金属穿晶脆性断裂统计理论

讨论了金属穿晶脆性断裂统计理论.根据穿晶裂纹和晶界作用的界面能模型及断裂非平衡统计理论框架,推导出了裂纹扩展速率、断裂强度、断裂韧性、脆性—韧性转变温度及其统计分布函数随晶粒尺度和界面能变化的公式. 关键词：     

晶粒棱长、尺寸与拓扑学特征之间关系的Monte Carlo仿真研究

采用Potts模型Monte Carlo方法研究了晶粒棱长、尺寸与拓扑学特征之间的统计关系.结果表明,晶粒棱长与晶粒面数之间呈线性统计关系,并且平均N面体晶粒模型和Poisson-Voronoi组织均支持该结论.不同时刻的晶粒长大仿真数据表明,在准稳态晶粒长大阶段晶粒棱长的分布具有自相似性.个体晶粒的平均棱长随晶粒面数（或晶粒尺寸）的增加而逐渐增大,这说明一些理论模型中采用的“不同面数的晶粒平均棱长均相等”的假设具有局限性.仿真数据和纯铁实验数据均表明,晶粒尺寸与晶粒面数之间的统计关系表现为一条单调递增的凸曲线. 关键词： 晶粒棱长 晶粒尺寸 拓扑学 Monte Carlo仿真     

纳米多晶体的热力学函数及其在相变热力学中的应用

以往关于纳米材料热力学的研究，绝大多数以界面的热力学函数表征整体纳米材料的热力学性质，这种近似处理，对于尺寸超过几十纳米的较粗纳米材料，在相变热力学中对特征转变温度和临界尺寸等重要参量的预测，将导致很大误差. 应用“界面膨胀模型”和普适状态方程，研究了纳米晶界的热力学特性，进一步发展了纳米晶整体材料热力学函数的计算模型，给出了单相纳米多晶体的焓、熵和吉布斯自由能随界面过剩体积、温度，以及晶粒尺寸发生变化的明确表达式. 以Co纳米晶为例，分析了界面与整体纳米多晶体热力学函数的差异，确定了相变温度与晶粒尺寸的依赖关系，以及一定温度下可能发生相变的临界尺寸. 关键词： 纳米多晶体 热力学函数 相变热力学     

交换耦合相互作用对纳米晶粒各向异性的影响

研究纳米磁性材料晶粒间的交换耦合相互作用,提出适合各种耦合条件晶粒界面及表面处各向异性的表达式.结果表明:软、硬磁性相晶粒间的交换耦合相互作用降低了硬磁性相晶粒的各向异性,提高了软磁性相晶粒的各向异性.软硬磁性晶粒的平均各向异性先增加后减小,在某个晶粒尺寸值达到最大值,这种变化趋势与相关的理论及实验结果一致.硬硬磁性晶粒的平均各向异性随晶粒尺寸的变化趋势与相关的实验结果也一致.     

海洋腐蚀条件下材料环境失效的寿命预测

在疲劳断裂非平衡统计理论的基础上, 推导出了在海洋腐蚀条件下微裂纹的平均寿命的计算公式. 还以软钢为例, 对其在海洋腐蚀和未腐蚀条件下的结果进行了比较. 关键词： 非平衡统计理论 腐蚀电化学理论 疲劳寿命     

高压下纳米锗的状态方程与相变

采用同步辐射能量色散X射线衍射技术和金刚石对顶砧高压装置，对晶粒尺寸分别为13，49，100nm的Ge进行了原位高压X射线衍射实验，最高压力为35GPa. 所得的体弹性模量分别为112，92，88GPa. 可以看出 随着晶粒尺寸的减小，其体弹性模量逐渐升高. 同时由立方金刚石结构转变为四方白锡结构的相变压力亦随之提高，其值分别为16.4，12.4，11.5GPa. 建立了一个描述晶粒尺寸与体弹性模量关系的模型，并用理论公式计算了相变压力随晶粒尺寸的变化. 尽管在数值上存在一定的误差，但理论计算结果成功预示了随着晶粒尺寸的减小，体弹性模量和相变压力增加的趋势，与实验结果相一致.     

表面粗糙度对固体内部超声背散射的影响

超声背散射法可通过多晶体金属内部的空间方差信号,实现微观结构参数的无损评价,但表面粗糙度对评价模型的精度及实用性存在显著影响.基于高斯声束理论推导垂直入射粗糙界面的纵波声场,以此研究声能的Wigner分布规律;在超声的波长远大于粗糙度的前提下,构造表面粗糙度修正系数,并建立粗糙界面的单次散射响应模型,揭示粗糙度对超声波背向散射的影响规律.用304不锈钢制备轮廓均方根值为0.159μm的光滑试块和25.722μm的粗糙试块开展超声背散射实验,结果表明模型在粗糙度修正前后均可实现光滑试块的晶粒尺寸有效评价,但未经修正的传统模型对粗糙试块的晶粒尺寸评价结果与金相法结果的相对误差高达-21.35%,而本模型的评价结果与金相法结果符合得很好,相对误差仅为1.35%.可见,本模型能有效补偿粗糙度引起的超声背散射信号衰减,从而提高晶粒尺寸无损评价的精度.     

