二甲苯在ZSM-5分子筛中的吸附与扩散

本文在298K-493K温度范围内,测定了二甲苯在ZSM-5分子筛中的吸附等温线和扩散系数。间二甲苯在HZSM-5分子筛中的吸附是需要较高活化能而为扩散控制的物理吸附,只有在较高温度下(>393K),才能进入分子筛的敛孔,其扩散系数比对二甲苯小三个数量级。对、间二甲苯在HZSM-5分子筛中的吸附量随温度升高而渐趋接近。但HZSM-5经镁改性后,间二甲苯吸附量大幅度下降,而对二甲苯吸附量变化不大,说明孔道结构因素对提高烷基苯转化的对位选择性起着相当重要的作用。增大分子筛的晶粒尺寸,二甲苯的扩散系数变化不大,表明大晶粒ZSM-5之所以能提高对位选择性,原因在于扩散路线的增长导致扩散较慢的间二甲苯异构化为扩散较快的对二甲苯。     

Toward understanding the influence of ethylbenzene in p-xylene selectivity of the porous titanium amino terephthalate MIL-125(Ti): adsorption equilibrium and separation of xylene isomers

The potential of the porous crystalline titanium dicarboxylate MIL-125(Ti) in powder form was studied for the separation in liquid phase of xylene isomers and ethylbenzene (MIL stands for Materials from Institut Lavoisier). We report here a detailed experimental study consisting of binary and multi-component adsorption equilibrium of xylene isomers in MIL-125(Ti) powder at low (≤0.8 M) and bulk (≥0.8 M) concentrations. A series of multi-component breakthrough experiments was first performed using n-heptane as the eluent at 313 K, and the obtained selectivities were compared, followed by binary breakthrough experiments to determine the adsorption isotherms at 313 K, using n-heptane as the eluent. MIL-125(Ti) is a para-selective material suitable at low concentrations to separate p-xylene from the other xylene isomers. Pulse experiments indicate a separation factor of 1.3 for p-xylene over o-xylene and m-xylene, while breakthrough experiments using a diluted ternary mixture lead to selectivity values of 1.5 and 1.6 for p-xylene over m-xylene and o-xylene, respectively. Introduction of ethylbenzene in the mixture results however in a decrease of the selectivity.     

FTIR SPECTRAL STUDIES OF THE BINARY SOLUTIONS OF ACETONE WITH XYLENE ISOMERS

Journal of Structural Chemistry - FTIR spectra of neat acetone (ACT), xylene isomers (o-xylene (OXY), m-xylene (MXY), and p-xylene (PXY)) and their binary solutions at various ACT molar...     

Reverse shape selectivity in the liquid-phase adsorption of xylene isomers in zirconium terephthalate MOF UiO-66

Powder, agglomerates, and tablets of the microporous zirconium(IV) terephthalate metal-organic framework UiO-66 were evaluated for the selective adsorption and separation of xylene isomers in the liquid phase using n-heptane as the eluent. Pulse experiments, performed at 313 K in the presence of n-heptane, revealed the o-xylene preference of this material, which was further confirmed by binary and multicomponent breakthrough experiments in the presence of m- and p-xylene, resulting in selectivities at 313 K of 1.8 and 2.4 with regards to m-xylene and p-xylene, respectively. Additionally, because p-xylene is the less retained isomer, UiO-66 presents a selectivity pattern that is reverse of that of the xylenes' molecular dimension with respect to shape selectivity. The shaping of the material as tablets did not significantly change its selectivity toward the o-xylene isomer or toward p-xylene, which was the less retained isomer, despite a loss in capacity. Finally, the selectivity behavior of UiO-66 in the liquid n-heptane phase makes it a suitable material for o-xylene separation in the extract (heavy product) or p-xylene separation in the raffinate (light product) by simulated moving bed technology.     

Molecular sieving MFI-type zeolite membranes for pervaporation separation of xylene isomers

Molecular sieving MFI-type zeolite membranes were prepared by a secondary growth method without using an organic template. Silicalite membranes with intercrystalline pores minimized or eliminated were obtained by this synthesis method which avoids the template removal step. The silicalite membrane exhibits molecular sieving characteristics with pervaporation separation factor for p-xylene to o-xylene or m-xylene of as high as about 70, the highest ever reported for a pervaporation membrane.     

