微通道中流体流动的分子动力学模拟

本文建立了周期外力作用下流体在微通道间流动模型.以此模型为基础,模拟计算了氩在亲水性和憎水性平行平板壁面间的流动过程,并对速度分布、温度分布等进行了统计.模拟结果表明在憎水性壁面附近,易观察到速度滑移和温度阶跃现象,而亲水性壁面上则反之.与N-S方程和能量方程的解进行了比较,亲水性通道速度和温度的模拟结果与分析解吻合较好,憎水性通道的模拟结果与分析解相差较大.同时,对300℃下不同密度水的流动进行了模拟,随着密度的增大,在壁面附近流体流动特性发生了变化.     

管内气固两相流动的实验和模拟计算

本文基于气固两相流动模型计算循环流化床内的流动．颗粒动理学方法模拟颗粒相湍动．采用γ-射线密度计和非等速取样管测量局部颗粒浓度和流率,利用FFT方法计算颗粒浓度功率谱密度．模拟计算得到上升管内气相和固相速度和浓度分布等．数值模拟计算与实验结果相吻合．     

一种新的可计算可压缩流动的预处理方法

针对使用可压缩流动数值方法求解不可压缩流动存在的刚性问题,基于虚拟压缩法思想,构造了一种以Mach数、速度、密度、温度等变量为元素的预处理矩阵,改变了控制方程组的特征根并使其量级更接近.通过理论推导与分析,证明新方法相比Weiss, Pletcher, Dailey和Choi的方法而言,不仅能降低方程组的刚性,提高了数值求解效率,而且拥有更好的稳定性,此外还能实现低速流动和高速流动之间的光滑过渡.采用有限差分格式进行离散,对流项的Roe格式作为基本加权无振荡(WENO)格式的求解器,黏性项则使用中心型紧致差分格式来计算,与预处理矩阵相结合展开数值实验,结果表明新预处理方法可以实现对无黏和有黏不可压缩流动问题的高精度模拟,且拥有比Weiss和Pletcher等提出的方法更好的收敛性和稳定性.     

锂（1）／六氟化硫（g）气—液浸没有反应射流和燃烧的数值研究

本文对Ｌｉ（１）／ＳＦ６（ｇ）气－液浸没有反应财流流动和燃烧采用单流体模型及ｋ－ε－ｇ湍流燃烧模型进行了数值研究。针对现有研究的一些不足，本文在物理平面内采用全隐向后积分及乘方格式差分求解了基本方程。得到了速度、温度、密度和气相体积分数等物理量比较合理的详细分布及穿透区形状。从而较深入地揭示了气－液浸没有反应射流流动的流动特征。并由计算结果给出了穿透区长度与其主要影响因素之间的关系式，与相关的一些实验结果是一致的。     

非定常粘性空化流动模型及其数值计算

基于气液两相当地均相介质模型,本文给出了一种模拟非定常粘性空化流动的计算模型。认为空化绕流流场中流动介质是一种当地均匀的气液混相物。控制方程采用了应用两相流模型的N-S方程。基于液相和气相的状态方程推导了混合介质密度的表达式。为了保证数值计算的稳定性,控制方程的数值求解采用了TVD-MacCormack格式。为了评价计算模型的可靠性,分别计算了绕台阶和管道水锤的空化流动,所得结果是合理的,说明该方法可以用于空化流动的数值计算。     

高密度和高粘度比率下气液两相流动的数值模拟

本文在VOF方法的基础上,采用粗细两套网格对高密度和高粘度比率下的气液两相流动模拟进行了研究分析.在细网格中求解流体体积函数方程,在粗网格中采用交错网格求解动量方程和压力修正方程,通过粗细网格间的数据传递获得求解动量方程时需要的准确的界面密度和粘度及控制体密度,克服了高密度和高粘度比率下通过插值方法计算界面密度和粘度及控制体密度带来较大误差的困难,保证了质量和动量同时守恒.高密度和高粘度比率下气液两相流动中气液交界面处密度、速度和压力急剧变化,为了保证格式的有界性和稳定性,采用稳定的有界高阶组合格式STOIC.最后模拟了不同工况下气泡在液体中的运动,并通过实验和模拟结果验证了方法的可行性及准确性.     

