Rotational dependence of the proton-transfer reaction HBr+ + CO2 → HOCO+ + Br. II. Comparison of HBr+ (2Π(3/2)) and HBr+ (2Π(1/2))

The effects of reactant ion rotational excitation on the exothermic proton-transfer reactions of HBr(+)((2)Π(1/2)) and DBr(+)((2)Π(1/2)), respectively, with CO(2) were studied in a guided ion beam apparatus. Cross sections are presented for collision energies in the center of mass system E(c.m.) in the range of 0.23 to 1.90 eV. The HBr(+)/DBr(+) ions were prepared in a state-selective manner by resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization. The mean rotational energy was varied from 3.4 to 46.8 meV for HBr(+)((2)Π(1/2)) and from 1.8 to 40.9 meV for DBr(+)((2)Π(1/2)). Both reactions studied are inhibited by collision energy, as expected for exothermic reactions. For all collision energies considered, the cross section decreases with increasing rotational energy of the ion, but the degree of the rotational dependence differs depending on the collision energy. For E(c.m.) = 0.31 eV, the cross sections of the deuteron transfer are significantly larger than those of the proton transfer. For higher E(c.m.) they differ very little. The current results for the exothermic proton transfer are systematically compared to previously published data for the endothermic proton transfer starting from HBr(+)((2)Π(3/2)) [L. Paetow et al., J. Chem. Phys. 132, 174305 (2010)]. Additional new data regarding the latter reaction are presented to further confirm the conclusions. The dependences on rotational excitation found cannot be explained by the corresponding change in the total energy of the system. For both the endothermic and the exothermic reaction, the cross section is maximized for the smallest rotational energy, at least well above the threshold.     

Cl_2+2HBr=2HCl+ Br_2反应的机理和应用

用密度泛函理论（ＤＦＴ）Ｂ３ＬＹＰ方法,取６－３１１ Ｇ**基组,细致研究了反应Ｃｌ２＋ ２ＨＢｒ＝ 2ＨＣｌ＋ Ｂｒ２的机理,求得一系列四中心和三中心过渡态．双分子基元反应 Ｃｌ２＋ ＨＢｒ→ ＨＣｌ＋ ＢｒＣｌ和 ＢｒＣｌ＋ ＨＢｒ → Ｂｒ２＋ ＨＣｌ的活化能（１３８．９６和 １４７．２４ ｋＪ· ｍｏｌ－１）小 于Ｃｌ-２,ＨＢｒ和ＢｒＣｌ的解离能,从理论上证明了标题反应将优先以分子与分子作用形式 完成．将其应用于从ＨＢｒ中回收溴,以Ｃｌ２直接与ＨＢｒ气体反应,生成的含溴混合气体, 经冷凝并以四氯化碳吸收分离得到液溴和盐酸;溴的回收率大于９６％,其含氟量小于 ３．０％．提供了运用基础理论解决生产中难题的成功例证．     

氢抽提反应CHBr2+HBr→CH2Br2+Br的直接动力学研究

采用直接动力学方法,对CHBr2+HBr→CH2Br2+Br反应通道进行了理论研究,在B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)水平下获得了优化几何构型、频率以及最小能量路径,更精确的单点能在B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,2pd)水平下完成.利用正则变分过渡态理论,结合小曲率隧道效应校正方法计算了反应通道在220 K～2 000 K温度范围内的速率常数.在整个反应区间,隧道效应对反应的影响比较大;变分效应在低温时有一定的影响,在高温区间的影响很小可以忽略.计算得到的速率常数和已有实验值很好地吻合.     

Rate constant for the reaction C2H5 + HBr → C2H6 + Br

RRKM theory has been employed to analyze the kinetics of the title reaction, in particular, the once-controversial negative activation energy. Stationary points along the reaction coordinate were characterized with coupled cluster theory combined with basis set extrapolation to the complete basis set limit. A shallow minimum, bound by 9.7 kJ?mol(-1) relative to C(2)H(5) + HBr, was located, with a very small energy barrier to dissociation to Br + C(2)H(6). The transition state is tight compared to the adduct. The influence of vibrational anharmonicity on the kinetics and thermochemistry of the title reaction were explored quantitatively. With adjustment of the adduct binding energy by ～4 kJ?mol(-1), the computed rate constants may be brought into agreement with most experimental data in the literature, including new room-temperature results described here. There are indications that at temperatures above those studied experimentally, the activation energy may switch from negative to positive.     

