钌多吡啶配合物的合成及插入配体的位阻效应对键合DNA的影响

合成了2,3-二甲基-1,4,8,9-四氮三联苯(dmtatp)和2,3-二苯基-1,4,8,9-四氮三联苯(dptatp)两种新配体及它们与2,2′-联吡啶和钌(Ⅱ)的混配物[Ru(bpy)₂dmtatp]²⁺(1)和[Ru(bpy)₂dptatp]²⁺(2),用电子吸收光谱、稳态荧光、粘度测定和圆二色谱研究了配合物与小牛胸腺DNA的相互作用。结合我们以前对配合物[Ru(bpy)₂tatp]²⁺(3)(tatp为1,4,8,9-四氮三联苯)与小牛胸腺DNA的作用研究,得出配合物与DNA的键合强度顺序为:[Ru(bpy)₂tatp]²⁺>[Ru(bpy)₂dptatp]²⁺>[Ru(bpy)₂dmtatp]²⁺,这与插入配体的位阻效应的减少趋势相一致。同时,还测定了配合物与DNA的键合常数。     

单齿配体取代基对钌(Ⅱ)芳烃配合物光致配体解离能力的影响

合成了三种钌(Ⅱ)芳烃配合物[(η⁶-p-cymene)Ru(bpy)(py-R)]²⁺(bpy=2,2′-联吡啶,py=吡啶,R=N(CH₃)₂,H,NO₂),通过紫外-可见吸收光谱、核磁共振、高分辨质谱及DNA凝胶电泳等手段研究了单齿配体吡啶对位取代基的推拉电子能力如何影响配合物的光致配体解离能力。研究发现,当单齿配体吡啶对位取代基为拉电子基团硝基时,配合物具有光致单齿配体解离能力及潜在的光活化抗肿瘤活性。     

一个嫁接有羧酸羟基乙基酯的二吡啶吩嗪Ru(II)配合物的合成、与DNA的相互作用以及溶剂变色性质的研究

合成并表征了一个新的Ru(II)配合物[Ru(bpy)₂(hedppc)](ClO₄)₂ {bpy＝2,2'-联吡啶, hedppc＝二联吡啶[3,2-a: 2',3'-c]吩嗪-11-羧酸(2-羟乙基)酯}. 通过紫外-可见吸收光谱、与溴化乙锭竞争实验、粘度测量和DNA裂解实验研究了配合物与小牛胸腺DNA的相互作用性质. 结果表明配合物以插入模式与DNA键合,键合常数K_b＝(6.99±1.34)×10⁶ mol^－1•L (s＝2.03±0.04)与母体配合物[Ru(bpy)₂ (dppz)]^2＋相近,但光致发光和溶剂变色等光学性质与[Ru(bpy)₂ (dppz)]^2＋有明显的差别.     

基于3-乙基-1-(2-噻吩基)咪唑鎓的环金属钌配合物的合成及其对Hg2+的识别

以3?乙基?1?(2?噻吩基)咪唑鎓(L)和2,2'?联吡啶(bpy)为配体,合成了一个新的环金属钌配合物[Ru(L)(bpy)₂]⁺(1),并通过NMR和HRMS谱表征了该配合物。用紫外可见吸收光谱实验研究了该配合物对常见金属离子的识别作用,发现在CH₃CN/HEPES中,仅Hg²⁺的加入使配合物溶液的最大吸收峰由546 nm蓝移至448 nm,溶液由紫红色变为黄色。通过吸收光谱及质谱分析,推测Hg²⁺与配合物1的作用机理可能是Hg²⁺与硫作用引起Ru—C配位向Ru—S配位模式转化。     

包埋Ru(bpy)3Cl2非线性光催化薄膜在图像处理中的应用

用sol-gel法以正硅酸乙酯、乙醇和蒸馏水为原料,以盐酸为催化剂,包埋三联吡啶钌[Ru(bpy)₃Cl₂]制备催化 Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ)反应的非线性光催化薄膜,并利用紫外分光光度法测定了在薄膜中Ru(bpy)₃Cl₂的包埋量.通过投影图像的方法光激发BZ反应,在包埋Ru(bpy)₃Cl₂的薄膜上产生化学波图像.在薄膜中演化形成的图像具有相当高的图像清晰度.在图像的演化过程中,具有图像反转、边界增强、图像分割等图像处理能力,并可以通过改变BZ反应条件来调控增强某些图像处理能力.     

