基于超声散射元平均间距的生物软件组织弹性测量

超声弹性成像有希望成为生物软组织病变诊断的有效手段，本文论述了软组织散射元准周期规则分布导致超声散射信号相干峰产生的机理，提出利用AR幅度倒谱估计散射元平均间距及其变化，结合组织外加应力来估计软组织内局部杨氏弹性模量，结果表明，该方法能有效地测量软组织内局部杨氏弹性模量，轴向和侧向空间分辨力分别为2.5mm和1.5mm，可用于在体软组织弹性成像，最后讨论了软组织弹性测量中的具体问题。     

基于超声散射元平均间距的生物软组织弹性测量

超声弹性成像有希望成为生物软组织病变诊断的有效手段。本文论述了软组织散射元准周期规则分布导致超声散射信号相干峰产生的机理，提出利用ＡＲ幅度倒谱估计散射元平均间距及其变化，结合组织外加应力来估计软组织内局部杨氏弹性模量。结果表明，该方法能有效地测量软组织内局部杨氏弹性模量，轴向和侧向空间分辨力分别为２．５ｍｍ和１．５ｍｍ，可用于在体软组织弹性成像。最后讨论了软组织弹性测量中的具体问题。     

关于软组织的生物力学实验研究

生物软组织力学在研究生理、病理上具有很重要的地位。例如,动脉壁由于血压的作用而产生的应力和变形的问题,在了解心血管系统的生理和病理方面已得到了医学界的承认和重视。下面要谈生物软组织力学的另一方面的作用。      

用电子散斑法对纯镍薄片弯曲变形的测量

由于建立的电子散斑法有位移测量精度高、量程大的特点,且自制的力传感器灵敏度高、量程相对较大,从而保证了本实验中镍片在三点弯中的反应被全程、精确地记录下来．基于时间序列的电子散斑法,测出了10—100μm不同厚度的纯镍薄片在三点弯下的载荷-位移曲线,其中包括弹性部分以及进入塑性屈服两个阶段,据此可以推出不同厚度镍片的三点弯刚度．实验表明镍片的抗弯刚度受其厚度的影响很大,尤其在薄片厚度较小时表现得更为明显,即表现出明显的尺度效应．     

生物软组织力学活体测试技术进展

本文综述了近年来有关生物软组织如皮肤、粘膜、肌腱、肌肉、神经和血管等活体状态下进行力学测试的新技术和新的试验装置，讨论了离体和活体生物力学性质之间存在差别的可能因素，以及活体生物软组织力学试验方法在临床应用中的意义。     

螺桨盘转子轴头动刚度实验测量方法及技术处理

在螺桨盘转子系统的颤振涡动研究中,系统的安装刚度对转子的颤振涡动失稳有着重要的作用.对于飞机发动机,实际安装情况十分复杂,发动机短舱.安装节、机翼等对螺桨盘转子的运动均有影响.所以,在颤振涡动研究中,必须考虑轴头的动刚度.轴头的动刚度是通过动柔度转换而来的,而在动柔度的实验测量中必须解决几个技术问题,首先是提高信噪比.其次是消除工艺夹具带来的附加质量和附加转动惯量的影响,从而提高动刚度系数的测量精度.本文通过对模型转子以及某实际桨轴发动机转子轴头动刚度系数的测量及处理,阐述轴头动刚度矩阵的测量方法,以及有关技术问题的处理过程.     

基于超灵敏视频引伸计的飞行器舵机连杆拉压刚度准确测量

舵机连杆拉压刚度的准确测量对于飞行器舵机的安全服役至关重要,而拉压刚度的准确测量则高度依赖于舵机连杆变形的高精度测量.传统的夹持式引伸计虽然可用于材料或结构拉压变形的精确测量,但其测量标距通常较为有限,不能满足复杂工程结构(如飞行器舵机连杆等)变形测量的实际需求.基于远心成像镜头的非接触光学视频引伸计也能满足结构变形的...     

