掺杂聚苯胺能带结构和导电机理的研究

用EHMO-CO方法对质子掺杂聚苯胺进行了模型化理论计算,得到与吸收光谱实验数据一致的能带结构,研究表明,掺杂苯胺中的载流子是极化子,能满意地解释掺杂聚苯胺的导电机制。     

化学中的孤子

本文根据有机导电材料的基本特征,从化学的角度讨论了孤子、极化子的产生、结构和性质。对其它化学体系中的孤子和极化子模型做了简单介绍。     

导电聚苯胺的合成、结构、性能和应用

概述了中国科学院长春应用化学研究所对导电聚苯胺合成、结构、性能和应用的研究.从合成可溶性的聚苯胺入手,阐明了聚苯胺的若干基本化学和结构问题,提出并证明了掺杂态聚苯胺的结构模型和掺杂机理;除了质子酸掺杂外,发现了聚苯胺的碘氧化掺杂、光助氧化掺杂和K+注入还原掺杂;开发了分别以环氧树脂和聚氨酯为载体的聚苯胺防腐涂料;运用掺杂剂诱导的溶解性,通过合成带聚乙二醇链的膦酸掺杂剂,实现了导电态聚苯胺的水体系加工.其中的聚苯胺树脂及防腐涂料的生产技术,已经完成中试,正在走向产业化.     

La1-xSrxCoO3-δ体系中缺陷形成与输运过程研究

利用碘滴定法测定了钙钛矿型复合氧化物La1-xSrxCoO3-δ系列样品中金属元素的平均价态及氧的非化学计量值。实验发现:La1-xSrxCoO3-δ样品中的Co元素的平均价态随Sr掺杂量x的增加先增后减,室温下,在x=0.5时取最大值,温度升高,最大值移至x=0.4处。实验还发现,样品的电导率和330 K时的内耗峰峰高随Sr掺杂量x的变化也有类似极值,且极值点也分别出现在0.4和0.5左右,表明复合氧化物La1-xSrxCoO3-δ中的电子传导是通过极化子进行的。对于同一Sr掺杂量的样品,Co元素平均价态随温度的增加而减小。     

还原态卤代聚苯胺能带结构及掺杂导电机理的研究

用ＥＨＭＯ－ＣＯ方法研究了卤代聚苯胺的能带结构及其掺杂导电机理，结果表明，在掺杂态卤代聚苯胺中形成单极化子晶格；取代主要通过改变带宽影响电导率，由掺杂而大幅度地提高了电导率是因为大大缩小了带隙，并进一步证实了外层ｄ轨道的成键作用。     

Ni 掺杂ZnO纳米线的电子结构与磁性

采用自旋极化密度泛函理论系统研究了Ni掺杂ZnO纳米线的电子结构、磁学和光学性质.磁学性质计算结果显示六种Ni掺杂ZnO纳米线的磁性耦合体系出现了铁磁(FM)、反铁磁(AFM)和顺磁(PM)二种不同的耦合状态.能量计算结果表明Ni原子在纳米线外表面沿[0001]方向替代Zn原子时能量最低,体系的AFM耦合相对稳定,AFM体系表现出金属性.态密度计算结果显示FM耦合在费米能级附近出现了明显的自旋极化现象,发生了强烈的Ni 3d和O 2p杂化效应,掺杂产生的磁矩主要来源于Ni 3d未成对轨道电子和部分O 2p轨道电子的贡献,FM耦合表现出半金属性.另外,光学性质计算结果显示Ni掺杂ZnO纳米线的远紫外吸收峰发生了红移现象,而380 nm附近的近紫外吸收峰发生了明显的蓝移现象,在整个紫外区都表现出了优异的发光性能.以上结果表明Ni掺杂ZnO纳米线是一种很有前途的磁光电子材料.     