一个新型钌(Ⅱ)配合物的合成、表征与DNA的键合及溶剂变色性质

合成和表征了1个新的钌(Ⅱ)配合物[Ru(bpy)₂(dpapz)](ClO₄)₂,其中bpy=2,2'-联吡啶,dpapz=联吡啶并[3,2-a:2,'3-'c]-6-氮杂-吩嗪.通过紫外可见光谱、荧光光谱、与溴化乙锭的竞争键合实验和粘度测量研究了该配合物与小牛胸腺DNA的键合性质,并研究了该配合物的紫外可见光谱和荧光光谱的溶剂变色性质.结果表明,该配合物是具有键合常数Kb=6.9×10⁵L/mol(50mmol/LNaCl)的DNA嵌入键合试剂和优良的荧光溶剂传感分子.     

钌(Ⅱ)表面活性剂配合物的合成、表征及其液晶和发光性质

合成了一个新钌(Ⅱ)表面活性剂配合物[Ru(bpy)₂(d19-phen)]Cl₂(bpy=2,2′-联吡啶,d19-phen=4,7-二正十九烷基-1,10-邻菲咯啉),用元素分析、核磁共振谱和质谱对配合物的组成和结构进行了表征.该配合物具有优良的发光性能和较高的量子效率,其与水的混合体系展示良好的溶致液晶行为.     

一系列Ru(II)配合物电致化学发光性质的比较研究

比较研究了以C₂O₄^2－为共反应物时5个结构相关的Ru(II)配合物[Ru(bpy)₂L¹]^2＋, [Ru(bpy)₂L²]^2＋, [Ru(bpy)₂L³]^2＋, [Ru(phen)₂L¹]^2＋和[Ru(phen)₂L²]^2＋(其中bpy＝2,2′-联吡啶, phen＝1,10-邻菲啰啉, L¹＝4-羧基苯基咪唑[4,5-f][1,10]邻菲啰啉, L²＝3-羧基-4-羟基苯基咪唑[4,5-f][1,10]邻菲啰啉, L³＝3,4-二羟基苯基咪唑[4,5-f][1,10]邻菲啰啉)的电致化学发光(ECL)性质. 结果表明, 酚羟基的存在能有效地淬灭Ru(II)配合物[Ru(bpy)₂L²]^2＋, [Ru(bpy)₂L³]^2＋和[Ru(phen)₂L²]^2＋的ECL, 其它Ru(II)配合物的ECL量子效率与[Ru(bpy)₃]^2＋相差不大.     

手性钌配合物的合成、抗肿瘤活性及其与血清蛋白的相互作用

合成了手性钌配合物Δ, Λ-[Ru(bpy)₂(pyip)]²⁺, 通过元素分析、核磁共振、质谱和CD光谱对配合物进行了表征. 采用MTT法评价了3种异构体对多种肿瘤细胞株的体外抗肿瘤活性以及对正常细胞的毒性. 结果表明, Δ-[Ru(bpy)₂(pyip)]²⁺的抗肿瘤活性明显优于其异构体, 对A375, SW480, MCF-7和A549的半数抑制浓度低于顺铂. 通过荧光光谱法研究了在生理pH条件下, 手性钌配合物与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)之间的结合作用以及荧光猝灭机制. 依据Scatchard方程测定了结合常数和结合位点数, 根据热力学方程讨论了两者间的主要作用力类型. 结果表明, 钌配合物对牛血清白蛋白的荧光猝灭机制为静态猝灭. Δ-1, 1和Λ-1与牛血清白蛋白的结合常数分别为1.16×10⁵, 5.12×10⁴和3.64×10⁴, 结合位点数均为1, 主要作用力类型是静电作用. 钌配合物在体内能够被血清蛋白存储转运且结合时对蛋白构象无影响.     

吲哚咪唑基钌(Ⅱ)联吡啶配合物与酵母RNA的相互作用

通过紫外-可见光谱和荧光光谱滴定、稳态荧光猝灭和溴化乙啶竞争键合实验研究了Ru(Ⅱ)配合物[Ru(bpy)(H₂iip)₂](ClO₄)₂{bpy=2,2′-联吡啶, H₂iip=2-(吲哚-3-基)-咪唑[4,5-f][1,10]-邻菲罗啉}的酵母RNA键合性质. 结果表明, 二者键合模式为嵌入键合, 其键合常数为7.09×10⁶ L/mol, 比小牛胸腺DNA的键合常数大, 且比同类配合物[Ru(bpy)₂(H₂iip)](ClO₄)₂的酵母RNA键合常数大.     