钢丝软轴抗扭刚度的计算及测量

根据钢丝软轴基本参数的变化,确定其受载后其它几何尺寸的变化量,由此导出软轴两端相对扭转角进而得到钢丝软轴抗扭刚度的计算公式,此外,笔还在扭转试验机上对钢丝软轴的抗扭刚度进行实验测量,结果证实本理论计算值吻合于实际测量值。     

陀螺电机动压气体轴承刚度测试方法改进（英文）

动压气体轴承陀螺电机的气膜刚度是评价轴承承载能力的关键指标。针对H型动压气体轴承陀螺电机气膜刚度测试方法存在测量精度和重复性差的问题,提出了刚度测试工装是保证刚度测试重复性精度的一个重要方面,刚度测试工装的加工和装配精度、材料的热变性和应力变形都是影响气膜刚度测试准确性的主要因素,在设计时必须考虑。通过对现有刚度测试工装材料、结构和方法的优化改进和仿真分析,验证了采用改进后的刚度测试工装和方法更有利于提高了轴承刚度测试的重复性精度。     

考虑时变刚度特性的复合材料微结构拓扑优化设计方法

理想的骨折内固定植入物在组织愈合或修复的过程中,其结构性能需要满足不同愈合阶段对生物力学的需求.提出一种对生物可降解复合材料微结构的时变刚度特性进行调控设计的拓扑优化方法,以达到理想的骨折内固定植入物特殊的时变刚度特性需求.使用具有不同降解速率和刚度的两种可降解材料,以相对密度作为设计变量来描述不同材料的分布,以特定降...     

Historical sense in the historians of the theory of elasticity

This paper studies the historical and epistemological approaches followed by historians of the theory of elasticity. The authors chosen are Todhunter and Pearson, Love, Timoshenko, and Truesdell, who are perhaps the most important historians in English language since the second half of the nineteenth century. It is shown that the historical purpose has changed from one historian to the next, ranging from history as a compilation of what is known to criticism of the evolution of elasticity. The path of progress is investigated and again there are significant differences between historians although overall they have a sense of confluence towards some form of truth. The relation between history and theory is identified as a recurrent theme. And the epistemology in each author, although not explicitly stated, is seen to change following the main trends in their times or before. Some possible avenues of research are mentioned towards the end.     

一种基于能量法则的爆炸成形弹丸速度的工程计算方法

为了准确预报爆炸成形弹丸的速度,提出了以药型罩中所有内部微元都变处于流动状态的时刻作为爆炸成形弹丸成形结束的标志,并因此得出药型罩自身变形时所消耗的变形能应与使整个药型罩都处于流动状态的熔化能相等。在此基础上利用能量守恒原理,建立了爆炸成形弹丸速度的计算公式,并通过试验和数值模拟验证。实验和计算结果表明,本文中所建立的爆炸成形弹丸速度的计算公式具有较好的工程实用价值。     

Stress concentration in the moment theory of elasticity

A multimoment theory of elasticity of inhomogeneous media is used to develop algorithms for determining a sequence of essentially independent fundamental parameters associated with the structure, composition, and characteristics of the medium components. The general form of stress concentration factors is established by analyzing specific models of media. It is found that the mean tangential stresses in a fibrous medium with a transverse stress state are asymmetric. As an example, the methods are used to solve specific problems for plates and shells __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 66–76, January 2007.     

A conservative and shape-preserving semi-Lagrangian method for the solution of the shallow water equations

Semi-Lagrangian methods are now perhaps the most widely researched algorithms in connection with atmospheric flow simulation codes. In order to investigate their applicability to hydraulic problems, cubic Hermite polynomials are used as the interpolant technique. The main advantage of such an approach is the use of information from only two points. The derivatives are calculated and limited so as to produce a shape-preserving solution. The lack of conservation of semi-Lagrangian methods, however, is widely regarded as a serious disadvantage for hydraulic studies, where non-linear problems in which shocks may develop are often encountered. In this work we describe how to make the scheme conservative using an FCT approach. The method proposed does not guarantee an unconditional shock-capturing ability but is able to correctly reproduce the discontinuous flows common in open channel simulation without any shock-fitting algorithm. It is a cheap way to improve existing 1D semi-Lagrangian codes and allows stable calculations beyond the usual CFL limits. A basic semi-Lagrangian method is presented that provides excellent results for a linear problem: the new techniques allow us to tackle non-linear cases without unduly degrading the accuracy for the simpler problems. Two one-dimensional hydraulic problems are used as test cases, water hammer and dam break. In the latter case, because of the non-linearity, special care is needed with the low-order solution and we show the advantages of using Leveque's large-time step version of Roe's scheme for this purpose.     

