混合仿生鱼眼-复眼的广角高清成像系统

基于多尺度成像理论,采用混合仿生鱼眼-复眼结构,实现了大视场兼具高分辨率的光学成像系统设计。前级物镜系统为大直径球透镜,收集广角目标光线并成像到与球透镜同心的球面中继像面上;次级目镜系统是关于球透镜中心球对称的小口径透镜组阵列,对中继像进行像差校正并成像到探测器阵列上。对比了物镜采用双层同心球和单个球透镜的成像性能,后者可获得更优的成像性能且避免了双胶合球透镜带来的公差控制及力学与热稳定性问题。整个成像系统的视场大于100°,全视场内角分辨率优于10″,而畸变小于5%;系统具有大景深特点,不需调焦即可同时对300 m到无穷远目标清晰成像,可广泛应用于侦查监控等领域。     

Design of a hybrid diffractive/refractive achromatized telecentric f·θ lens

The design of a hybrid diffractive/refractive achromatized telecentric f·θ lens with a field of view (FOV) 50° and an effective focal length of 750 mm is presented. The optical stop is placed at the front focal plane so that it is a telecentric system. The design is based on a traditional refractive counterpart, and the designed system consists of a hybrid diffractive/refractive lens and four refractive lenses. The designed f·θ lens shows a considerable reduction in weight with a simplified structure, and exhibits superior performance compared to the refractive system. It is emphasized that the designed f·θ lens can be applied to modern color scanning systems that operate in the visible wavelength range with high performance. It can also be applied to high-energy scanning systems. When applying the designed hybrid diffractive/refractive f·θ lens to the high-energy scanning system, a big laser operating in one longitudinal mode can be replaced by a small multi-mode laser, and the scanning system can be simplified greatly with the accuracy improved.     

Pulsed interfermetric holography of laser-produced air breakdown

Air breakdown at pressures of 300 and 753 torr was produced by a 28J, 40 ns FWHM neodymium glass laser focused with a 100 mm focal length lens. The breakdown region was observed by recording infinite fringe, interferometric, diffuse holograms with a single-mode ruby laser of 100 ns FWHM pulse length. The two lasers were synchronized to examine the time region from < 1–38 μs after initiation. Shock wave velocities of about Mach 2 were typical at these times and the shock front was virtually spherical. The R-t diagram was found to be in excellent agreement with the weak spherical blast wave theory of Sakurai. The radial density profile of the shock wave was determined by an Abel inversion of the fringe pattern. Both the R-t function and the density profile were calculated using a one-dimensional, hydrodynamic model and good agreement was obtained.     

标准球面透镜的几何特性与误差分析

标准球面透镜是斐索型干涉仪的核心器件，综述标准球面透镜的几何特性和误差。分析标准球面透镜在干涉照明光路和成像光路中的作用，重点介绍并实验验证了球面干涉成像的R-sinθ几何特性关系模型，给出了采用Q非球面实现非球面分裂的新型设计方法，以及2片式非球面标准球面透镜结构的实例，概述了针对小F数标准球面透镜球面干涉腔中的待测球面调整误差和移相空间非均匀性误差的研究成果，介绍了校正球面干涉腔中误差的波面差分算法，指出在近标准球面透镜焦点位置测量球面时的回程误差影响，从物像共轭关系角度解释了近焦点位置回程误差较大的原因，比对分析了标准球面透镜的透射波前与斜率对回程误差的影响。提出了在设计标准球面透镜时需注意的几何特性关系，以及使用标准球面透镜时易产生的误差和相应的抑制方法。     

折衍射混合复消色差望远物镜中的色球差

一个正透镜、一个负透镜及一个衍射光学元件以不同的组合可以构成两种折衍射混合光学系统.当这两种系统消球差、彗差及复消色差后会产生不同的色球差.通过赛德尔像差理论,分析了这两种结构产生不同色球差的原因.计算表明当衍射光学元件以负透镜的平面为基底时产生的色球差为以正透镜的平面为基底时产生的色球差的7倍.对衍射光学元件以负透镜的平面为基底的情形,提出了减小系统色球差的解决办法,使系统色球差减小到0.307 mm.另外设计了一个传统复消色差光学系统,并和折衍射混合光学系统进行了比较,分析表明,衍射光学元件可代替传统光学系统中的特殊光学材料并使系统达到相同的成像质量.最后讨论了衍射光学元件的衍射效率对系统成像质量的影响.     