C60分子的非线性元激发和电子能谱

1 计算方法在本文中我们利用推广的SSH 模型,采用自洽迭代的数值计算方法,得到C_(60)分子基态、激发态的电子能谱和几何结构.这与分子轨道和密度泛函理论的计算结果是极相符的.在研究导电聚合物,特别是trans-polyacetylene 链的电子态时,苏武沛等提出了著名的SSH 模型,从理论上阐明了非线性元激发(孤子、极化子、双极化子)的物理图象.鉴于C_(60)分子与PA 链有某些相似之处,实验证实了C_(60)分子中的每个C 原子,通过三个σ电     

钙钛矿型氧化物Ln0.5Sr0.5CoO3的制备与电输运性能

采用固相反应法合成钙钛矿氧化物材料Ln0.5Sr0.5CoO3（h=La，Pr，Nd，Sm，Eu）的超细粉体，研究了不同稀土元素掺杂时的晶体结构和电输运性能，分析了该钙钛矿体系结构的形成过程。实验表明，当烧结温度达到1200℃时，通过固相反应法可以形成稳定的单一的钙钛矿相。样品电导率在700℃附近出现最大值，低温段的导电行为符合小极化子导电机制，La0.5Sr0.5CoO3材料的电导率在中温范围内最大，适合作为中温固体燃料电池的阴极材料。     

电化学聚对苯膜的现场ESR及其性能研究

本文用现场电化学-ESR联合测试的技术, 对电化学聚对萃膜在浓H_2SO_4中的性质进行了研究, 结果表明: 聚对苯膜具有高的电导率和相对低的自旋磁化率, 极化子与偶极化子为主要导电者, 并在一定的电位下相互转化, 自旋粒子有很大的离域性。膜中链与链之间可能存在部分的氧桥结构, 而引起体系结构的某些变化, 使聚对苯膜的电导提高以及掺杂容易进行。掺杂量受电位控制, 浓H_2SO_4中的HSO_4~-嵌入/脱嵌的电化学可逆性很好, 最大掺杂量可相当于每5个苯环单元氧化出一个正电荷, 可望将电化学聚对苯用作稳定的二次电池电极材料。     

Ce1-xEuxO2-δ(x=0.05～0.50)固溶体的溶胶-凝胶法合成与性质研究

利用溶胶-凝胶方法合成了固溶体Ce1-xEuxO2-δ,通过XRD, Raman, XPS和交流阻抗谱系统研究了固溶体Ce1-x-EuxO2-δ的结构,确定了稀土离子价态及掺杂对CeO2基电解质电性能的影响.XPS分析表明固溶体Ce1-xEuxO2-δ中,Eu离子价态为+3价,Ce离子主要以Ce4+离子形式存在,阻抗谱测试表明低价离子掺杂使固溶体Ce1-xEuxO2-δ的导电率得到很大提高,导电率x=0.2时达到最大值σ600 ℃=2.87×10-3 S·com-1.导电活化能为Ea=0.72eV.     

Doping‐Induced Absorption Bands in P3HT: Polarons and Bipolarons

In this work, we focus on the formation of different kinds of charge carriers such as polarons and bipolarons upon p‐type doping (oxidation) of the organic semiconductor poly(3‐ hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3HT). We elucidate the cyclic voltammogram during oxidation of this polymer and present spectroscopic changes upon doping in the UV/Vis/near‐IR range as well as in the mid‐IR range. In the low‐oxidation regime, two absorption bands related to sub‐gap transitions appear, one in the UV/Vis range and another one in the mid‐IR range. The UV/Vis absorption gradually decreases upon further doping while the mid‐IR absorption shifts to lower energy. Additionally, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements are performed, showing an increase of the EPR signal up to a certain doping level, which significantly decreases upon further doping. Furthermore, the absorption spectra in the UV/Vis range are analyzed in relation to the morphology (crystalline vs. amorphous) by using theoretical models. Finally, the calculated charge carriers from cyclic voltammogram are linked together with optical transitions as well as with the EPR signals upon p‐type doping. We stress that our results indicate the formation of polarons at low doping levels and the existence of bipolarons at high doping levels. The presented spectroscopic data are an experimental evidence of the formation of bipolarons in P3HT.     

