巢湖主要入湖河道磷的污染现状

为了解巢湖主要入湖河道中总磷的污染状况,进行了为期三年每月一次的污染调查,十五里河、南淝河、双桥河,污染较重,超出了(GH281-1999)《地表水环境质量标准》的V娄标准。污染主要来自工业废水、生活污水、和农业面源。认为只有开展农业面源污染治理,城市环境综合整治,城市环境综合整治,加强和削减农业化肥的使用量,使得入湖河道水质变好,巢湖的富营养化才能得到控制。     

生态环境部发文关注农村农业污染治理

正生态环境部部长李干杰不久前主持召开生态环境部常务会议,审议并原则通过《农业农村污染治理攻坚战行动计划》、《渤海综合治理攻坚战行动计划》。会议认为,打好农业农村污染治理攻坚战既是打好污染防治攻坚战的7大标志性重大战役之一,也是实施乡村振兴战略的重要任务,对加快解决农业农村突出生态环境问题,     

重金属污染土壤修复技术研究进展

概述了土壤重金属污染的特点、现状及污染的来源,主要从工程措施、农业措施、改良措施和生物修复措施四方面对国内外各种修复技术进行分析与评论,指出各类措施的原理、优缺点、实用性。同时,提出了当前土壤重金属污染与修复技术研究的重点。     

土壤重金属污染来源及其解析研究进展

土壤重金属污染问题是环境和土壤科学研究者关注的热点问题。对土壤重金属污染物来源的鉴别是准确、有效控制和治理污染源的前提。根据近年来国内外对土壤重金属污染的相关研究报道,综述了土壤中污染物的工业、农业和交通因子三大主要来源,重点阐述了目前解析土壤重金属污染来源所运用的化学形态研究、剖面分布、同位素示踪、空间分析和多元统计等方法,并就存在的问题和今后的研究重点进行了总结。     

农用地重金属污染现状及修复方法

土壤是农业生产的基础,随着社会的进步和经济的高速发展,越来越多的污染物排入土壤,其中重金属所占的比例逐渐增大,成为土壤治理的主要对象。农用地重金属污染不仅会导致作物产量降低,而且重金属会随着食物链在人体内积累,对人体产生极大的危害,因此重金属污染修复迫在眉睫。文章综述了农用地重金属污染现状、来源以及各种修复技术,分析了不同修复技术的优势及不足,为运用联合修复技术控制农用地重金属污染提供一定的借鉴与思路。     

金华市小型封闭水体氮污染特征

于2015年4月至10月对金华市12个小型封闭水体氮污染状况进行定点观测,初步探讨了6种水体氮污染的分异特征及其污染来源。结果表明,(1)金华市小型封闭水体中的TN质量浓度均高于8 mg/L,表明氮污染十分严重,TN浓度从大到小依次为耕地水体,居住用地水体,景观水体,林地水体,工业用地水体,水产养殖水体。(2)金华市不同类型水体的各种形态氮含量有显著差异,居住用地水体的NO_3~--N污染严重,而景观水体以DON污染为主。(3)研究水体中DON的浓度与NO_3~--N的浓度呈明显的负相关关系。(4)金华市小型封闭水体的氮污染来源有农业有机肥、生活污水及人畜排泄物、植被凋落物的分解。     

中国耕地重金属污染防治取得新突破

<正>农业部科技教育司司长唐珂1月6日在农业部就"农业部浙江现代生态循环农业发展试点省建设"新闻发布会表示,中国耕地重金属污染防治取得新突破。唐珂表示,近年来中国启动全国农产品产地土壤重金属污染防治普查,建立监测预警机制,建设重金属污染治理修复示范区和开展禁止生产区划分试点工作;印发了《稻田重金属     

在土壤中重金属离子的选择性检测研究中取得进展

正土壤重金属污染一直是大家关心的社会问题,重金属离子选择性检测对土壤重金属污染分析意义重大。近期,中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院技术生物与农业工程研究所科研人员熊世权等通过对磁性颗粒-石墨烯复合物的氨基功能化,构筑电极材料,对Cu(Ⅱ)进行高选择性检测及作用机制分析。该工作对实际土壤中重金属离子特定性检测具有一定参考价值。相关研究成果已发表在《电化学学     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地表水中汞及其记忆效应的消除

<正>汞作为一种高毒性的重金属元素,其危害性已广为人知。工业及农业活动中都有可能造成水环境中汞污染,汞排入水中后,受污染水体的鱼体内甲基汞含量比水中高上万倍,汞在水体、土壤、大气和生物圈中迁移和转化并对人类的健康产生威胁[1-3]。     

