阳极杆箍缩二极管产生X射线能谱的模拟计算

采用粒子模拟,得到了阳极杆箍缩二极管阳极钨针上电子的空间分布和入射角分布,分析二极管工作状态得到了电子的能量分布.在此基础上建立阳极杆箍缩二极管的蒙特卡罗模型,模拟得到了阳极杆箍缩二极管的辐射能谱和X射线的平均能量,并与实验结果进行了比较.结果表明:09006炮光子平均能量为0.441 MeV,计算该能谱射线经过不同厚度铅衰减片后的剂量衰减情况,与叠片法PIN探测器所测的实验数据基本一致. 关键词： 阳极杆箍缩二极管 粒子模拟 蒙特卡罗方法 X射线能谱     

强流二极管产生大面积脉冲X射线参数计算

利用二极管的电压电流波形计算了电子束参数,建立了串级二极管和四路并联二极管阳极靶蒙特卡罗粒子输运计算模型,给出了两种情况下轫致辐射X射线场参数。结果表明:阳极靶厚度增加时,轫致辐射X射线平均能量增大,而能量转换效率先增大,后减小;距离串级二极管和四路并联二极管阳极靶5cm位置处,X射线注量分别为76.50,3.74mJ/cm2;光子平均能量分别为81.13,60.77keV;半径为12cm的圆面上,串级二极管X射线剂量呈马鞍形分布,均匀性为1.70∶1;边长为52cm的正方形平面上,四路并联二极管X射线剂量均匀性小于6.30∶1;电子束轫致辐射转换效率分别为0.29%,0.32%。     

脉冲硬X射线能注量测量技术

阐述了全吸收法测量脉冲硬X射线能注量的基本原理,选择了光电管配合硅酸镥(LSO)闪烁体作为探测系统的核心部件,研制了脉冲硬X射线能注量测量系统.利用该系统测量了"闪光二号"加速器产生的脉冲硬X射线强度,结合灵敏度的实验标定结果,计算得到了脉冲硬X射线的能注量.在连续5发次的实验中,能注量平均测量结果为35.9 mJ/cm2,根据实测剂量和能谱计算得到的能注量为39.8 mJ/cm2,两者的结果比较一致.     

爱因斯坦探针后随X射线聚焦镜的粒子污染仿真

X射线聚焦镜是一种对粒子污染物颗粒极其敏感的设备,通常依靠控制地面各流程的污染物积累来限制其影响.本文根据粒子污染物的特点,结合Mie散射理论构建了聚焦镜片上的粒子污染颗粒物与入射X射线光子的相互作用模型.在此基础上,结合蒙特卡罗法进行光线追迹工作,构建出爱因斯坦探针后随X射线聚焦镜的粒子污染仿真程序.通过仿真计算得到入射X射线光子与粒子污染物相互作用时的反应截面与散射角分布函数.这两个量与粒子污染物的尺度相关联,本文将聚焦镜片样本上粒子污染颗粒尺度分布的测量结果进行拟合,得到粒子污染尺度分布.根据上述结果进行仿真计算,得到粒子污染物密度与聚焦镜的有效面积和角分辨的关系,并使用防污染监测数据和爱因斯坦探针后随X射线聚焦镜性能测试数据验证了仿真结果的可靠性.对爱因斯坦探针后随X射线聚焦镜粒子污染的仿真实现了对粒子污染物影响的定量分析,明确了粒子污染物对聚焦镜各方面性能的具体影响,为防污染工作提供了理论支持.     

聚丙烯酸铅辐射防护材料的制备及性能研究

采用化学接枝聚合法制备了聚丙烯酸铅辐射防护材料,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FT-IR）和扫描电镜（SEM）对其结构进行了分析,并利用多道γ谱仪测量了其屏蔽率.利用EGSnrc软件,通过蒙特卡罗模拟,理论计算了防护材料的屏蔽率,讨论了引入样品前后,注量和剂量的变化规律.结果表明：制备的防护材料具有优良的屏蔽性能,其屏蔽效果与射线能量有关.在纯空气介质中,注量和剂量的变化均与粒子能量相关,注量随深度成不连续的阶梯分布,梯高相等,梯宽逐渐变窄,剂量随深度缓慢增加.样品引入后,在空气介质区域,注量和剂量的变化不再与能量相关,而与样品的厚度有关.样品介质区域和空气介质区域的注量都成非线性变化,注量和剂量的变化率在样品与空气分界处,出现了明显的转折. 关键词： 辐射防护 屏蔽性能 EGSnrc     