Luminescent polymeric ruthenium complexes with polystyrene‐b‐poly(methyl methacrylate) macroligands: The sequential activation of initiator sites for blocks generated by parallel polymerization mechanisms

The synthesis of polystyrene‐b‐poly(methyl methacrylate) diblock copolymers with a luminescent ruthenium(II) tris(bipyridine) [Ru(bpy)₃] complex at the block junction is described. The macroligand precursor, polystyrene bipyridine‐poly(methyl methacrylate) [bpy(PS–H)(PMMA)], was synthesized via the atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate from two independent, sequentially activated initiating sites. Both polymerization steps resulted in the growth of blocks with sizes consistent with monomer loading and narrow molecular weight distributions (i.e., polydispersity index < 1.3). Subsequent reactions with ruthenium(II) bis(bipyridine) dichloride [Ru(bpy)₂Cl₂] in the presence of Ag⁺ generated the ruthenium tris(bipyridine)‐centered diblock, which is of interest for the imaging of block copolymer microstructures and for incorporation into new photonic materials. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 4250–4255, 2002     

A New Luminescent Ruthenium(II) Polypyridine‐derived Dipicolylamine Complex as a Sensor for Cu2+ Ions

A chemo‐sensor [Ru(bpy)₂(bpy‐DPF)](PF₆)₂ ( 1 ) (bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine, bpy‐DPF=2,2′‐bipyridyl‐4,4′‐bis(N,N‐di(2‐picolyl))formylamide) for Cu²⁺ using di(2‐picolyl)amine (DPA) as the recognition group and a ruthenium(II) complex as the reporting group was synthesized and characterized successfully. It demonstrates a high selectivity and efficient signaling behavior only for Cu²⁺ with obvious red‐shifted MLCT (metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer transitions) absorptions and dramatic fluorescence quenching compared with Zn²⁺ and other metal ions.     

Synthesis,spectral characterization and cytotoxicity of Ru–bipyridyl complexes containing hexakis(pyrazol-1-yl)benzene (hpzb) as a co-ligand

A novel ruthenium bisbipyridine complex, [Ru(bpy)₂(hpzb)](PF₆)₂ (1) (hpzb = hexakis(pyrazol-1-yl)benzene) was obtained in the reaction between [Ru(bpy)₂Cl₂], the tritopic ligand hpzb and NH₄PF₆. A high selectivity has been found in the reaction and when the hpzb ligand was made to react with more than one ruthenium fragment, it coordinated selectively only to the first metallic fragment, and it was not possible to introduce two or three ruthenium centres. A similar complex with a deuterated bipyridine has also been obtained. The reaction with the methylated ligand hexakis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)benzene does not take place. A complete assignment of all the proton and carbon NMR signals of 1 was carried out. The orientation of the free pyrazolyl groups is also discussed. The redox properties and the anticancer activity of complex 1 have been studied.     

Ruthenium carbonyl derivatives of N-salicylidene-2-hydroxyaniline

The ruthenium tricarbonyl derivative [Ru(CO)₃(sha)] (1), was synthesized from reaction of [Ru₃(CO)₁₂] with N-salicylidene-2-hydroxyaniline (shaH₂) Schiff base. The corresponding reactions of the ruthenium cluster with shaH₂ in presence of a secondary ligand L,L?=?pyridine and triphenyl phosphine resulted in the formation of the dicarbonyl derivatives [Ru(CO)₂(shaH₂)(L)] (2, 3). In the presence of L?=?2-aminobenzimidazole or thiourea, two complexes [Ru(CO)₂(sha)(L)] (4, 5) were formed and the shaH₂ ligand bonded to ruthenium oxidatively. The bipyridine(bpy) derivative had the molecular formula [Ru(CO)₂(shaH)(bpy)] (6), with shaH coordinated bidentate. All complexes were characterized by elemental analysis and mass, IR, ¹H NMR and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The spectroscopic studies of these complexes revealed several structural arrangements and different tautomeric forms.     

