Residual income and value creation: An investigation into the lost-capital paradigm

This paper presents a new way of measuring residual income, originally introduced by Magni (2000a,b,c, 2001a,b, 2003). Contrary to the standard residual income, the capital charge is equal to the capital lost by investors multiplied by the cost of capital. The lost capital may be viewed as (a) the foregone capital, (b) the capital implicitly infused into the business, (c) the outstanding capital of a shadow project, (d) the claimholders’ credit. Relations of the lost capital with book values and market values are studied, as well as relations of the lost capital residual income with the classical standard paradigm; many appealing properties are derived, among which an aggregation property. Different concepts and results, provided by different authors in such different fields as economic theory, management accounting and corporate finance, are considered: O’Hanlon and Peasnell’s (2002) unrecovered capital and Excess Value Created; Ohlson’s (2005) Abnormal Earnings Growth; O’Byrne’s (1997) EVA improvement; Miller and Modigliani’s (1961) investment opportunities approach to valuation; Young and O’Byrne’s (2001) Adjusted EVA; Keynes’s (1936) user cost; Drukarczyk and Schueler’s (2000) Net Economic Income; Fernández’s (2002) Created Shareholder Value; Anthony’s (1975) profit. They are all conveniently reinterpreted within the theoretical domain of the lost-capital paradigm and conjoined in a unified view. The results found make this new theoretical approach a good candidate for firm valuation, capital budgeting decision-making, managerial incentives and control.     

劳动生产率增长源泉与收敛研究

在异质性人力资本的条件下,把劳动生产率增长分解为效率的改变、技术改变、人力资本及物质资本.用核密度函数及回归方法分别对劳动生产率增长及收敛性进行了研究.结果表明:(1)劳动生产率分布由单峰变为多峰,其在初级与高级人力资本下的原因分别为技术改变、物质资本与人力资本;(2)全国的劳动生产率是β收敛的,而西部并不存在β收敛;(3)效率改变及技术改变促进了劳动生产率的发散,而人力资本积累及物质资本积累上促进了劳动生产率的收敛.     

Optimization of financial and energy structure of productive capital

^** Email: nahritonenko{at}pvamu.edu^*** Email: yyatsenko{at}hbu.edu Optimal control of special non-linear Volterra integral equationsis used to optimize the structure and lifetime of age-dependentproductive capital at an individual enterprise level. The equationsdescribe a multifactor vintage capital model. The optimizationproblem is to select investment, specific capital cost, specificenergy consumption and capital lifetime that maximize net profiton finite and infinite horizons. The structure of optimal trajectoriesis investigated and relevant relations among technological andfinancial parameters of the productive capital are established.     

Optimal control problem for an insurance surplus model with debt liability

For an insurance company with a debt liability, they could make some management actions, such as reinsurance, paying dividends, and capital injection, to balance the profitability and financial bankruptcy. Our objective is to determine risk retention rate, dividend, and capital injection strategy so as to maximize the expected discounted dividends minus the discounted cost of capital injection until the time of ruin. We assume that the dividend payments and capital injection should occur with both fixed and proportional costs. We obtain explicit expressions of the optimal value functions as well as the corresponding optimal joint strategies by routine procedures in a comprehensive basic model using a new technique to solve the related equations. Our results show that whether recapitalizing is profitable or not depends on the costs of capital raising and that the firm injects capital only when the reserves are zero and recapitalizes to the optimal reserves level if the cost of external capital is low. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于面板数据模型的研发投入影响因素区域异质性研究——基于医药制造业样本的实证分析

基于面板数据模型研究了新产品经济产出、税收优惠、人力资本等因素对我国东中西部地区医药制造业研发资金投入强度影响.研究发现:1)东中西部地区在R&D投入影响因素上存在差异,其中人力资本、企业内部研发资金投入、税收优惠因素对东部地区R&D投入的显著作用依次增强;2)政府研发资金投入、人力资本、税收优惠、盈利能力对中部地区R&D投入的显著作用依次增强,而新产品经济产出呈现负向作用;3)企业内部研发资金投入对西部地区R&D投入显著作用强于人力资本因素,企业规模、税收优惠呈现出负向作用.建议我国应因地制宜采取相应对策,有效提高东中西部地区医药制造业R&D研发投入,进一步促进我国医药制造业创新能力和水平.     

资本约束对商业银行风险偏好的影响—来自中部某省份若干家商业银行的实证检验

本文以滞后一期的自回归模型为基础,综合运用统计描连、单位根检验、协整检验等技术,针对2002年至2006年中部某省份若干家商业银行的数据,实证检验了资本约束政策的实施对商业银行风险偏好的影响。结论显示:资本约束对商业银行的风险行为选择的影响巨大,但是资本软约束会强烈抵消资本约束带来的正效应;中小型银行比大型银行更具有政策的敏感度,中国的商业银行体系应当进一步进行深入的市场经济改革。本文的创新在于:建立了一个信贷行为偏好指数来刻画商业银行的风险偏好,并把资本约束的实施与资本约束的软化引入计量模型,分别进行了总量检验与分类检验,从而得到了有中国特色的分析结论与政策建议。     

人力资本存量计算方法的改进与试算

在Jorgenson和Fraumeni的理论框架下提出了一种计算人力资本存量的新方法,并且具体计算了我国2000年人力资本存量以及城乡人力资本存量.分析得出结论:我国人力资本总量巨大,而人均极少;城乡人均人力资本差距很大,且有进一步加大的趋势.     