The nature of the charge carriers in polyazulene as studied by in situ electron spin resonance-UV-visible-near-infrared spectroscopy

In situ spectroelectrochemistry is of high importance for the characterization of doping reactions in pi-conjugated polymers. In this paper we present the results of simultaneous ESR and UV-vis-NIR measurements performed in situ during electrochemical p- and n-doping of polyazulene (PAz). In previous studies on p-doping of PAz the assignment of the optical absorption bands to specific charge carriers have been somewhat controversial, therefore the aim of this study is to clarify the nature of the doping-induced charge carriers and their corresponding optical absorption bands by in situ ESR-UV-vis-NIR spectroelectrochemistry. PAz was polymerized in two different potential ranges in order to obtain films with different structures and morphologies. On the basis of our spectroelectrochemical results we propose that polarons and polaron pairs are formed during p-doping in the two different types of PAz films electrodeposited on ITO. For studying n-doping of PAz, a Pt electrode was used. The ESR signal first decreased in intensity at low doping levels and then increased in intensity at higher doping levels pointing to the formation of new paramagnetic species. At high negative potentials there occurred an additional line broadening of the ESR signal indicating the existence of rather localized negative charge carriers.     

In-situ Apparent Mobility of Charge Carriers in Polyaniline Films Measured with a New Four-band Electrode

The in‐situ apparent mobility in polyaniline films was accurately measured in a wide doping region using a new four‐band electrode. It was found the apparent mobility in polyaniline films rises with increasing the doping level or carrier density. The influence of film thickness on the conductivity and apparent mobility of charge carriers was also investigated. The relative higher conductivity observed in a thinner film under low and intermediate doping potentials is assigned to the higher inter‐chain mobility related to the more ordered structure of the film. The mobility variations provide experimental evidence to confirm the inter‐chain path for hopping transport of polarons and the intra‐chain path for evolution of metallic conduction.     

High-temperature thermopower and conductivity of La1−xBaxMnO3 (0.02?x?0.35)

Thermopower and conductivity are measured for the perovskite-like manganite La_1−xBa_xMnO₃ (0.02?x?0.35) in the temperature range 200-950°C and oxygen pressure varying between 10⁻¹¹ and 0.5 atm. The data for thermopower and electrical conductivity indicate a transport mechanism dominated by adiabatic hopes of small polarons. The high-temperature limit for the thermopower is mainly defined by the spin contribution while configurational contribution does not depend essentially on the doping level. Changes in the conductivity with doping are shown to reflect variations in the mobility of charge carriers.     

Electrical, optical, thermoelectric power, and dielectrical properties of organic semiconductor poly(1,12-bis(carbazolyl) dodecane) film

Electrical conductivity, optical, thermoelectric, and dielectrical properties of the poly(1,12-bis(carbazolyl) dodecane) film have been investigated. The activation energy for electrical conductivity and room-temperature electrical conductivity (at 25 degrees C) values were found to be 0.25 eV and 2.65 x 10-6 S/cm, respectively. The thermoelectric power results suggest that the conductivity is due to large polarons (i.e., the carriers in polymer move by hopping in the localized states at band gap edges). Electrical conductivity and thermoelectric power results confirm that the polymer is a p-type organic semiconductor. Optical absorption results suggest that the direct allowed transitions are dominant in the fundamental absorption edge in the polymer with optical band gap value of 2.72 eV. The refractive index dispersion of the polymer obeys the single oscillator model with oscillator energy (Eo = 3.06 eV) and dispersion energy (Ed = 17.82 eV) values. Alternating current conductivity results suggest that the hopping conductivity is dominant in the polymer. The dielectrical properties exhibit a non-Debye relaxation.     

硫酸水溶液中聚苯胺的两种极化子

应用自设计现场ESR电解池测量不同电势下的聚苯胺电导率,得到了高信/噪比的ESR谱图.谱线分解发现,在硫酸水溶液中聚苯胺生长的早期阶段存在两种极化子,根据这两种成分的ESR峰宽随电极电势的变化以及它和电导的关联分析,分别被指认为聚苯胺中有序区域和无序区域的极化子.随着掺杂程度的增大,两种极化子都是载流子,同样经历了由Curie自旋到Pauli自旋的转变.这一推论得到ESR饱和实验数据的支持.     