超临界CO_2在岩石孔隙内流动状态的分子模拟

本文采用分子模拟的方法研究了地质封存条件下超临界CO_2在镁橄榄石孔隙内的流动,分析了孔隙尺寸、温度、压强对超临界CO_2的密度分布和流动速度的影响.研究结果表明,只有当孔隙尺寸大于5.0 nm时,超临界CO_2分子在岩石孔隙内的流动才符合Poiseuille流动;同时,超临界CO_2分子在岩石近壁面存在1.5 nm的密度震荡,当孔隙尺寸小于15 nm时,密度振荡现象会影响CO_2分子在岩石孔隙内的平均密度;升高温度、降低压强的方法可以减小密度震荡的第一峰值,减弱岩石壁面与CO_2的相互作用,使得CO_2的流动速度增加.     

外加磁场微波等离子推力器内流场数值模拟

为了提高微波等离子推力器性能，改善等离子体对电磁波能量的吸收状况，提高核心区温度，提出外加磁场的方案，并对热等离子体进行了数值模拟.假设局域热平衡条件，采用Navier-Stokes，Maxwell和Saha方程，利用压力修正的半隐格式和时域有限差分求解方法，建立了径向磁镜场下推力器内等离子体流场的数值计算模型.数值模拟结果表明：外加磁场后的磁感应强度小于0.5 T时，推力器内热等离子体核心区最高温度随磁感应强度的增加而迅速提高.外加磁场后的磁感应强度大于0.5 T时，核心区最高温度随磁感应强度的增加而缓慢提高.磁感应强度为0.5 T时，热等离子体核心区最高温度与不加磁场相比提高了24%.外加磁场对等离子体流场速度分布影响不大. 关键词： 等离子体模拟 等离子体相互作用 等离子体流动     

QUICK格式在湍流旋流流动数值模拟中的应用

为研究不同精度的离散格式对湍流旋流流动数值模拟结果的影响,同时应用QUICK格式和混合格式对同轴射流旋流燃烧室内的湍流流动进行了数值模拟.在采用k-ε湍流模型的条件下,QUICK格式计算得到的燃烧室内气体轴向与切向速度及轴向脉动速度均方根值分布与实验数据符合较好,而混合格式给出的数值模拟结果则与实验有一定的偏差.     

低阶格式在大涡模拟计算中的适用性

采用三维Taylor-Green涡作为研究对象,利用工程中常用的低阶数值格式,研究格式本身的数值误差对大涡模拟计算的影响.结果表明:三种数值格式的数值耗散行为都与亚格子模型行为类似,即在小雷诺数下,流场比较光滑时,耗散很小,当雷诺数增加,流动转捩为湍流,流场梯度增大,耗散显著增大.对于MUSCL格式和二阶有界中心格式,在高雷诺数下,亚格子尺度模型没有明显改善计算结果,但也没有使计算结果恶化.中心格式相比其它两种格式,数值耗散最小,但是在高雷诺数湍流情况下,中心格式的数值耗散仍然主导了能量的耗散,再添加亚格子模型,计算结果反而变得稍差.对于工程中的低阶格式而言,采用中心格式计算大涡模拟是比较好的选择,而且在计算不存在稳定性问题时,采用不添加亚格子模型的隐式大涡模拟效果更好.     

Multiple temperature model for the information preservation method and its application to nonequilibrium gas flows