Trust and relational capital

Trust can be viewed at the same time as an instrument both for an agent selecting the right partners in order to achieve its own goals, and for an agent of being selected from other potential partners in order to establish with them a cooperation/collaboration and to take advantage from the accumulated trust. In this paper we will analyze trust as the agents’ relational capital. Starting from the classical dependence network with potential partners, we introduce the analysis of what it means for an agent to be trusted and how this condition could be strategically used from it for achieving its own goals, that is, why it represents a form of power. The idea of taking another agent’s point of view is especially important if we consider the amount of studies in social science that connect trust with social capital related issues. Although there is a big interest in literature about ‘social capital’ and its powerful effects on the wellbeing of both societies and individuals, often it is not clear enough what is it the object under analysis. Individual trust capital (relational capital) and collective trust capital not only should be disentangled, but their relations are quite complicated and even conflicting. To overcome this gap, we propose a study that first attempts to understand what trust is as capital of individuals. In which sense “trust” is a capital. How this capital is built, managed and saved. In particular, how this capital is the result of the others’ beliefs and goals. Then we aim to analytically study the cognitive dynamics of this object.     

Estimation of the ruin probability of an insurance company operating on a BS-market

We obtain an estimate for the ruin probability of an insurance company that invests a part of its capital in stocks and puts the rest of the capital in a bank account. An insurance premium is established depending on the capital of the insurance company. __________ Translated from Ukrains’kyi Matematychnyi Zhurnal, Vol. 59, No. 11, pp. 1443–1453, November, 2007.     

并购后企业知识资本演化的数学模型

知识资本是企业价值系统的参变量 ,其存量和水平支配着并购企业的命运 .从知识和能力整合的角度出发 ,根据并购双方知识资本系统整合的机理和特点 ,建立了知识资本演化的数学模型 ,并且通过模型的数值分析模拟了并购后知识资本存量变化的过程和发展趋势 .     

Trust and relational capital

Trust can be viewed at the same time as an instrument both for an agent selecting the right partners in order to achieve its own goals, and for an agent of being selected from other potential partners in order to establish with them a cooperation/collaboration and to take advantage from the accumulated trust. In this paper we will analyze trust as the agents’ relational capital. Starting from the classical dependence network with potential partners, we introduce the analysis of what it means for an agent to be trusted and how this condition could be strategically used from it for achieving its own goals, that is, why it represents a form of power. The idea of taking another agent’s point of view is especially important if we consider the amount of studies in social science that connect trust with social capital related issues. Although there is a big interest in literature about ‘social capital’ and its powerful effects on the wellbeing of both societies and individuals, often it is not clear enough what is it the object under analysis. Individual trust capital (relational capital) and collective trust capital not only should be disentangled, but their relations are quite complicated and even conflicting. To overcome this gap, we propose a study that first attempts to understand what trust is as capital of individuals. In which sense “trust” is a capital. How this capital is built, managed and saved. In particular, how this capital is the result of the others’ beliefs and goals. Then we aim to analytically study the cognitive dynamics of this object.     

Optimal periodic dividend and capital injection problem for spectrally positive Lévy processes

In this paper, we investigate an optimal periodic dividend and capital injection problem for spectrally positive Lévy processes. We assume that the periodic dividend strategy has exponential inter-dividend-decision times and continuous monitoring of solvency. Both proportional and fixed transaction costs from capital injection are considered. The objective is to maximize the total value of the expected discounted dividends and the penalized discounted capital injections until the time of ruin. By the fluctuation theory of Lévy processes in Albrecher et al. (2016), the optimal periodic dividend and capital injection strategies are derived. We also find that the optimal return function can be expressed in terms of the scale functions of Lévy processes. Finally, numerical examples are studied to illustrate our results.     

新疆区域人力资本配置对经济增长的影响研究

1999年,党中央提出并实施"西部大开发"战略.2010年以来,党中央再次号召全国19个省市援疆.值此难得的重要战略机遇期,加大人力资本区域配置对经济增长影响的研究,对于实现新疆经济社会又好又快地发展具有重要的意义.使用变系数面板模型,计算各地州人力资本、物质资本对经济增长的贡献,并提出优化区域人力资本配置的对策建议.最终得出的基本结论:物质资本和人力资本对各地州经济增长有显著的积极作用,总体上看,经济发展水平较高的地州,其物质资本对经济增长的拉动作用强于经济发展水平较低的地州,而其人力资本对经济增长的拉动作用弱于经济发展水平较低的地州.     