Br2+2HI=2HBr＋I2应机理的密度泛函理论

用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP方法，取3-21G**基组研究了气相反应Br2＋2HI=2HBr＋I2的机理，求得一系列四中心和三中心的过渡态.双分子基元反应Br2＋HI→HBr＋IBr和IBr＋HI→I2＋HBr的活化能(81.02和121.08 kJ•mol－1)小于Br2、HI和IBr的解离能(249.21、320.16和232.42 kJ•mol－1)，故从理论上证明了标题反应将优先以分子与分子作用形式分两步完成.同时发现I原子与Br2分子反应生成较稳定的IBr2是一个无能垒过程，IBr2分解为IBr和Br原子的能垒为70.88 kJ•mol－1.     

Cl2+2HBr=2HCl+Br2反应的机理和应用

用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP方法,取6-311G**基组,细致研究了反应Cl2+2HBr= 2HCl+Br2的机理,求得一系列四中心和三中心过渡态.双分子基元反应Cl₂+HBr®HCl+ BrCl和BrCl+HBr®Br₂+HCl的活化能(138.96和147.24 kJ· mol-1)小于Cl₂,HBr和BrCl的解离能,从理论上证明了标题反应将优先以分子与分子作用形式完成.将其应用于从HBr中回收溴,以Cl₂直接与HBr气体反应,生成的含溴混合气体,经冷凝并以四氯化碳吸收分离得到液溴和盐酸;溴的回收率大于96%,其含氯量小于3.0%.提供了运用基础理论解决生产中难题的成功例证.     

反应(Cl+HBr→HCl+Br和Cl+HBr→BrCl+H)机理和速率的密度泛函理论研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP方法,在6-311G**基组下,计算研究了反应Cl+HBr→HCl+Br和Cl+HBr→BrCl+H的机理,求得的各过渡态均通过振动分析加以确认.运用求得的反应活化能,以及不同温度下过渡态和反应络合物的配分函数,借助绝对反应速率理论求得50～1500K的反应速率常数.     

State-to-State Quantum Dynamical Study of H+Br2→HBr+Br Reaction

The time-dependent wave packet method has been employed to calculate the state-to-state integral cross sections and differential cross sections (DCSs) for three initial states of the title reaction on the recently constructed neural network potential energy surface. It is found that the product HBr(\begin{document}$ v' $\end{document} = 2, 3, 4) states have the dominated population in the entire energy region considered here, indicating an inverted HBr vibrational state distribution. More than half of the available energy ends up as product internal motion, and most of which goes into the vibrational motion. Our calculations show that initial rotational excitation of Br\begin{document}$ _2 $\end{document} has little effect on the product ro-vibrational state distributions and DCSs of the reaction. While the initial vibrational excitation has some influences. The initial vibrational excitation to \begin{document}$ v_0 $\end{document} = 5 obviously enhance the product vibrational excitation in the low energy region. The DCSs for collision energy up to 0.5 eV at the ground and rotationally excited state are peaked in the backward direction, but the width of the angular distribution increases considerably with the increase of collision energy. For the vibrationally excited state, the DCSs are rather complicated with some strong forward scattering peaks for highly vibrationally excited products.     

New ab initio potential energy surface for BrH2 and rate constants for the H + HBr → H2 + Br abstraction reaction

A global potential energy surface (PES) for the electronic ground state of the BrH(2) system was constructed based on the multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) method including the Davidson's correction using a large basis set. In addition, the spin-orbit correction were computed using the Breit-Pauli Hamiltonian and the unperturbed MRCI wavefunctions in the Br + H(2) channel and the transition state region. Adding the correction to the ground state potential, the lowest spin-orbit correlated adiabatic potential was obtained. The characters of the new potential are discussed. Accurate initial state specified rate constants for the H + HBr → H(2) + Br abstraction reaction were calculated using a time-dependent wave packet method. The predicted rate constants were found to be in excellent agreement with the available experimental values and much better than those obtained from a previous PES.     