光子与相对论麦克斯韦分布电子散射的能谱角度谱研究

光子与相对论麦克斯韦分布电子散射的描述及能谱角度谱计算非常复杂且费时.本文提出了一种光子与相对论麦克斯韦速度分布电子散射的蒙特卡罗(MC)模拟方法,该方法能够细致模拟高温等离子体中任意能量光子与任意温度电子的Compton和逆Compton散射问题.对于散射后光子的能谱和角度谱参数,可以根据电子温度抽样若干不同状态的电子,分别模拟其与光子发生散射,可以得到各次散射后的光子能量和偏转角度,取统计平均后的结果即可获得该光子与该温度电子散射的能谱和角度谱分布.根据该方法编写了光子与相对论电子散射MC模拟程序,开展了高温全电离等离子体中光子与相对论电子散射的能谱角度谱计算和分析,分析结果显示:热运动电子将展宽出射光子能谱,且低能光子与高温电子散射后的蓝移现象明显;出射光子的角度谱很复杂,其决定于入射光子能量、出射光子能量及电子温度.基于该方法计算并以数表形式给出的光子-相对论电子散射能谱角度谱数据,可以供辐射输运数值模拟程序使用.     

高能脉冲X射线能谱测量

给出了高能脉冲X射线能谱测量的基本原理及实验结果.采用Monte-Carlo程序计算了高能光子在能谱仪中每个灵敏单元内的能量沉积,利用能谱仪测量了"强光Ⅰ号"加速器产生的高能脉冲X射线不同衰减程度下的强度,求解得到了具有时间分辨的高能脉冲X射线能谱,时间跨度57ns,时间步长5ns,光子的最高能量3.0MeV,平均能量1.04MeV,能量在0.2—0.9MeV之间的光子数目最多,占46.5%.也利用二极管的电压电流波形理论计算了光子的能谱,并与利用能谱仪测得的能谱进行了比较,两种方法所得结果基本一致.     

蒙特卡罗模拟元素特征X射线注量的展宽技术

蒙特卡罗模拟技术可以有效提高核辐射探测分析效率、降低分析成本,在促进X荧光分析技术发展过程中也发挥了重要作用。在应用蒙特卡罗模拟能量色散X荧光分析中,为使蒙特卡罗模拟元素特征X射线注量谱与实验能谱之间的物理差异更小,提出了一种模拟注量展宽算法。首先依据离散统计物理理论,建立了Si-PIN半导体探测器对X射线的响应函数模型,并利用加权非线性最小二乘法拟合得到各系数,再对系数进行归一化处理,得到归一化后的响应函数R(E, E′)。然后利用R(E, E′)对模拟注量进行展宽转换,得到脉冲幅度谱(pulse height spectrum, PHS),使模拟谱更趋近于实验谱,这样就可以通过蒙特卡罗模拟得到与实测能谱一致性较高的模拟能谱。研究中最后利用建立的探测器响应函数模型对Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sn元素K系全能峰拟合χ2_r值在1.04～1.18范围内,对铜合金样品中六种元素特征X射线模拟注量转换结果与实验值一致性较好,并实现了对多元素混合样品复杂重迭谱的有效模拟和展宽。     

真空磁绝缘传输线损失电子模拟

 真空磁绝缘传输线建立磁绝缘状态的初始阶段,损失电子轰击阳极,发生轫致辐射。针对自限制流同轴圆筒模型,通过粒子模拟获得了损失前沿在能量传输方向的推进速度、电子到达阳极时的能谱和角分布情况,在此基础上采用蒙特卡罗方法模拟得到了轫致辐射所产生的X射线能谱。数值计算结果表明:电磁波损失前沿在能量传输方向的推进速度小于光速;损失前沿电子密度稳定。在自限制流磁绝缘传输线中,损失电子处在较宽的能量范围内,其电子偏移角度较小。建立了对应于同轴圆筒真空磁绝缘传输线的电子/光子输运模型,获得了损失电子轰击阳极产生的X射线能谱。     