The optimal operational risk capital requirement by applying the advanced measurement approach

The purpose of this paper is to construct a risk quantification model to achieve the accurate operational risk management and gain the satisfying estimation and control of future possible extreme losses by using capital charges to assess operational risk. The paper takes a case bank as the research object and compares the differences under various circumstances engaging the Basic Indicator Approach, the Standardized Approach, and the Advanced Measurement Approach for the operational risk capital requirement of a bank. The results indicate that it is more appropriate to adopt the Advanced Measurement Approach to estimate the operational risk capital requirement; this way can help a bank enjoy a much lessened capital charge required and subsequently its available capital increases. Hence, it allows a bank to have sufficient funds in operations and reduce the burden of capital costs. Therefore, it will bring the positive benefits to the whole banking industry when enforcing the Advanced Measurement Approach.     

Human capital externality and chaotic equilibrium dynamics

This study develops a two-period overlapping generations model in which adults undertake educational investment decisions on behalf of young agents. In addition to educational investment, we argue that the accumulation of human capital is also dependent upon the externality from average human capital within the economy. In a departure from the previous literature in this area, we assume that there is a reduction in the overall productivity of human capital accumulation brought about by human capital externality, and show that complicated dynamics will emerge under this circumstance. In addition to displaying the chaotic dynamics in the sense of Li and Yorke, we also verify the existence of Devaney's chaos and Smale's chaos.     

A Portfolio Approach to Capital Budgeting: An Application to the Expansion to Additional Product Lines

The importance of the covariance of returns between capital assets is one of the basic principles of modern portfolio theory. An investor should seek capital assets which have negative covariance of returns, or if such capital assets are not available, capital assets with low covariance should be sought for a portfolio. From the variance-covariance structure of returns of the capital assets and the expected returns for each capital asset, a risk-reward trade-off or efficient frontier can be generated. The trade-off represents the minimum risk, as measured by portfolio variance, that could be incurred to realize a desired rate of return for the portfolio. This concept applies to a portfolio of capital budgeting projects as well as to a portfolio of securities. This paper demonstrates how this concept of portfolio diversification can be applied to a capital budgeting problem. The problem involves an actual problem faced by a U.S. distributor who must decide whether to expand sales into one of two industries. Quadratic programming is used to generate the risk-reward relationships and it is shown that the entry into one industry clearly provides a superior risk-reward relationship than entry into the other industry and compared to the company's present sales policy.     

Capital adequacy and risk management in banking industry

The present paper deals with the issue of bank capital adequacy and risk management within a stochastic dynamic setting. In particular, an explicit risk aggregation and capital expression is provided regarding the portfolio choice and capital requirements special context. Such a framework leads to a nonlinear stochastic optimal control problem whose solution may be determined by means of dynamic programming algorithm. The pertaining analysis relies heavily on the stochastic dynamic modeling of such balance sheet items as securities, loans, and regulatory capital with stochastic interest rates. In this respect, the special Kalman filter approach is used for the purpose of estimating the model parameters. The reached findings reveal well that the Tunisian bank, subject of study, generally exceeds the minimum requirements and is adequately capitalized to maintain the appropriate capital amount level commensurate with the aggregate risk. Besides, empirical evidence on the regulations' impact on driving bank capitalization and risk‐taking behavior has also been highlighted. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Social status and long-run effects of monetary policy in a two-sector monetary economy of endogenous growth

We develop a two-sector monetary economy with human capital accumulation and a cash constraint applied to both consumption and investment to examine the ways in which social status affects the impact of monetary policy on the long-run economic growth rate. Our findings suggest that the formation of human capital is an important determinant to the super-neutrality of money in the growth-rate sense. Within an economy with Lucas-type human capital formation, money is super-neutral; however, within an economy where human capital accumulation formation is more generalized, and in which both physical and human capital are used as inputs, the growth rate in money will have a negative effect on the long-run growth rate of the economy. The existence, uniqueness and saddle-path stability of balanced-growth equilibrium are also examined.     

Diversification,protection of liability holders and regulatory arbitrage

Any solvency regime for financial institutions should be aligned with the fundamental objectives of regulation: protecting liability holders and securing the stability of the financial system. The first objective leads to consider surplus-invariant capital adequacy tests, i.e. tests that do not depend on the surplus of a financial institution. We provide a complete characterization of closed, convex, surplus-invariant capital adequacy tests that highlights an inherent tension between surplus-invariance and the desire to give credit for diversification. The second objective leads to requiring consistency of capital adequacy tests across jurisdictions. Of particular importance in this respect are capital adequacy tests that remain invariant under a change of numéraire. We establish an intimate link between surplus- and numéraire invariant tests.     

人力资本、自然资本与最优经济增长要素分析

通过把人力资本、自然资本与社会生产总量联系起来 ,由消费物资多少、获得知识多少及自然资本存量大小这三因素来确定效用 ,提供了物质、人力和自然资本三种重要资产增长的模型框架 ,得到了经济的消费增长率、均衡时各种资本的增长率之间的关系和实现最优经济增长的控制策略 .