Buckling of a beam subjected to electromagnetic force and its stabilization by controlling the perturbation of the bifurcation

For a beam subjected to electromagnetic force, magnetoelastic buckling due to the increase of such force is theoretically investigated by taking account of the nonlinearity of the electromagnetic force and the elastic force of the beam. Using Liapunov-Schmidt method and center manifold theory, the equilibrium space, the bifurcation set and the bifurcation diagram are theoretically derived. Also, the effect of the higher modes other than the buckling mode on the mode shape of the postbuckling state is discussed. Furthermore, a control method to stabilize the magnetoelastic buckling is proposed, and the unstable equilibrium state of the beam in the postbuckling state, i.e., the straight position of the beam, is stabilized by controlling the perturbation of the bifurcation.     

Determining the Axisymmetric Geometrically Nonlinear Thermoviscoelastoplastic State of Laminated Shells by the Theory of Deformation Along Paths of Small Curvature

A technique is developed for determining the thermoviscoelastoplastic geometrically nonlinear axisymmetric stress–strain state of laminar shells of revolution under loads that induce meridional stress and torsion. The technique is based on the hypotheses of rectilinear element for the whole stack of layers. The relations of the theory of deformations along paths of small curvature are used as equations of state. The solution is reduced to the numerical integration of a system of ordinary differential equations. The technique is tried out by a test example and illustrated by determining the geometrically nonlinear thermoviscoelastoplastic state of a corrugated shell     

SHPB实验数据处理的规范化问题讨论

从SHPB实验的一维应力假设出发,确定了入射、反射和透射波的起点位置的判读办法,提高了SHPB实验结果的准确性,并规范了SHPB实验的数据处理。另外,从动量守恒的角度,提出了标准入射波平台高度的判读办法。该方法可以避免弥散振荡对判读入射波平台高度的干扰,并排除人为因素的影响,提高了压杆应变片灵敏系数的标定准确性和标定过程的规范化程度。通过对比理论结果和数值模拟研究的结果,这两种数据处理方法的准确性得到了验证。     

On the Trajectory Method for the Reconstruction of Differential Equations from Time Series

This work investigates the trajectory method [1] for thereconstruction of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) from timeseries. The potentials of the method are analyzed for dynamical systemsdescribed by second- and third-order ODEs, focusing in particular on therole of the parameters of the method and on the influence of the qualityof the time series in terms of noise, length and sampling frequency.Typical models are investigated, such as the van der Pol, the linearmechanical, the Duffing and the Rössler equations, resulting in arobust and versatile method which is capable of allowing interestingapplications to experimental cases. The method is then applied to themeasured time series of a nonlinear mechanical oscillator, a typicalvelocity oscillation of the bursting phenomenon in near-wall turbulenceand the averaged annual evolution of rainfall, temperature andstreamflow over a hydrological basin.     

The oseen flow of finite clusters of spheres and the wake effect on the drag factor

In this paper, the wake effect on drag factor in the axisymmetric Oseen flow of the finite clusters of equally spaced spheres with same size is studied. Putting the Oseen lets on the centres of all the spheres, the series solution of the problem is obtained. By truncating the infinite series and applying the collocation method to solve a set of the linear algebraic equations, the approximate solution of the Oseen flow of finite clusters of spheres and the drag factor for each sphere are presented. The effect of the sphere number and spacing on the drag factor of each sphere under different Reynolds numbers are calculated and the wake effect as well as the shielding effect and the end effect are revealed. The influence of various parameters on the effects is considered and compared with the corresponding results of the Stokes flow. The convergence of the method is also studied numerically in this paper.     

On the connections between the functionals of equivalent variational principles

It is proved in this paper that the functionals of equivalent variational principles are different essentially only in terms of weighted residues. Consequently, the simplest method for constructing equivalent variational principles is to add weighted residues to known functionals as first used by Courant [4].