冲击相变、动态损伤和断裂等方面的研究与应用进展.      

动力损伤后的脆性岩石静力蠕变断裂模型研究

应力波动力扰动下脆性岩石的静力蠕变特性,对深部地下工程围岩变形的评价有重要的实践意义.动力载荷作用导致的局部细观裂纹损伤严重影响脆性岩石蠕变力学行为.基于细观裂纹扩展与应力关系模型、动力扰动损伤演化函数、静动力载荷演化路径函数与黏弹性本构模型,提出一种应力波动力扰动下脆性岩石蠕变断裂特性的宏细观力学模型.其中动力损伤通过控制岩石内部细观裂纹数量变化实现.模型描述了应力波动力扰动下岩石的应变时间演化曲线,解释了岩石动力扰动下蠕变失效特性.研究了不同应力波幅值及周期影响下的脆性岩石应变-时间关系曲线,并通过试验结果验证了模型的合理性.讨论了动力损伤变化形式,突变发生时刻,突变量的大小对岩石蠕变失效特性的影响.分析了应力波幅值、周期对岩石动态动力损伤效应以及蠕变失效特性的影响.主要研究结果:动力损伤的变化值越大,岩石蠕变失效发生时间越短.冲击载荷扰动期间,动力损伤发生的时刻及增加的形式,对动力扰动后的岩石应变及蠕变破坏时间影响很小.动力损伤变化量随应力波幅值增加、周期减小而加速增大.应力波幅值越大、周期越小,岩石发生蠕变失效时间越短.     

冲击波-破片群联合作用下舰船复合材料结构近场动力学损伤模拟

采用一种新兴的无网格法——近场动力学理论,模拟复合材料结构在冲击波-破片群联合作用下的损伤情况。根据复合材料结构承受的载荷特性,分析冲击波-破片群联合作用下层合板及加筋板结构的损伤模式,考虑载荷作用次序等因素对于联合作用毁伤能力的影响规律。结果表明:联合作用对复合材料结构的损伤程度主要与冲击波强度、破片群侵彻能力、作用次序有关,主要损伤模式为分层失效、基体损伤、剪切损伤以及结构大变形;对于层合板而言,在冲击波先作用的工况下,结构损伤程度更高,损伤范围更大;对于加筋板而言,由于加筋板的筋条能显著降低冲击波作用,进而降低冲击波对破片群侵彻能力的增强效应,最终影响联合作用的毁伤能力,因而在破片群先作用的工况下反而损伤更严重。     

Zr基非晶合金破片冲击破碎反应机制研究

为研究Zr基非晶合金破片的冲击破碎反应机制,进行了准密封箱冲击超压实验,测试了破片的碎片粒度,分析了碎片尺寸分布关系,并对不同粒径尺度的碎片进行了X射线衍射分析。实验结果表明,材料在冲击加载下的反应程度随着撞击速度的升高而增大;碎片分布符合分段式幂次律分布规律;材料冲击诱发的化学反应主要为Zr元素与空气中氧气的燃烧,其主要反应产物为ZrO₂。基于冲击升温-碎片分布-碎片燃烧的冲击破碎反应理论模型能较好地解释冲击作用下Zr基非晶合金破片的反应规律,理论计算与实验结果吻合度较高。     

45钢柱壳爆炸膨胀断裂的SPH模拟分析

金属柱壳爆炸膨胀断裂存在拉伸、剪切及拉剪混合等多种断裂模式,目前其物理机制及影响因素还不清晰。本文中采用光滑粒子流体动力学方法（smoothed particle hydrodynamics, SPH）对45钢柱壳在JOB-9003及RHT-901不同装药条件下的外爆实验进行了数值模拟,探讨柱壳在不同装药条件下发生的剪切断裂、拉剪混合断裂模式及其演化过程,模拟结果与实验结果一致。SPH数值模拟结果表明:在爆炸加载阶段,随着冲击波在柱壳内、外壁间来回反射形成二次塑性区,沿柱壳壁厚等效塑性应变演化呈凸形分布,壁厚中部区域等效塑性应变较内、外壁大;在较高爆炸压力（JOB-9003）作用下,柱壳断裂发生在爆轰波加载阶段,损伤裂纹从塑性应变积累较大的壁厚中部开始沿剪切方向向内、外壁扩展,形成剪切型断裂模式;而在RHT-901空心炸药加载下,虽然裂纹仍从壁厚中部开始沿剪切方向扩展,但随后柱壳进入自由膨胀阶段,未断区域处于拉伸应力状态,柱壳局部发生结构失稳,形成类似“颈缩”现象,裂纹从剪切方向转向沿颈缩区向外扩展,呈现拉剪混合断裂模式。拉伸裂纹占截面的比例与柱壳结构失稳时刻相关。可见,柱壳断裂演化是一个爆炸冲击波与柱壳结构相互作用的过程,不能简单将其作为一系列膨胀拉伸环处理。     