The information preservation (IP) method has been successfully applied to various nonequilibrium gas flows. Comparing with the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method, the IP method dramatically reduces the statistical scatter by preserving collective information of simulation molecules. In this paper, a multiple temperature model is proposed to extend the IP method to strongly translational nonequilibrium gas flows. The governing equations for the IP quantities have been derived from the Boltzmann equation based on an assumption that each simulation molecule represents a Gaussian distribution function with a second-order temperature tensor. According to the governing equations, the implementation of IP method is divided into three steps: molecular movement, molecular collision, and update step. With a reasonable multiple temperature collision model and the flux splitting method in the update step, the transport of IP quantities can be accurately modeled. We apply the IP method with the multiple temperature model to shear-driven Couette flow, external force-driven Poiseuille flow and thermal creep flow, respectively. In the former two cases, the separation of different temperature components is clearly observed in the transition regime, and the velocity, temperature and pressure distributions are also well captured. The thermal creep flow, resulting from the presence of temperature gradients along boundary walls, is properly simulated. All of the IP results compare well with the corresponding DSMC results, whereas the IP method uses much smaller sampling sizes than the DSMC method. This paper shows that the IP method with the multiple temperature model is an accurate and efficient tool to simulate strongly translational nonequilibrium gas flows.     

Density and temperature reconstruction of a flame-induced distorted flow field based on background-oriented schlieren(BOS) technique

An experimental system based on the background-oriented schlieren(BOS) technique is built to reconstruct the density and temperature distribution of a flame-induced distorted flow field which has a density gradient. The cross-correlation algorithm with sub-pixel accuracy is introduced and used to calculate the background-element displacement of a disturbed image and a fourth-order difference scheme is also developed to solve the Poisson equation. An experiment for a disturbed flow field caused by a burning candle is performed to validate the built BOS system and the results indicate that density and temperature distribution of the disturbed flow field can be reconstructed accurately. A notable conclusion is that in order to make the reconstructed results have a satisfactory accuracy, the inquiry step length should be less than the size of the interrogation window.     

A unified gas-kinetic scheme for continuum and rarefied flows

With discretized particle velocity space, a multiscale unified gas-kinetic scheme for entire Knudsen number flows is constructed based on the BGK model. The current scheme couples closely the update of macroscopic conservative variables with the update of microscopic gas distribution function within a time step. In comparison with many existing kinetic schemes for the Boltzmann equation, the current method has no difficulty to get accurate Navier–Stokes (NS) solutions in the continuum flow regime with a time step being much larger than the particle collision time. At the same time, the rarefied flow solution, even in the free molecule limit, can be captured accurately. The unified scheme is an extension of the gas-kinetic BGK-NS scheme from the continuum flow to the rarefied regime with the discretization of particle velocity space. The success of the method is due to the un-splitting treatment of the particle transport and collision in the evaluation of local solution of the gas distribution function. For these methods which use operator splitting technique to solve the transport and collision separately, it is usually required that the time step is less than the particle collision time. This constraint basically makes these methods useless in the continuum flow regime, especially in the high Reynolds number flow simulations. Theoretically, once the physical process of particle transport and collision is modeled statistically by the kinetic Boltzmann equation, the transport and collision become continuous operators in space and time, and their numerical discretization should be done consistently. Due to its multiscale nature of the unified scheme, in the update of macroscopic flow variables, the corresponding heat flux can be modified according to any realistic Prandtl number. Subsequently, this modification effects the equilibrium state in the next time level and the update of microscopic distribution function. Therefore, instead of modifying the collision term of the BGK model, such as ES-BGK and BGK–Shakhov, the unified scheme can achieve the same goal on the numerical level directly. Many numerical tests will be used to validate the unified method.     

非均质低渗透油藏非线性流动数值模拟

提出一种适用于非均质低渗透油藏非线性流动数值模拟的方法.通过引入单元边界压力和速度两组物理量,在单个网格单元中构造数值计算格式,可精确地获取每个网格单元的压力梯度.以单相非线性渗流问题为出发点,详细阐述该方法的基本原理;通过数值算例验证方法的正确性和适用性.     

一种模拟大密度比多相流的混合算法

在扩散界面法(diffuse interface method,DIM)的基础上提出一种能够处理大密度比(large density ratio)的多相流混合算法.流场信息通过格子波尔兹曼方法(lattice Boltzmann method,LBM)获得;相界面通过直接求解Cahn-Hilliard(C-H)方程确定.为保证在大密度比情况下求解界面方程的稳定性,采用二阶迎风格式来离散方程的对流项.通过对Rayleigh-Taylor(R-T)不稳定、液体中的气泡上升及液滴撞击干燥壁面的数值模拟,验证了方法的可行性.     