2,3‐Di(2‐pyridyl)‐5‐phenylpyrazine: A NN‐CNN‐Type Bridging Ligand for Dinuclear Transition‐Metal Complexes

A new bridging ligand, 2,3‐di(2‐pyridyl)‐5‐phenylpyrazine (dpppzH), has been synthesized. This ligand was designed so that it could bind two metals through a NN‐CNN‐type coordination mode. The reaction of dpppzH with cis‐[(bpy)₂RuCl₂] (bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine) affords monoruthenium complex [(bpy)₂Ru(dpppzH)]²⁺ ( 12+ ) in 64 % yield, in which dpppzH behaves as a NN bidentate ligand. The asymmetric biruthenium complex [(bpy)₂Ru(dpppz)Ru(Mebip)]³⁺ ( 23+ ) was prepared from complex 12+ and [(Mebip)RuCl₃] (Mebip=bis(N‐methylbenzimidazolyl)pyridine), in which one hydrogen atom on the phenyl ring of dpppzH is lost and the bridging ligand binds to the second ruthenium atom in a CNN tridentate fashion. In addition, the RuPt heterobimetallic complex [(bpy)₂Ru(dpppz)Pt(C?CPh)]²⁺ ( 42+ ) has been prepared from complex 12+ , in which the bridging ligand binds to the platinum atom through a CNN binding mode. The electronic properties of these complexes have been probed by using electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques and studied by theoretical calculations. Complex 12+ is emissive at room temperature, with an emission λ_max=695 nm. No emission was detected for complex 23+ at room temperature in MeCN, whereas complex 42+ displayed an emission at about 750 nm. The emission properties of these complexes are compared to those of previously reported Ru and RuPt bimetallic complexes with a related ligand, 2,3‐di(2‐pyridyl)‐5,6‐diphenylpyrazine.     

Covalent Interaction of Ru(terpy)(tmephen)Cl+ with DNA: A Potential Ruthenium‐Based Anticancer Drug

The use of ruthenium complexes in antitumor therapy was launched two decades ago. In view of their low toxicity and good selectivity for solid tumor metastasis, ruthenium complexes have great potential as alternative drugs to cisplatin in cancer chemotherapy. A series of monochloro ruthenium complexes, Ru(terpy) (NN)Cl⁺ (NN, bidentate nitrogen ligand), containing different electron‐donating groups were prepared. The reactivity towards the formation of Ru‐DNA adduct were revealed by gel mobility shift assay. Their DNA binding sites of Ru(terpy)(tmephen)Cl⁺ were located predominantly at the purine residues i.e., guanine and adenine, by terminating DNA elongation in vitro using PCR and primer extension techniques. Surprisingly, the ability of Ru(terpy)(tmephen)Cl⁺ to inhibit cell growth was found to be approximately two times better than that of a known cross‐linking agent, Ru(bpy)₂Cl₂. Therefore, the increase in liability of the chloro ligand was demonstrated to improve the reactivity of these ruthenium complexes towards the covalent bond formation in Ru‐DNA adducts and result also in a significant inhibition of cell growth. Based on our results, these ruthenium complexes modified with electron‐rich groups provide new consideration in the tune of ruthenium‐based drugs in cancer chemotherapy.     

Efficient Electronic Communication of Two Ruthenium Centers through a Rigid Ditopic N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Linker

A ditopic benzobis(carbene) ligand precursor was prepared that contained a chelating pyridyl moiety to ensure co‐planarity of the carbene ligand and the coordination plane of a bound octahedral metal center. Bimetallic ruthenium complexes comprising this ditopic ligand [L₄Ru‐C,N‐bbi‐C,N‐RuL₄] were obtained by a transmetalation methodology (C,N‐bbi‐C,N=benzobis(N‐pyridyl‐N′‐methyl‐imidazolylidene). The two metal centers are electronically decoupled when the ruthenium is in a pseudotetrahedral geometry imparted by a cymene spectator ligand (L₄=[(cym)Cl]). Ligand exchange of the Cl^?/cymene ligands for two bipyridine or four MeCN ligands induced a change of the coordination geometry to octahedral. As a consequence, the ruthenium centers, separated through space by more than 10 Å, become electronically coupled, which is evidenced by two distinctly different metal‐centered oxidation processes that are separated by 134 mV (L₄=[(bpy)₂]; bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine) and 244 mV (L₄=[(MeCN)₄]), respectively. Hush analysis of the intervalence charge‐transfer bands in the mixed‐valent species indicates substantial valence delocalization in both complexes (delocalization parameter Γ=0.41 and 0.37 in the bpy and MeCN complexes, respectively). Spectroelectrochemical measurements further indicated that the mixed‐valent Ru^II/Ru^III species and the fully oxidized Ru^III/Ru^III complexes gradually decompose when bound to MeCN ligands, whereas the bpy spectators significantly enhance the stability. These results demonstrate the efficiency of carbenes and, in particular, of the bbi ligand scaffold for mediating electron transfer and for the fabrication of molecular redox switches. Moreover, the relevance of spectator ligands is emphasized for tailoring the degree of electronic communication through the benzobis(carbene) linker.     