美国化学实验教学改革──微型实验简介

近年来,高度发达的西方工业带来的严重环境污染和农业以及科学研究所产生的泛源污染(Non-point Pollution ),引起美国朝野的重视。     

微流池多光程土壤有效态氮磷测定方法研究

农业面源氮磷污染是当前地表水体污染主要来源,而土壤有效态氮磷测试大都依赖于流动分析仪在实验室完成,无法满足个性化土壤有效态氮磷现场测定需求。建立了一种微流池多光程的土壤有效态氮磷测定技术,通过柔性化参数设置,实现不同土壤有效态氮磷测试规范和现场测试。以广东省韶关市农业科学研究所和北京市农林科学院提供的26个样品为例进行有效态铵态氮、硝态氮和磷测定验证。实验结果表明,微流池多光程土壤有效态氮磷测定方法中有效态铵态氮、硝态氮和磷的检出限(LOD)分别为0.0086、0.0094和0.0078 mg/L,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为0.80%、5.7%和0.90%,加标回收率在92.0%~103%,平均单样品测试时间6 min。测试过程自动化,极大地提升了土壤有效态氮磷测定效率和测试结果准确性,为农业面源污染防治提供技术支撑。     

湛江湾红树林湿地土壤重金属含量分析及污染评价

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对湛江湾红树林湿地土壤中8种重金属(As、Cu、Cd、Cr、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn)含量进行测定,采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法和地累积指数法进行污染评价,并结合相关性分析和因子分析方法探讨重金属来源。结果表明:除Ni外,其余7种重金属元素含量平均值均未超过国家土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-2018);但Ni、Zn、Cu、Hg、As和Cd元素均超过广东砖红壤环境背景值,其中As、Ni、Hg和Zn元素超标情况严重。8种重金属元素内梅罗综合污染指数评价结果为0.373~22.576,平均值为3.378,整体处于重度污染;单因子污染指数依次为Ni>Hg>Zn>Cd>As>Cu>Pb>Cr。单个重金属元素地累积指数评价结果与内梅罗综合污染评价相一致,均显示红树林土壤中Hg、Zn和Ni元素污染严重,是影响研究区土壤环境质量的重要因素。从站位看,位于湾内北部的北涯村、观海长廊以及西部的世乔村站位污染较严重,高污染站位约占总站位数的33%,主要为Cd、Hg和Zn。统计分析结果显示,除Ni外,湛江湾红树林土壤中7种重金属元素之间显著相关;结合实地调查结果推测重金属污染主要来自工业污染、船舶排污、养殖排污、生活排污及农业面源污染等人为活动的输入,其次为自然因子的输入。     

河南麦区收割对大气颗粒物及其组分特征排放的影响

农业收割期间排放的颗粒物是农忙期影响大气气溶胶组成的主要来源,因此明确农业收割期间排放的大气颗粒物排放特征具有重要意义。本实验立足河南省新乡市集约化农田实验基地,开展冬小麦区农业收割期间的大气颗粒物及其组分排放特征实验。结果表明收割期间的PMcoarse比其它时期高8.20%,农业站点收割时期的PMcoarse比其它时期高了72.22%,明确了其颗粒物污染特征为仅PM₁₀升高,而非PM₁₀和PM_2.5同时升高,同时PM₁₀的升高非PM_2.5升高引起的;含量最高的前5种元素是Al、Ca、Fe、K、Mg;收割期间,Fe的特征比值最高为0.79;Ca₂₊^和K₊^{离子百分含量在}PMcoarse中占比最高;特征值为0.81和0.78。综合水溶性离子和元素结果,Ca₂₊^、K₊^、Fe浓度协同变化可作为小麦收割过程颗粒物对大气污染影响的指纹识别,以区别于其他污染类型;便于大气污染防治行政主管部门有针对性的查污、防污、治污,提高人民群众生活环境的空气质量。     

Application of Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis in Environmental Forensic and Strategic Management Avenue for Pesticide Residues

Unintended pesticide pollution in soil, crops, and adjacent environments has caused several issues for both pesticide users and consumers. For users, pesticides utilized should provide higher yield and lower persistence while considering both the environment and agricultural products. Most people are concerned that agricultural products expose humans to pesticides accumulating in vegetation. Thus, many countries have guidelines for assessing and managing pesticide pollution, for farming in diverse environments, as all life forms in soil are untargeted to these pesticides. The stable isotope approach has been a useful technique to find the source of organic matter in studies relating to aquatic ecology and environmental sciences since the 1980s. In this study, we discuss commonly used analytical methods using liquid and gas chromatography coupled with isotopic ratio mass spectrometry, as well as the advanced compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA). CSIA applications are discussed for tracing organic pollutants and understanding chemical reactions (mechanisms) in natural environments. It shows great applicability for the issues on unintended pesticide pollution in several environments with the progress history of isotope application in agricultural and environmental studies. We also suggest future study directions based on the forensic applications of stable isotope analysis to trace pesticides in the environment and crops.     