聚丙烯短微纤维增强水泥冲击特性研究

基于唐志平等提出的剪切波跟踪技术(SWT),对聚丙烯短微纤维增强水泥(FCEM)和素水泥(CEM)进行了冲击速度76～506m/s、倾斜角为10的斜撞击试验。研究结果表明,两种材料的Hugoniot冲击绝热线均有四个明显的临界点A、B、C、D,分别对应材料的Hugoniot弹性限、剪切卸载波(S-)消失、孔洞崩塌点和颗粒材料的再压缩点。其中临界点B,在过去的研究工作中尚未被揭示,只有采用剪切波跟踪技术对S-波进行跟踪测量,才能最终确定。对剪切强度的分析结果表明,采用剪切波,尤其是卸载剪切波来探测脆性材料内部动态损伤非常有效。     

点火能对丙烷-空气预混气体爆炸过程及管壁动态响应的影响

在长12 m的无缝不锈钢直管中,通过改变初始点火能量,探究了点火能对封闭管道内丙烷-空气混合气体爆炸传播特性和激波对管壁动态加载的影响。结果表明,初始点火能对预混气体爆炸火焰传播规律以及管壁的动态响应有显著影响:点火能越大,爆炸越剧烈,爆炸压力峰值压力和管壁最大应变就越大,且压力波和管壁应变的发展一致。火焰在传播过程中受到管道末端反射波的作用会发生短暂熄灭和复燃;管壁承受冲击波加载,应变信号主要分布在0~781.25 Hz,管壁最大应变率大于10-3 s-1,实验工况下管壁应变属动态响应。     

压剪联合冲击下K9玻璃中的失效波

对K9玻璃进行了冲击速度为150~400 m/s,倾斜角为10、15的纵剖试样斜撞击实验。结果表明，在加载剪切横波(S+)和卸载纵波(P-)之间有波速超过了纵波波速的波阵面存在，此波的存在对卸载纵波和卸载横波的幅值有一定的影响。由于失效波的产生与材料的表面性质密切相关，为消除纵剖试样中间界面的影响，模拟VISAR的实验条件，进行了冲击速度为70~300 m/s、倾斜角为10的横剖试样斜撞击实验。可以确定在此冲击范围失效波的波速在0.98~1.4 km/s，产生失效波的临界状态为:压应力0.86~1.01 GPa，对应剪应力0.053~0.071 GPa。表明剪应力的存在极大降低了失效波产生的阈值。在此基础上初步分析了撞击面的动摩擦因数和相对滑移速度。     

Spallation of polycarbonate under laser-driven shocks

Laser driven shocks have been used to investigate dynamic failure (spallation) of polycarbonate under uniaxial tensile loading at very high strain rate, of the order of 10 s. First, uninstrumented recovery shots have been performed, post-test examination of the fracture damage has been carried out, and the influences of the experimental parameters (loading conditions and target thickness) have been analyzed. Then, an attempt to model the response of polycarbonate to plane shock loading has been made. On one hand, in-situ measurements have been performed in polycarbonate samples submitted to the plane detonation wave of a strong explosive, and the results have led to content with simple constitutive relations. On the other hand, piezoelectric measurements under laser shocks have provided a characterization of the loading pressure pulse, and comparisons of the measured and computed signals have confirmed the ability of the model to describe wave propagation in polycarbonate. Finally, the spallation experiments have been simulated. A spall strength has been estimated, on the basis of the experimental data, and the predictive capability of the model has been tested. Received: 18 February 1997 / Accepted 1 April 1997     

Mixed mode (I and II) crack tip fields in bulk metallic glasses

Stationary crack tip fields in bulk metallic glasses under mixed mode (I and II) loading are studied through detailed finite element simulations assuming plane strain, small scale yielding conditions. The influence of internal friction or pressure sensitivity on the plastic zones, notch deformation, stress and plastic strain fields is examined for different mode mixities. Under mixed mode loading, the notch deforms into a shape such that one part of its surface sharpens while the other part blunts. Increase in mode II component of loading dramatically enhances the normalized plastic zone size, lowers the stresses but significantly elevates the plastic strain levels near the notch tip. Higher internal friction reduces the peak tangential stress but increases the plastic strain and stretching near the blunted part of the notch. The simulated shear bands are straight and extend over a long distance ahead of the notch tip under mode II dominant loading. The possible variations of fracture toughness with mode mixity corresponding to failure by brittle micro-cracking and ductile shear banding are predicted employing two simple fracture criteria. The salient results from finite element simulations are validated by comparison with those from mixed mode (I and II) fracture experiments on a Zr-based bulk metallic glass.