Metallomacrocycles with a Difference: Macrocyclic Complexes with Exocyclic Ruthenium(II)‐Containing Domains

The templated synthesis of organic macrocycles containing rings of up to 96 atoms and three 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy) units is described. Starting with the bpy‐centred ligands 5,5′‐bis[3‐(1,4‐dioxahept‐6‐enylphenyl)]‐2,2′‐bipyridine and 5,5′‐bis[3‐(1,4,7‐trioxadec‐9‐enylphenyl)]‐2,2′‐bipyridine, we have applied Grubbs’ methodology to couple the terminal alkene units of the coordinated ligands in [FeL₃]²⁺ complexes. Hydrogenation and demetallation of the iron(II)‐containing macrocyclic complexes results in the isolation of large organic macrocycles. The latter bind {Ru(bpy)₂} units to give macrocyclic complexes with exocyclic ruthenium(II)‐containing domains. The complex [Ru(bpy)₂(L)]²⁺ (isolated as the hexafluorophosphate salt), in which L=5,5′‐bis[3‐(1,4,7,10‐tetraoxatridec‐12‐enylphenyl)]‐2,2′‐bipyridine, undergoes intramolecular ring‐closing metathesis to yield a macrocycle which retains the exocyclic {Ru(bpy)₂} unit. The poly(ethyleneoxy) domains in the latter macrocycle readily scavenge sodium ions, as proven by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and atomic absorption spectroscopy data for the bulk sample. In addition to the new compounds, a series of model complexes have been fully characterized, and representative single‐crystal X‐ray structural data are presented for iron(II) and ruthenium(II) acyclic and macrocyclic species.     

Formation of [Ru(bpy)3]2+‐Containing Microstructures Induced by Electrostatic Assembly and Their Application in Solid‐State Detection of Electrochemiluminescence

Tris(2,2′‐bipyridine)ruthenium(II) ([Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺) is one of the most extensively studied and used electrochemiluminescent (ECL) compounds owing to its superior properties, which include high sensitivity and stability under moderate conditions in aqueous solution. In this paper we present a simple method for the preparation of [Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺‐containing microstructures based on electrostatic assembly. The formation of such microstructures occurs in a single process by direct mixing of aqueous solutions of [Ru(bpy)₃]Cl₂ and K₃[Fe(CN)₆] at room temperature. The electrostatic interactions between [Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺ cations and [Fe(CN)₆]^3? anions cause them to assemble into the resulting microstructures. Both the molar ratio and concentration of reactants were found to have strong influences on the formation of these microstructures. Most importantly, the resulting [Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺‐containing microstructures exhibit excellent ECL behavior and, therefore, hold great promise for solid‐state ECL detection in capillary electrophoresis (CE) or CE microchips.     

Polymerization of acrylamide photoinitiated by tris(2,2′‐bipyridine)ruthenium(II)–amine in aqueous solution: Effect of the amine structure

The photopolymerization of acrylamide (AA) initiated by the metallic complex tris(2,2′‐bipyridine)ruthenium(II) [Ru(bpy)₃⁺²] in the presence of aliphatic and aromatic amines as co‐initiators was investigated in aqueous solution. Aromatic amines, which are good quenchers of the emission of the metal‐to‐ligand‐charge‐transfer excited state of the complex, are more effective co‐initiators than those that do not quench the luminescence of Ru(bpy)₃⁺², such as aliphatic amines and aniline. Laser‐flash photolysis experiments show the presence of the reduced form of the complex, Ru(bpy)₃⁺¹, for all the amines investigated. For aliphatic amines, the yield of Ru(bpy)₃⁺¹ increases with temperature, and on the basis of these experiments, a metal‐centered excited state is proposed as the reactive intermediate in the reaction with these amines. The decay of the transient Ru(bpy)₃⁺¹ is faster in the presence of AA. This may be understood by an electron‐transfer process from Ru(bpy)₃⁺¹ to AA, regenerating Ru(bpy)₃⁺² and producing the radical anion of AA. It is proposed that this radical anion protonates in a fast process to give the neutral AA radical, initiating in this way the polymerization chain. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 4265–4273, 2001