Evaluation of force implementation in pseudopotential-based multiphase lattice Boltzmann models

The Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) has proven to be a promising approach in handling multiphase flow problems. In the most widely applied pseudopotential-based LBM multiphase models, multiphase effects can be added in the form of forces, which is further divided into two aspects of force incorporation scheme and force expression. However, the effect of both aspects on coexistence densities and spurious current has not been evaluated systematically. In this paper, Modified Yuan-type and Zhang-type force expressions are chosen, and then they are incorporated into the lattice Boltzmann equation by the Shan–Chen and exact difference method force incorporation scheme to recover the Carnahan–Starling equation of state (EOS) with an additional surface tension term. Based on the computational results of two phases coexisting at a steady state, it can be observed that the force incorporation scheme affects the coexistence densities implicitly with different relaxation times and does not lead to a large difference in values. Force expression is found to greatly affect the achievable highest density ratio, of which the discrete gradient operator of the pseudopotential plays a crucial role. Spurious current is observed to be related to both the force expression and force incorporation scheme, and in our simulation a different force incorporation scheme brings about a large difference. Moreover, our modification on Yuan-type force expression not only improves the accuracy in capturing coexistence densities at low temperatures, but also provides the possibility of tuning the density ratio and surface tension independently at high density ratios.     

Simultaneous Shadow, Schlieren and Interferometric Visualization of Compressible Flows

For detailed investigations of processes and phenomena in the flow of compressible fluids, it is sometimes necessary to apply more than just one flow visualization technique as each method has its own characteristic strengths and weaknesses. In the case of flows with a low degree of repeatability, it may become mandatory to perform these multiple visualizations within the same experiment at identical or at least almost identical instants. This paper describes how two or more density-sensitive visualization techniques can be coupled in order to obtain simultaneously the distribution of density and its gradient and/or its second derivative in a flow field. The resulting optical systems are more complex than a conventional single visualization apparatus, but they can provide an unprecedented wealth of information about the flow field. By applying multiple visualization techniques, the inherent shortcomings of each individual method can be overcome and the risk of overlooking or misinterpreting certain flow features is reduced.     

Rarefaction effects in thermally-driven microflows

Rarefied gas flow in a parallel-plate micro-channel is considered, where a streamwise constant temperature gradient is applied in the channel walls. An analytical approach to the problem is conducted based on linearized and semi-linearized forms of the regularized 13-moment equations (R13 equations), which are a set of macroscopic transport equations for rarefied gases at the super-Burnett order. Typical nonequilibrium effects at the boundary, i.e., velocity slip, temperature jump, and formation of Knudsen boundary layers are investigated. Nonlinear contributions lead to temperature, density, and normal stress profiles across the channel which are not reported elsewhere in literature.     

多孔介质中流体流动及扩散的耦合格子Boltzmann模型

多孔介质中高Péclet数和大黏性比下混溶流体的流动和扩散广泛存在于二氧化碳驱油、化工生产等工业过程中.用数值方法对该问题进行研究时,关键在于如何正确描述高Péclet数和大黏性比下多孔介质内流体的行为.为此,提出了一种基于多松弛模型和格子动理模型的耦合格子Boltzmann模型.通过Chapman-Enskog分析,证明该模型能有效求解不可压Navier-Stokes方程和对流扩散方程.数值结果表明,该模型不仅具有二阶精度和良好的稳健性,而且对于高Péclet数和大黏性比的问题具有良好的数值稳定性,为模拟此类问题提供了有效工具.     

射流温度场与拟序结构间相互作用的大涡模拟

本文分别对常温空气和高温空气的平面自由射流进行了大涡模拟,采用分步投影法求解动量方程,亚格子项采用标准Ｓｍａｇｏｒｉｎｓｋｙ亚格子模式模拟,并同时求解了标志物输运方程以实现数值流场显示。模拟结果给出了湍流的瞬态发展过程以及流动中拟序结构的发展演变过程,通过对常温射流和高温射流瞬态流场的比较揭示了射流中温度场与拟序结构间相互作用的细节过程。