Focal shift and focal switch of partially polarized Gaussian Schell-model beams passing through a system with the aperture and spherically aberrated lens separated

Based on the beam coherent-polarization (BCP) matrix approach and propagation law of partially coherent beams, the focal shift and focal switch of partially polarized Gaussian Schell-model (PGSM) beams passing through a system with the aperture and spherically aberrated lens separated is studied in detail. Our main attention is focused on the effect of spherical aberration and partial coherence on the focal shift and focal switch of PGSM beams. It is shown that for polarizer-free case there is no focal switch of PGSM beams, the focal shift of PGSM beams is closely related with spherical aberration coefficient C₄, auto-coherence length σ_a, truncation parameter δ and relative position s/f between the aperture and lens in general, and is independent of the cross-coherence length σ_c. After inserting a polarizer the focal switch can take place. Numerical calculation results are given to illustrate how the spherical aberration and partial coherence affect the focal shift and focal switch of PGSM beams.     

应用反射型球面菲涅耳波带片的成像物镜设计

设计了一种应用球面菲涅耳波带反射面与非球面反射面结合的成像物镜。对球面结构的菲涅耳波带反射面进行分析,推导了球面菲涅耳波带反射面近似替代非球面的方法,采用单片球面菲涅耳波带反射面和三片非球面反射面设计成像物镜,在放大倍数100×、视场角120°、菲涅耳数2.5情况下,调制传递函数在放大成像侧可实现0.6 lp/mm的40%以上,畸变小于2.2%。该设计方法为菲涅耳波带片应用于可见光成像提供了参考,并随着菲涅耳器件加工技术的不断发展具有良好的应用前景。     

Negative refractive index, perfect lenses and checkerboards: Trapping and imaging effects in folded optical spaces

Newly discovered metamaterials have opened new vistas for better control of light via negative refraction, whereby light refracts in the “wrong” manner. These are dielectric and metallic composite materials structured at subwavelength lengthscales. Their building blocks consist of local resonators such as conducting thin bars and split rings driving the material parameters such as the dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability to negative (complex) values. Combined together, these structural elements can bring about a (complex valued) negative effective refractive index for the Snell–Descartes law and result in negative refraction of radiation. Negative refractive index materials can support a host of surface plasmon states for both polarizations of light. This makes possible unique effects such as imaging with subwavelength image resolution through the Pendry–Veselago slab lens. Other geometries have also been investigated, such as cylindrical or spherical lenses that enable a magnification of images with subwavelength resolution. Superlenses of three-fold (equilateral triangle), four-fold (square) and six-fold (hexagonal) geometry allow for multiple images, respectively two, three, and five. Generalization to rectangular and triangular checkerboards consisting of alternating cells of positive and negative refractive index represents a very singular situation in which the density of modes diverges at the corners, with an infinity of images. Sine-cosecant anisotropic heterogeneous square and triangular checkerboards can be respectively mapped onto three-dimensional cubic and icosahedral corner lenses consisting of alternating positive and negative refractive regions. All such systems with corners between negative and positive refractive media display very singular behavior with the local density of states becoming infinitely large at the corner, in the limit of no dissipation. We investigate all of these, using the unifying viewpoint of transformation optics. To cite this article: S. Guenneau, S.A. Ramakrishna, C. R. Physique 10 (2009).     

Design of off-axis reflective projection lens using spherical Fresnel surface

In this paper, an off-axis reflective projection lens with single Fresnel reflective surface and three aspheric surfaces were designed. The design method of reflective lens using spherical Fresnel surface is discussed. The MTF (Modulation Transfer Function) of the off-axis reflective lens, with optical magnification 100×, F-number 2.5 and field of view 120°, is over 40% at 0.6 lp/mm on the image side, the distortion is less than 2%. This design method can provide reference for application of Fresnel surface in wide field of view imaging, and possesses a bright future with the continuous development of fabrication technique.     