Study on adsorption kinetic of aromatic hydrocarbons onto activated carbon in gaseous flow method

The adsorption behavior of benzene, toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, and p-xylene onto activated carbon was investigated using the flow method. The removal efficiency of aromatic hydrocarbons in the gaseous phase was estimated based on the adsorption kinetic constants and the saturated amount of aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed on the activated carbon. The saturated amount of benzene and toluene adsorbed was greater than that of xylene adsorbed because the molecular sizes of benzene and toluene are smaller than that of xylene. The adsorption kinetic constant increased in the order of xylene, toluene, and benzene. Those of the three xylene isomers were similar. These results indicated that the adsorption rate of benzene by the activated carbon was the fastest and the kinetic constant depended upon the different between the boiling point and the melting point and the molecular size of the aromatic hydrocarbons.     

Separating Xylene Isomers with a Calcium Metal-Organic Framework

The purification of p-xylene (pX) from its xylene isomers represents a challenging but important industrial process. Herein, we report the efficient separation of pX from its ortho- and meta- isomers by a microporous calcium-based metal–organic framework material (HIAM-203) with a flexible skeleton. At 30 °C, all three isomers are accommodated but the adsorption kinetics of o-xylene (oX) and m-xylene (mX) are substantially slower than that of pX, and at an elevated temperature of 120 °C, oX and mX are fully excluded while pX can be adsorbed. Multicomponent column breakthrough measurements and vapor-phase/liquid-phase adsorption experiments have demonstrated the capability of HIAM-203 for efficient separation of xylene isomers. Ab initio calculations have provided useful information for understanding the adsorption mechanism.     

二甲苯在AlPO4-5分子筛中吸附的分子模拟研究

采用巨正则蒙特卡罗法(GCMC)研究了二甲苯异构体在AlPO4-5中的吸附，得到了有关吸附平衡常数、吸附热、吸附等温线及吸附位等信息．结果表明，在303K时，邻二甲苯的吸附量高于其它异构体；而在523和573K时，对二甲苯的吸附量最高．低吸附量时二甲苯的平均势能基本不发生变化，而高吸附量时二甲苯的平均势能随着吸附量增加而降低，尤其邻二甲苯的平均势能变化更加明显．由此对二甲苯各异构体在AlPO4-5中的吸附量差别以及它们在分子筛中的排列方式进行了讨论．     

Solid-vapor sorption of xylenes: prioritized selectivity as a means of separating all three isomers using a single substrate

A Werner complex is highly selective for o-xylene in a vapor mixture containing all three isomers. However, in the absence of o-xylene, the substrate shows similar selectivity for m-xylene over p-xylene. Kinetic studies show a different trend whereby m-xylene is absorbed most rapidly, implying that thermodynamic factors must be responsible for the selectivity.     

Photo-responsive azo MOF exhibiting high selectivity for CO2 and xylene isomers

A combination of azo and acylamide ligands is used in the preparation of metal–organic frameworks. Light response research reveals that under UV–vis irradiation, the CO₂ adsorption of 1 declines as much as 21.4%. 1 exhibits excellent CO₂ adsorption selectivity over CH₄, O₂, CO, and N₂ gasses with IAST selectivity of 21–580 at 293 K. This MOF also has promising potential in separation of xylene isomers in the liquid phase with the adsorption of p-xylene of 265.15, o-xylene of 101.25 and m-xylene of 0 mg g^?1, respectively.     

ITQ-1分子筛中二甲苯吸附特征的计算机模拟

用巨正则蒙特卡罗模拟研究了邻二甲苯和间二甲苯在ITQ-1分子筛中的吸附特征。模拟结果表明两种吸附质分子在分子筛骨架中的吸附特征不存在明显的差别。从两种吸附质分子在l2员环超笼之间运动的势能曲线,可以说明在通过l0员环窗口时,邻二甲苯和间二甲苯都需要克服较大的势垒,但邻二甲苯需要的激发能量明显大于间二甲苯,计算机模拟以及实验结果表明间二甲苯可以通过l0员环窗口到达分子筛的内部,而邻二甲苯则只能在分子筛的表面发生吸附或扩散。     

Selective guest encapsulation by a cobalt-assembled cage molecule

Metal-assembled resorcinarene-based cages enclose space and entrap organic molecules from water. Addition of cobalt(II) ions to a neutral, aqueous solution of a resorcinarene that has iminodiacetic acids attached to its upper rim results in the formation of cages. These cages not only entrap organic molecules, but they do so in a selective manner. Guests with optimum size, shape, and polarity are preferentially entrapped. For example, selection of p-xylene is twenty thousand times more favorable than that of m-xylene. The enthalpy of resorcinarene deprotonation and cage formation was calculated by performing calorimetry studies and ranged from -305 to -348 kJ mol(-1). The change in enthalpy of guest encapsulation varied by as much as 43 kJ mol(-1). The differences in change in free energy of guest encapsulation varied by -16 kJ mol(-1). The changes in enthalpy and free energy of guest encapsulation were used to calculate the changes in entropy, which ranged from -97 to +37 J mol(-1) K(-1). An enthalpy-entropy compensation of guest encapsulation was observed.     