Theoretical Study on the Reaction Mechanism of F2 ＋ 2HBr = 2HF ＋ Br2

1 INTRODUCTION The replacement reactions between halide and hy- drogen halide, or halide and halide are basic reac- tions in chemistry. Goldfinger et al. have speculated by experiment that the gas reaction between chlorine and hydrogen bromide might be a two-step intermo- lecular reaction[1, 2]. But gas reactions between other halides and hydrogen halides haven’t been reported experimentally so far. About theoretical investiga- tion, colinearity quantum mechanics, vibrational tran- sitio…     

HBr与HONO反应机理的量子化学研究

采用密度泛函理论和耦合簇理论等方法,研究了HBr与HONO的反应机理.在6-311G(d,p)基组水平上,对反应势能面上的反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物的构型进行了几何结构优化.通过内禀反应坐标(IRC)确认了反应物、过渡态、中间体和产物之间的相关性.利用CCSD(T)和QCISD(T)方法计算了各分子单点能量,计算结果表明,HBr与HONO的主要反应通道为HBr+tran-HONO→tran-IM1→tran-TS1→IM2→P1,其主要产物为H_2O和BrNO.     

Peculiarities of Si and SiO2 Etching Kinetics in HBr + Cl2 + O2 Inductively Coupled Plasma

Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing - Peculiarities of the etching kinetics and mechanisms for Si and SiO2 in the HBr?+?Cl2?+?O2 inductively coupled plasma were...     

Co2+、Zn2+、Cd2+的阴离子交换色谱法分离研究

本文对钴与锌、镉等金属离子的阴离子交换色谱法分离进行了研究．采用201×7型阴离子交换树脂经氧化铵溶液饱和后,在pH＝4．0时,使钴与其它金属离子分离,然后分别用0．02mol／L的盐酸溶液及蒸馏水将锌、镉等金属离子从阴离子交换树脂上洗脱．此法分离效果好,操作简单方便．     

HBr/H2O2-mediated formation of C–S bond with thiosulfates

A novel, efficient, and green protocol to construct C–S bond has been developed via HBr/H₂O₂-mediated sulfenylation of styrenes and 4-hydroxycoumarins leading to unsymmetrical sulfides. Various unsymmetrical sulfides were prepared in one step with moderate to good yields using environmentally-friendly H₂O₂ as oxidant and HBr as catalyst. Based on the preliminary experimental results, a plausible reaction mechanism was proposed for HBr/H₂O₂-mediated formation of C–S bond with thiosulfates.     

碰撞能对O(1D)+HBr→OH+Br反应的极化分布的影响

运用准经典轨线法结合Peterson从头计算势能面,在碰撞能分别为20.9,41.80和66.88 kJ/mol时,对放热反应O(1D)+HBr(v=0,j=0)→OH+Br(△H=-252.89 kJ/m01)进行了细致的立体动力学性质研究.反映k与j'两矢量相关的函数P(θr)的分布表明产物分子的转动角动量j'在垂直于反应物相对速度矢量k的方向上有强烈的取向分布,且随碰撞能的变化比较明显;反映k,k'与j'三矢量相关的函数P(φr)的分布表明产物转动角动量j'不仅有沿着y轴的取向效应,还有沿着y轴正向的弱定向效应,且这种弱定向效应随碰撞能的增加有所减弱;描述产物转动角动量j'的空间分布函数P(θr,φr)在(90°,90°)和(90°,270°)两处有两个明显的分布,随着碰撞能的增加,这两个集中分布越来越密集,碰撞能对该分布有一定的影响.产物分子的极化主要集中在垂直于散射面的平面内.除此之外,极化微分反应截面(PDDCSs)给出了反应产物的散射方向.     