对光声成像系统中声透镜的二元声学研究

基于二元声学的方法提出了一种折射／衍射混合声透镜设计方案,该声透镜在对光声信号进行二维成像时体现出了极大的优越性,与单声透镜相比,除了有实时成像、成像焦深较大且可以利用时间分辨技术实现层析成像的优点外,还可以利用二元声学透镜独特的色散特性校正单声透镜的轴向色差,可以极大提高成像的分辨力。通过计算机模拟了有一定带宽的点声源通过该声透镜像面上的点扩展函数,与经单声透镜的结果比较,可以看出点扩展函数弥散斑得到明显改善,极大地消除色差对成像质量的影响。     

机载多尺度广域高分辨率成像系统设计

针对机载光电成像系统的大视场高分辨率成像需求,设计一种基于共心球透镜的多尺度广域高分辨率光学成像系统,该光学系统包括大尺度共心球透镜和小尺度次级相机阵列,具有结构紧凑的优点。根据共心球透镜所具有的球差和色差特性,并结合小尺度相机对像差进行进一步校正以分割视场,可以实现大视场高分辨率成像。全系统在受力以及高、低温的条件下进行实验,实验结果表明该成像系统具有良好的稳定性,且全视场范围内的调制传递函数值恒接近于系统的衍射极限,弥散斑半径的方均根值小于探测器的像元尺寸,说明该系统的成像效果良好。所提系统可以有效解决传统机载成像系统难以同时满足大视场和高分辨率的问题,为光学成像系统设计提供一种新思路。     

Imaging {Au0-PAMAM} Gold-dendrimer Nanocomposites in Cells

Dendrimer nanocomposites (DNC) are hybrid nanoparticles formed by the dispersion and immobilization of guest atoms or small clusters in dendritic polymer matrices. They have a great potential in biomedical applications due to their controlled composition, predetermined size, shape and variable surface functionalities. In this work, d=5–25nm spherical nanoparticles composed of gold and poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers have been selected to demonstrate this nanoparticle based concept. {Au(0)_n-PAMAM} gold dendrimer nanocomposites with a well-defined size were synthesized and imaged by transmission electron microscopy both in vitro and in vivo. DNC have also the potential to be used for imaging and drug delivery vehicles either by utilizing bioactive guests or through the incorporation of radioactive isotopes, such as Au-198.     

Design of 20 mm~200 mm zoom objective lens for polarization imaging system北大核心CSCD

The zoom objective lens is an important part of the polarization imaging system. At present, the zoom objective lens on the market is relatively expensive due to the use of more aspheric surfaces. In order to reduce the processing cost of the polarization imaging system zoom objective lens, a 20 mm~200 mm zoom objective lens for polarization imaging system was designed. By using positive group compensation method and Zemax to optimize the zoom system, the final system used only 7 spherical lenses to achieve good image quality. The modulation transfer function (MTF) is greater than 0.3 at 120 lp/mm, the distortion is less than 4%, and the cam curve of the system is smooth without breakpoints. The system tolerance analysis results show that the tolerance range is set as follows: the aperture tolerance of the lens surface is 2, the thickness tolerance of the lens or air center is ±0.02 mm, the inclination tolerance of the lens surface center is ±0.025°, the lens assembly and adjustment tolerance is ± 0.025 mm, and the lens refractive index deviation is 0.002. The tolerance setting conforms to the component processing and system assembly and adjustment process, which has a certain reference value to reduce the cost of polarization imaging system. © 2022 Editorial office of Journal of Applied Optics. All rights reserved.     

A New Imaging Method with a Spatial Filter for Incoherent Stream

A new imaging method using an incoherent-type pupil filter: SFINCS (Spatial Filter for INCoherent Stream) is presented. The new filter divides the imaging beam into several incoherent beams at the pupil plane thereby enlarging the depth-of-focus (DOF). The capabilities of SFINCS are studied by simulations and several ways to realize the method are also discussed. The experimental results show that SFINCS has excellent DOF expanding capabilities for a point-image such as a hole pattern in VLSI lithography, and that 1.7 μm DOF is obtained with a 0.30 μm hole pattern by an i-line projection lens with 0.57 NA (numerical aperture).Presented at the International Commission for Optics Topical Meeting, Kyoto, 1994.     