Computational elucidation of the transition state shape selectivity phenomenon

The most commonly cited example of a transition state shape selective reaction, m-xylene disproportionation in zeolites, is examined to determine if the local spatial environment of a reaction can significantly alter selectivity. In the studied reaction, ZPE-corrected rate limiting energy barriers are 136 kJ/mol for the methoxide-mediated pathway and 109 to 145 kJ/mol for the diphenylmethane-mediated pathway. Both pathways are likely to contribute to selectivity and disfavor one product isomer (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene), but relative selectivity to the other two isomers varies with pore geometry, mechanistic pathway, and inclusion of entropic effects. Most importantly, study of one pathway in three different common zeolite framework types (FAU, MFI, and MOR) allows explicit and practically oriented consideration of pore shape. Variation of the environment shape at the critical transition states is thus shown to affect the course of reaction. Barrier height shifts on the order of 10-20 kJ/mol are achievable. Observed selectivities do not agree with the transition state characteristics calculated here and, hence, are most likely due to product shape selectivity. Further examination of the pathways highlights the importance of mechanistic steps that do not result in isomer-defining bonds and leads to a more robust definition of transition state shape selectivity.     

Codiffusion and counterdiffusion of para-xylene and ortho-xylene in a zeolite with 10 MR/12 MR interconnected channels. An example of molecular traffic control

Diffusion has a significant effect in zeolite catalysis. Molecular traffic control is a good example. For the study of diffusion in microporous crystalline materials with 10 MR/12 MR interconnected channels, as H-CIT-1, the isomers, para- and ortho-xylene are excellent probes. In this regard, by means of a FTIR technique, codiffusion and counterdiffusion of these isomers were studied. The values of the diffusivities in the codiffusion and counterdiffusion experiments were measured. A correlation in the transport of both isomers, during codiffusion and counterdiffusion was observed. Throughout codiffusion, the more mobile p-xylene molecule hinders the motion of o-xylene. During the counterdiffusion case, when p-xylene diffuses “in” and o-xylene “out” the zeolite, the 10 MR channels, which are blocked for the o-xylene molecules, are free for p-xylene motion. Subsequently, under the experimental conditions of the present study, molecular traffic control, takes place.     

Carbon incorporation in Pd(111) by adsorption and dehydrogenation of ethene

The decomposition of ethene on the Pd(111) surface was studied at effective pressures in the 10(-8) to 10(-7) mbar range and at sample temperatures between 300 and 700 K, using an effusive capillary array beam doser for directional adsorption, LEED, AES, temperature programmed reaction, and TDS. In the temperature range of 350-440 K increasingly stronger dehydrogenation of the ethene molecule is observed. Whereas at 350 K an ethylidyne adlayer is still present after adsorption, already at temperatures around 440 K complete coverage of the surface by carbon is attained, while the bulk still retains the properties of pure Pd. Beyond 440 K a steady-state surface C coverage is established, which decreases with temperature and is determined by detailed balancing between the ethene gas-phase adsorption rate and the migration rate of carbon into the Pd bulk. This process gives rise to the formation of a "partially carbon-covered Pd(x)C(y) surface". Above 540 K the surface-bulk diffusion of adsorbed carbon becomes fast, and in the UHV experiment the ethene adsorption rate becomes limited by the ethene gas-phase supply. The carbon bulk migration rate and the steady-state carbon surface coverage were determined as a function of the sample temperature and the ethene flux. An activation energy of 107 kJ mol(-1) for the process of C diffusion from surface adsorption sites into the subsurface region was derived in the temperature range of 400-650 K by modeling the C surface coverage as a function of temperature on the basis of steady-state reaction kinetics, assuming a first-order process for C surface-subsurface diffusion and a second-order process for C(ads) formation by dissociative C2H4 adsorption.     