晶体取向对定向凝固平界面失稳行为的影响

采用丁二腈-丙酮透明模型合金研究了不同晶体取向的晶粒在定向凝固条件下的平界面失稳过程.实验选择了三个界面失稳后具有不同生长形态的典型晶粒作为研究对象, 分别为择优生长枝晶、倾斜枝晶和海藻晶.结果表明可发展为择优生长枝晶的晶粒的平界面失稳孕育时间和初始扰动波长最小,海藻晶次之, 倾斜枝晶最大,这与以往的解析结果和相场模拟结果一致. 同时,实验观察发现可发展为择优生长枝晶和倾斜枝晶的晶粒的界面非稳态演化过程与海藻晶显著不同,这表明平界面失稳的非稳态演化过程与晶体取向相关.     

γ-α相变中不同晶界特征下铁素体生长形貌的相场模拟

利用多相场模型模拟了奥氏体(γ)-铁素体(α)相变过程中不同晶界特征下铁素体晶粒的形貌与生长动力学.模型中通过能量梯度系数和耦合项系数的协同变化定量表达晶界能与晶界迁移率的各向异性,同时固定相场界面宽度来保证计算精度.模拟结果显示:随着原奥氏体晶界能与铁素体-奥氏体晶界能比值σ_(γ,γ)/σ_(α,γ)的增加,三叉相界面处的平衡角β减小,铁素体晶粒沿原奥氏体晶界与垂直于奥氏体晶界方向的生长速率差变大.铁素体与奥氏体晶粒间的晶粒取向越接近,铁素体生长越缓慢.模拟结果可描述铁素体晶粒生长形貌的多样性,与实验结果符合.     

晶粒间界相对纳米Nd_2Fe_(14)B各向异性和矫顽力的影响

本文采用立方晶粒结构模型研究了晶粒间界相对纳米硬磁材料各向异性和矫顽力的影响.结果表明:晶粒间界相减弱了交换耦合作用.当晶粒尺寸D为定值时,随着晶粒间界相厚度d的增加,晶粒平均各向异性单调增加,而材料的有效各向异性Keff、矫顽力单调减小.我们计算的矫顽力随晶粒尺寸的变化与相关理论和实验结果基本一致.     

Baseline-free estimation of residual fatigue life using a third order acoustic nonlinear parameter

Prediction of crack growth and fatigue life estimation of metals using linear/nonlinear acousto-ultrasound methods is an ongoing issue. It is known that by measuring nonlinear parameters, the relative accumulated fatigue damage can be evaluated. However, there is still a need to measure two crack propagation states to assess the absolute residual fatigue life. A procedure based on the measurement of a third-order acoustic nonlinear parameter is presented to assess the residual fatigue life of a metallic component without the need of a baseline. The analytical evaluation of how the cubic nonlinear-parameter evolves during crack propagation is presented by combining the Paris law to the Nazarov-Sutin crack equation. Unlike other developed models, the proposed model assumes a crack surface topology with variable geometrical parameters. Measurements of the cubic nonlinearity parameter on AA2024-T351 specimens demonstrated high sensitivity to crack propagation and excellent agreement with the predicted theoretical behavior. The advantages of using the cubic nonlinearity parameter for fatigue cracks on metals are discussed by comparing the relevant results of a quadratic nonlinear parameter. Then the methodology to estimate crack size and residual fatigue life without the need of a baseline is presented, and advantages and limitations are discussed.     

Influence of the breakdown mechanism on the behavior of lead-antimony alloys with an alternating load

For the example of Pb-Sb alloys, the influence of aging is investigated, as a function of its mechanism, on the resistance to fatigue deformation, leading to rupture along the grain boundaries. It is shown that continuous breakdown increases the cyclic life, whereas discontinuous breakdown considerably reduces it. The most effective means of suppressing discontinuous breakdown, and hence increasing the resistance to grain-boundary fatigue breakdown, is by doping with elements which reduce the mobility of the grain boundaries, such as tellurium in led. Doping with elements that facilitate discontinuous breakdown (such as As in PbSb) leads to significant reduction in the fatigue resistance.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 8, pp. 61–64, August, 1982.     

A composite theoretical model for the thermal conductivity of nanocrystalline materials

In order to study the thermal conductivity of nanocrystalline (NC) materials, a two-phase composite model consisting of grain interior (GI) regarded as an ordered crystal phase and plastically softer grain boundary-affected zone (GBAZ) phase was presented. The effects of GI and GBAZ on thermal conduction were considered, respectively. In this work, time independent Schrodinger’s wave equation (TISWE) was used to study the carriers’ transmission in a crystal particle, through which we can get the thermal conductivity of the GBAZ. The thermal conductivity of GI was calculated based on a kinetic theory. The whole effective grain thermal conductivity was simulated by a modified formula for composite materials. The results showed that as the grain size decreases to 80 nm, it has a strong size effect, and the thermal conductivity decreases with the decreasing of grain size.     