棱镜分光光谱仪的光学系统设计与光谱特性计算

设计了离轴全球面成像光谱仪和离轴校正透镜棱镜分光成像光谱仪两种光学系统.在离轴全球面成像光谱仪的基础上,提出了改进型离轴校正透镜光谱仪,仅采用一个色散棱镜,避免了大口径同心透镜;有效校正了大视场像差,色散非线性修正效果显著.通过调节离轴角和光谱仪的焦距控制了畸变,补偿了与波长相关的狭缝弯曲,减小了残余像差,并降低了整个光谱仪工程实施的难度.从工程合理性、加工可实现性和光学性能等方面比较了两个系统的特点,推导和给出了光谱分辨率和狭缝弯曲的计算结果.从设计结果看,改进型离轴校正透镜光谱仪的传递函数最小值大于75％,而离轴全球面成像光谱仪的最小值只大于60％.从加工难易程度看,离轴全球面成像光谱仪采用一个接近Φ200 mm的石英透镜,其透射材料远不如改进型离轴校正透镜光谱仪透镜材料的均匀性和面形准确度高,而且大口径透镜大大增加了制备难度和成本.从工程布局看,改进型离轴校正透镜光谱仪充分考虑了与机械结构的匹配,狭缝与第一面反射镜的轴向距离较合理.从光谱特性看,两个光学系统的光谱分辨率结果基本接近,离轴全球面成像光谱仪光谱弯曲结果略好于离轴校正透镜结构.因此,综合比较得出离轴校正透镜光谱仪是最佳的选择方案,该系统可应用在短波红外波段的光谱成像的遥感探测.     

The measurement of refractive index profile and aberration of radial gradient index lens by using imaging method

In this article, through the linear fit of objective distance and reciprocal of magnification in different imaging locations, we use imaging method to measure the central refractive index n(0) and focusing constant α of radial gradient index (GRIN) lens and obtain 10⁻³ measurement accuracy of n(0). At the same time, under distortion, the fourth-order refractive index coefficient and aberration of GRIN lens are derived.     

球面端面的锥形梯度折射率透镜的近轴成像特性

本文根据光线在球面上的折射公式及光线微分方程,研究了光线经两端面为球面的锥形梯度折射率透镜的传播和变换,基于光线传递ABCD矩阵,提出了球面端面的锥形梯度折射率透镜的一种等效光学系统.文中给出了该透镜的主平面、焦平面和焦距计算公式,以及近轴成像高斯公式.当锥度为零时即得到球面端面的柱形或径向梯度折射率透镜的相应结果.     

三视场红外搜索光学系统的设计

设计一款实际工程应用的红外三视场光学系统,其中大中视场利用透镜组切换变倍,小视场和大视场利用反射镜切换变倍。设计中采用二次成像的方式,3个视场共用二次成像透镜组,保证100％冷屏效率,减小第1片透镜的过口径。同时,采用非球面技术校正系统的球差和彗差,通过光学设计软件CODE V仿真,得出最大的点列斑为11 m左右,并且MTF接近衍射极限,成像质量完全满足使用要求。最后,该系统利用反射镜折叠光路实现了系统结构紧凑、体积小的特点。     

正交柱透镜成像实验

将两个形状相同的柱透镜正交组合成一个透镜,实验发现其具有与球透镜相当的成像效果,对实验现象进行理论分析,认为该实验可以开发成经典几何光学的一个新颖的实验。     

Aberration-free two-thin-lens systems based on negative-index materials

Since the complete correction of all five monochromatic Seidel aberrations for a singlet lens with random shape or a two-thin-lens system is unprocurable merely by using the conventional positive-index materials both in theory and practice, this paper proposes that when one or both of the two lenses is/are made from negative-index materials, an imaging system composed of a pair of spherical thin lenses is possible to form a real image, in air, free from all five monochromatic Seidel aberrations. The calculated numerical solutions to the structural parameters of such lens systems possessing superior performance are provided and examples of them are illustrated for the given combinations of the two lenses＇ refractive indices, including an ultimately-remote imaging system.