Pesticide levels in ground and surface waters of Primavera do Leste Region, Mato Grosso, Brazil

Residues of the herbicides simazine, metribuzin, metolachlor, trifluralin, atrazine, and two metabolites of atrazine, deisopropylatrazine (DIA) and deethylatrazine (DEA), are surveyed in the surface and groundwater of the Primavera do Leste region, Mato Grosso, Brazil during September and December 1998 and April 1999. Different water source sampling stations of groundwater (irrigation water well, drinking water well, and water hole) and surface water (dam and river) are set up based on agricultural land use. A solid-phase extraction procedure followed by gas chromatography-nitrogen-phosphorus detection is used for the determination of these compounds. All compounds are detected at least once in water samples. A temporal trend of pesticide contamination is observed, with the highest contamination frequency occurring in December during the main application season. Metribuzin shows the highest individual detection frequencies throughout the monitoring period, followed by metolachlor, simazine, and DEA. The maximum mean concentrations of pesticides in this study are in the range from 0.14 to 1.7 microg/L. We deduct that the contamination of water resources is predominantly caused by non-point pollution of pesticides used in intensive cash-crop cultures of the Cerrado area. Therefore, a continuous monitoring of pesticide concentrations in water resources of this tropical region is necessary to detect the longer term contamination trends and developing health risks.     

离子选择电极阵列土壤中硝态氮测定

土壤硝态氮反映土壤短期氮素供应水平,实时了解土壤硝态氮的含量为精准农业和农业面源污染防控提供支撑,因此,在线实时检测土壤硝态氮方法突破就显得十分迫切。土壤硝态氮中的硝酸根离子在土壤中的高水溶性和流动性为全固态硝酸根离子选择电极高敏感检测土壤中硝态氮提供了条件,固态硝态氮离子选择电极的离子选择膜反应硝酸根离子在被测溶液中的浓度。采用全固态硝酸根离子选择电极,且与温度电极和pH电极融合组成电极阵列对土壤饱和溶液中的硝态根离子进行检测。设计了高输入阻抗运算放大电路对电极信号进行采集,并通过微处理控制蠕动泵完成土壤硝态氮待测溶液连续流动测量及实时传输结果。实验结果表明,电极响应时间≤15 s,斜率-51.63 mV/decade,线性范围10-5-10-2.2 mol/L,最低检测限10-5.23 mol/L。相对标准差在0.78%-4.47%范围内,加标回收率均在90%-110%以内。与国家标准紫外可见分光光度法测试结果相比,相关系数（R2）为0.9952,为土壤硝态氮在现场检测奠定技术基础。     

Time still to restore the polluted Piracicaba river basin

Over the last decades the acceleration of the industrialization and urbanization processes together with the intensive agricultural practices have resulted in an impact on the Piracicaba river basin, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The source rivers drain from an area of low population density, absence of heavy industries, non-significant agriculture, native forest and reforestation, the opposite is found in the middle part of the basin. Samples of riverbed sediments were collected along the basin for chemical analysis. Results showed that the source rivers still preserve their natural characteristics, while the Atibaia river in the middle part shows signs of pollution from the agricultural activity, industrial effluents and urban sewage.     

离子选择电极阵列测定土壤中硝态氮

土壤硝态氮反映土壤短期氮素供应水平,实时了解土壤硝态氮的含量为精准农业和农业面源污染防控提供支撑,因此,在线实时检测土壤硝态氮方法突破就显得十分迫切。土壤硝态氮中的硝酸根离子在土壤中的高水溶性和流动性为全固态硝酸根离子选择电极高敏感检测土壤中硝态氮提供了条件,固态硝态氮离子选择电极的离子选择膜反应硝酸根离子在被测溶液中的浓度。采用全固态硝酸根离子选择电极ELIT NO₃^-,且与温度电极和pH电极融合组成电极阵列对土壤饱和溶液中的硝酸根离子进行检测。设计了高输入阻抗运算放大电路对电极信号进行采集,并通过微处理控制蠕动泵完成土壤硝态氮待测溶液连续流动测定及实时传输结果。实验结果表明,电极响应时间≤15 s,斜率-51.63 mV/decade,线性范围10^-5~10^-2.2 mol/L,最低检测限10^-5.23 mol/L。相对标准差在0.78%~4.5%,加标回收率均在90.0%~110%。与紫外可见分光光度法测试结果相比,相关系数(R²)为0.9952,为土壤硝态氮在现场检测奠定技术基础。     

Using delta15N values to characterise the nitrogen nutrient pathways from intensive animal units

Previous studies on foliar delta15N values, in certain bryophytes, have indicated signature similarities to source pollutants. The object of this study was to investigate the effect further, by examining the mechanisms whereby isotopic fractionation occurs in systems such as atmospheric ammonia (NH3), throughfall, vegetation and soil. Measurements taken in and around point emission sources will then be used to characterise the various fractionation effects associated with these N transformations, as well as to demonstrate some of the issues associated with using delta15N values as pollution indicators. The atmospheric dispersion model UK-ADMS has also been used to model atmospheric delta15NH3 emissions, with signatures exhibiting marked negative shifts immediately downwind of an agricultural NH3 source. Similar dispersion patterns were mapped for NH3 concentration data illustrating the link between these two forms of measurement.