Grain boundary engineering: fatigue fracture

Abstract

Grain boundary engineering has revealed significant enhancement of material properties by modifying the populations and connectivity of different types of grain boundaries within the polycrystals. The character and connectivity of grain boundaries in polycrystalline microstructures control the corrosion and mechanical behaviour of materials. A comprehensive review of the previous researches has been carried out to understand this philosophy. Present research thoroughly explores the effect of total strain amplitude on phase transformation, fatigue fracture features, grain size, annealing twinning, different grain connectivity and grain boundary network after strain controlled low cycle fatigue deformation of austenitic stainless steel under ambient temperature. Electron backscatter diffraction technique has been used extensively to investigate the grain boundary characteristics and morphologies. The nominal variation of strain amplitude through cyclic plastic deformation is quantitatively demonstrated completely in connection with the grain boundary microstructure and fractographic features to reveal the mechanism of fatigue fracture of polycrystalline austenite. The extent of boundary modifications has been found to be a function of the number of applied loading cycles and strain amplitudes. It is also investigated that cyclic plasticity induced martensitic transformation strongly influences grain boundary characteristics and modifications of the material’s microstructure/microtexture as a function of strain amplitudes. The experimental results presented here suggest a path to grain boundary engineering during fatigue fracture of austenite polycrystals.     

晶粒尺度对延性金属材料层裂损伤的影响

微细观结构对材料动态损伤、破坏的影响是目前国内外力学领域的研究热点之一. 基于相关文献的实验结果, 通过理论分析, 给出了一个新的反映晶粒尺度效应的孔洞成核模型, 并将其耦合到延性金属材料层裂损伤模型中. 采用数值方法分析了晶粒尺度对高纯铜材料层裂损伤演化过程的影响. 计算结果显示: 随着材料平均晶粒尺度的增加, 自由面速度回跳点降低, 回跳后速度曲线的斜率增加; 损伤材料内部的孔洞数减少、平均孔洞尺寸增大.计算结果与相关文献所报道的实验 分析结果定性上符合较好. 该结果对于层裂损伤的深入研究具有一定的启发性. 关键词： 层裂 晶粒尺度 延性金属材料 冲击     

振动疲劳寿命分析在主镜支撑结构设计中的应用

通过随机振动峰值应力响应考核空间相机在随机振动环境下主镜支撑结构的可靠性存在一定的局限性。本文针对主镜支撑结构在随机振动试验中出现断裂的现象,采用振动疲劳寿命分析对结构的可靠性进行考察,提出了应用数值仿真技术预测结构随机振动疲劳寿命的方法。根据有限元和随机振动疲劳相关理论,采用振动疲劳分析软件对某空间相机支撑环柔节进行了随机振动疲劳分析,计算了疲劳寿命的大小及分布。比较仿真和随机振动试验结果表明,采用振动疲劳寿命评价随机振动环境下结构的可靠性是合理的,利用数值仿真技术预测结构的随机振动疲劳寿命是可行的。     

Fatigue Life Prediction of a Rubber Mount Based on the Continuum Damage Mechanics

Abstract

Failure analysis and fatigue life prediction are important steps in the design procedure of industrial products to assure the safety and reliability of their components. A new methodology to predict the fatigue life of a rubber mount based on the continuum damage mechanics is proposed in this study. The hyperelastic constitutive model of the natural rubber material in the mount was fitted using the three parameter Mooney-Rivlin model. A damage variable was introduced and the evolution function of cumulative damage in the rubber material was derived. The parameters in the damage function were acquired based on uniaxial tensile tests and fatigue life tests of the natural rubber specimens. Then the finite element analysis (FEA) models of the rubber mount for loads in the X and Y directions were established and the strain contours and the maximum principal strains of the rubber mount under various loads were calculated. The maximum principal strain was used as the fatigue parameter, which was substituted into the natural rubber’s fatigue life damage function to predict the fatigue life of the rubber mount. Finally, the fatigue lives of the rubber mount under various loads were measured on a fatigue test rig to validate the accuracy of the fatigue life prediction method. The test results indicated that the fatigue lives predicted agreed fairly well with the test results and the fatigue prediction method should be applicable to both rubber and other types of components.     

On the fatigue strength of grade 20Cr13 hardened steel modified by an electron beam

The treatment of 20Cr13-grade hardened steel (0.2% C, 13% Cr) with an electron beam whose energy density is 10–30 J/cm² results in an increase in the fatigue life by a factor of 1.9. The irradiated surface is investigated by scanning electron microscopy; substantial refinement of the grain structure and a change in the Cr content in the surface layer are revealed.     

Nonequilibrium statistical mechanical formulation for grain growth

A nonequilibrium statistical mechanical theory for grain growth is presented in this paper. The fluctuation of grain growth is determined from the self similarity of grain size distribution. The grain size distribution scaled by the averaged size is derived under the condition that the volume of specimen is strictly conserved. The growth law of grain is also derived. The scaled grain size distribution are compared with the associating lognormal distribution which is usually used in the analysis of the experimental results. It has been found that the theoretical results is in good agreement with experimental results.