Cl2+2HI=2HCl+I2反应机理的理论研究

分别在MP2/3-21G**、CCSD(T)/3-21G**//MP2/3-21G**和B3LYP/3-21G**3种水平上, 计算研究了气相反应Cl₂+2HI=2HCl+I₂的机理, 求得一系列四中心和三中心的过渡态. 通过比较六种反应通道的活化能大小, 得到了相同的结论：双分子基元反应Cl₂+HIHCl+ICl和ICl+HII₂+HCl的最小活化能小于Cl₂、HI和ICl的解离能, 从理论上证明了反应Cl₂+2HI=2HCl+I₂将优先以分子与分子作用形式分两步完成. 用内禀反应坐标(IRC)验证了MP2/3-21G**方法计算得到的过渡态.     

Ga2S3∶Eu2+和SrGa2+xS4+y∶Eu2+系列荧光粉的发光性能研究

采用高温固相法合成了Ga2S3∶Eu2+和SrGa2S4∶Eu2+系列荧光粉. 发现Ga2S3∶Eu2+的发射峰位于570 nm附近, SrGa2S4∶Eu2+的发射峰位于535 nm附近. 同时进一步探讨了SrGa2+xS4+y∶Eu2+体系中, 过量的Ga对发光的影响, 通过漫反射光谱和XRD谱确定过量的Ga是以Ga2S3的形式存在于SrGa2S4相中; 通过荧光光谱发现过量的Ga并不引起SrGa2S4∶Eu2+发射峰的位移, 而是增强其在400～520 nm处激发峰的强度, 从而增强Eu2+在535 nm处的发光强度.     

红麻纤维改性及其对Ni2+、Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附性研究

向天然纤维链上吸附性功能基制得的改性纤维不仅对金属离子的吸附容量,而且能应用于废水处理和环境保护等诸多领域。如果将大量废弃残麻接枝改性为对应吸附材料,并用于治理废水污染,则更具“双废开发,双废利用”价值。我们以信阳盛产的红麻纤维为母体,选取4-(2-吡啶偶氮)间苯二酚为功能基,在相关工作基础上,制备了4-(2-吡啶偶氮)间苯二酚基红麻纤维。同时,测试红麻纤维对Ni^2 、Cu^2 、Cd^2 的吸附性能,探讨了吸附温度、时间及介质酸度等因素对吸附的影响。     

Liquid–liquid equilibria of two binary systems: water+1-pentanol and water+2-methyl-2-butanol and two ternary systems: water+1-pentanol+2-butyloxyethanol and water+2-methyl-2-butanol+2-butyloxyethanol

Liquid–liquid equilibrium phase diagrams for two binary systems: water+1-pentanol and water+2-methyl-2-butanol and two ternary systems: water+1-pentanol+2-butyloxyethanol and water+2-methyl-2-butanol+2-butyloxyethanol at 20°C and 30°C are presented in this paper. The experimental results were correlated with the UNIQUAC model by fitting the effective UNIQUAC binary interaction parameters as a function of temperature. Agreement between the calculated and experimental data was very good.     

HNCO+OH-→NH2+CO2反应理论研究

用从头算UHF/6-31G基组研究了异氰酸和羟基生成氨基和二氧化碳即HNCO+OH→NH2+CO2的反应机理.优化得到了反应途径上的过渡态和中间体,并通过振动分析对过渡态和中间体进行了确认.在UMP4/6-31G水平上计算了它们的能量,同时对零点能进行了较正.计算结果表明:此反应是多步反应,先后通过3个过渡态(TS1,TS2,TS3),2个内旋转位垒(PSI,TSII),4个中间体(IM1,IM2,IM3,IM4),其中,IM3→TS2这一步为整个反应的决速步骤,速控步的活化能为202.388lJ/mol.与异氰酸和羟基作用的另一反应通道(即HNCO+OH→H2O+NCO)的活化能(69.038kJ/mol)比较,可看出所研究反应通道为次要反应通道,这与实验结果是一致的.