Conductivity in polyacetylene. VI. Semiconductor—Metal transition of alkali-doped polymer

A local model is set up for the conductivity in alkali-doped polyacetylene (PA) based on results of ab initio and semiempirical calculations. At low doping levels, solitons and polarons appear naturally in the (nondegenerate) ground state. Alkali atoms donate their valence electrons to neutral solitons, which have the highest electron affinity in the PA structure. Due to the high polarizability of the PA chains, there is a charge buildup on a few carbon atoms close to the alkali ion. At the same time, a new soliton, screened from the alkali ion, is formed some distance away from the latter. This solition may migrate through the PA polymer partly by hopping for one chain segment to another (E_a ≥ 0.15 eV) and partly by soliton motion. In the calculation of the spectra, we used geometry-optimized structures and configuration interaction (i.e., taking into account electron-lattice interaction and explicit Coulomb correlation) and obtained good agreement with experimental spectra. As the concentration of alkali is increased, absorption occurs at energies below 1 eV. At higher doping levels, corresponding to a few mol%, the electrons delocalize over many alkali spacings and the trapping capability of the polymer decreases the conductivity becomes bandlike. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 63: 655–665, 1997     

Electron transport in CaMnO3 − δ at elevated temperatures: a mobility analysis

The drift mobility of electron charge carriers in oxygen non-stoichiometric manganite CaMnO_3???δ was calculated by combining the total electrical conductivity and oxygen non-stoichiometry data at 700–950 °С and oxygen partial pressure varying between 10^?6 and 1 atm. The carrier concentration changes with pressure and temperature were obtained with the help of the earlier-developed defect model involving reactions of oxygen exchange and thermal excitation of manganese sites. The activation energy for mobility is found to increase with oxygen non-stoichiometry. High-temperature electron transport properties of the manganite CaMnO_3???δ can be explained in terms of activated jumps of n-type small polarons in adiabatic regime. The relatively small mobility of charge carriers is explained by strong localization of polarons on manganese sites.     

Investigation of charge carriers in doped thiophene oligomers through theoretical modeling of their UV/Vis spectra

The nature of the charge carriers in conducting organic polymers (COPs) is a long standing problem. Polythiophene is one of the prototypes of COPs and intensively studied. Because doping leads to changes in UV/vis spectra that are characteristic of the absorbing species, UV/vis spectra of charged thiophene oligomers with up to 25 rings were calculated with time-dependent density functional theory. The credibility of the method was established by comparing the results with a variety of theoretical levels and with experiment. Effects due to counterions (Cl 3 (-)) and solvent (CH 2Cl 2) were examined. It was found that TDDFT employing hybrid functionals is accurate enough to distinguish the absorbing species. The findings offer an explanation for the experimentally observed difference in UV-spectra of medium-sized and long oligomers upon doping. As chain lengths of the oligomers increase and energy levels get closer, configuration interaction leads to additional absorption peaks in the high energy sub-band region (at around 1.5-2.5 eV). Thus, long oligomers do not behave differently from medium-sized ones upon doping, only their spectra are different. At low doping levels radical cations (polarons) are produced. At higher doping levels, dications that harbor weakly interacting polaron pairs are formed. Bipolarons are predicted only on very short chains or at high doping levels. There is no bipolaron binding energy and disproportionation of monocations into dications and neutral species is energetically unfavorable.     

共轭聚合物薄膜中光生载流子的产生及输运机制

对共轭聚合物光生载流子的产生机制进行了初步探讨,分析了由最初产生的电子 空穴对经过晶格驰豫之后形成极化子 激子的热离化过程,认为同一链上的激子会迅速复合,只有链间激子对光电流作出贡献.研究了共轭聚合物中载流子的输运机制,导出了共聚物的电导率公式,其计算值与实验结果符合,我们认为是极化子的链间跃迁实现了整个共聚物的电导和光致发光,较好地解释了实验事实.