碱金属化合物改性ZSM-5沸石的择形催化作用

经碱金属化合物改性的HZSM-5分子筛,能提高甲苯烷基化生成对二甲苯的选择性,降低二甲苯异构化活性。改性后沸石的表面总酸度下降,酸强度减弱,孔结构变化不明显。     

The Influence of Temperature on Ethene Diffusion in H[Al]ZSM-5 Studied by Molecular Dynamics

Molecular dynamics(MD) simulation of ethene diffusion in the lattice of H[Al]ZSM-5 was performed at the temperature ranging from 300 K to 700 K. The calculated diffusion coefficients increase with the temperature from 2.60×10-9 m2/s at 300 K to 12.78×10-9 m2/s at 700 K. The Arrhenius plot gives an activation energy of 6.31 kJ/mol. The anisotropy of the diffusion process was examined.     

Interaction of acetone with single wall carbon nanotubes at cryogenic temperatures: a combined temperature programmed desorption and theoretical study

The interaction of acetone with single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) at low temperatures was studied by a combination of temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and dispersion-augmented density-functional-based tight binding (DFTB-D) theoretical simulations. On the basis of the results of the TPD study and theoretical simulations, the desorption peaks of acetone can be assigned to the following adsorption sites: (i) sites with energy of approximately 75 kJ mol (-1) ( T des approximately 300 K)endohedral sites of small diameter nanotubes ( approximately 7.7 A); (ii) sites with energy 40-68 kJ mol (-1) ( T des approximately 240 K)acetone adsorption on accessible interstitial, groove sites, and endohedral sites of larger nanotubes ( approximately 14 A); (iii) sites with energy 25-42 kJ mol (-1) ( T des approximately 140 K)acetone adsorption on external walls of SWCNTs and multilayer adsorption. Oxidatively purified SWCNTs have limited access to endohedral sites due to the presence of oxygen functionalities. Oxygen functionalities can be removed by annealing to elevated temperature (900 K) opening access to endohedral sites of nanotubes. Nonpurified, as-received SWCNTs are characterized by limited access for acetone to endohedral sites even after annealing to elevated temperatures (900 K). Annealing of both purified and as-produced SWCNTs to high temperatures (1400 K) leads to reduction of access for acetone molecules to endohedral sites of small nanotubes, probably due to defect self-healing and cap formation at the ends of SWCNTs. No chemical interaction between acetone and SWCNTs was detected for low temperature adsorption experiments. Theoretical simulations of acetone adsorption on finite pristine SWCNTs of different diameters suggest a clear relationship of the adsorption energy with tube sidewall curvature. Adsorption of acetone is due to dispersion forces, with its C-O bond either parallel to the surface or O pointing away from it. No significant charge transfer or polarization was found. Carbon black was used to model amorphous carbonaceous impurities present in as-produced SWCNTs. Desorption of acetone from carbon black revealed two peaks at approximately 140 and approximately 180-230 K, similar to two acetone desorption peaks from SWCNTs. The characteristic feature of acetone desorption from SWCNTs was peak at approximately 300 K that was not observed for carbon black. Care should be taken when assigning TPD peaks for molecules desorbing from carbon nanotubes as amorphous carbon can interfere.     

正已醇-邻、间、对二甲苯二元系固液相平衡

Melting temperatures have been measured and the solid-liquid phase diagrams constructed for 1-hexanol＋o-xylene, 1-hexanol＋m-xylene and 1-hexanol＋p-xylene. They are simple eutectic systems. Excess mole Gibbs free energies were calculated at 298.15K, showing larger positive deviations from ideal-solution behavior. The largest values of GmE are 711、 650 and 800 J•mol-1 for {o-C6H4(CH3)2＋C6H13OH}、 {m-C6H4(CH3)2 ＋ C6H13OH} and {p-C6H4(CH3)2＋C6H13OH} respectively.     

Mechanism and kinetics of hydrated electron diffusion

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to study the mechanism and kinetics of hydrated electron diffusion. The electron center of mass is found to exhibit Brownian-type behavior with a diffusion coefficient considerably greater than that of the solvent. As previously postulated by both experimental and theoretical works, the instantaneous response of the electron to the librational motions of surrounding water molecules constitutes the principal mode of motion. The diffusive mechanism can be understood within the traditional framework of transfer diffusion processes, where the diffusive step is akin to the exchange of an extramolecular electron between neighboring water molecules. This is a second-order process with a computed rate constant of 5.0 ps(-1) at 298 K. In agreement with experiment the electron diffusion exhibits Arrhenius behavior over the temperature range of 298-400 K. We compute an activation energy of 8.9 kJ mol(-1). Through analysis of Arrhenius plots and the application of a simple random walk model it is demonstrated that the computed rate constant for exchange of an excess electron is indeed the phenomenological rate constant associated with the diffusive process.