15～600 keV脉冲硬X射线能谱测量

介绍了基于吸收法的脉冲硬X射线能谱测量的基本原理及设计思路,完成了探测器及吸收片的选型,设计了射线准直系统,研究了散射对测量的影响,以12路PIN探测器阵列及铜、铝吸收片为测量核心部件研制了脉冲硬X射线能谱测量系统。实验测量了真空环境下"闪光二号"加速器串级二极管产生的脉冲硬X射线强度,获得了不同衰减程度的实验波形,通过解谱获得了脉冲硬X射线的能谱,光子最高能量约600 keV,平均能量约89.1 keV,与理论计算的结果比较符合。     

基于矢量水听器的深海直达波区域声传播特性及其应用

对于深海近水面声源产生的声场, 处于较大深度处的接收器在一定水平距离范围内能接收到直达波. 2014年在某深海海域进行的水声考察实验中, 应用深度为140 m的拖曳声源发射实验信号, 布放在水下3146 m深处的矢量水听器成功地接收到了直达波信号. 本文应用射线理论, 分析了深海直达波区域声场的传播特性, 得出了水平振速与垂直振速的传播损失与声线到达接收点处的掠射角以及收发水平距离之间的关系. 在以上分析的基础上, 提出了一种利用水平振速与垂直振速的能量差估计声源距离的方法, 并结合2014年实验数据对实验中两条航线上8 km范围内的目标声源进行了测距, 测距结果与目标的GPS数据符合得较好.     

Experimental evaluation of multiple Compton backscattering of gamma rays in copper

The gamma ray photons continue to soften in energy as the number of scatterings increases in thick target, and results in the generation of singly and multiply scattered events. The number of these multiply scattered events increases with an increase in target thickness and saturates beyond a particular target thickness known as saturation depth. The present experiment is undertaken to study the saturation depth for 279 and 320 keV incident gamma ray photons multiply backscattered from copper targets of varying thickness. The backscattered photons are detected by a Nal(Tl) gamma detector whose pulse-height distribution is converted into a photon spectrum with the help of an inverse matrix approach. To extract the contribution of multiply backscattered photons only, the spectrum of singly scattered photon is reconstructed analytically. We observe that the numbers of multiply scattered events increases with an increase in target thickness and then saturate. The saturation depth is found to be decreasing with increase in incident gamma energy.     

Small shower CORSIKA simulations

Extensive Air Showers (EAS) induced by cosmic ray particles of very low energies, owing to the significantly steep cosmic ray energy spectrum, dominate the secondary particle flux measured by single detectors and small shower arrays. Such arrays connected in extended networks can be used to determine potentially interesting spatial correlations between showers, which may shed new light on the nature of ultra high-energy cosmic rays. The quantitative interpretation of showers recorded by small local arrays requires a methodology that differs from that used by ordinary large EAS arrays operating in the "knee" region and above. We present "small EAS generator," a semi-analytical method for integrating cosmic ray spectra over energies of interest and summing over the mass spectra of primary nuclei in arbitrary detector configurations. Furthermore, we provide results on the EAS electron and muon fluxes and particle density spectra.     

基于Geant4的回旋加速器束流动力学计算

针对回旋加速器的束流动力学设计,基于Geant4模拟研究,提供一种可行的数值模拟方法。通过电磁场仿真软件Opera建立相应的电磁场数据导入到Geant4中进行插值计算,利用Geant4自带的电磁场微分方程与微分方程求解器计算粒子的平衡轨道,振荡频率以及加速轨道。其结果表明:对于横向运动而言,Geant4的计算结果与传统数值方法计算结果趋于一致;对于轴向运动而言,由于磁场插值方法的差异性,二者有一定的区别,对于在加速过程中的非平衡粒子,其能量变化围绕平衡粒子振荡。对于束损,通过限制粒子的运动时间,轴向位移加快计算效率,加入电极碰撞的判定使模拟更趋近实际情况。     

2.45 MeV小型D-D中子管准直屏蔽结构设计

为获取小角度出射的单能中子源,采用蒙特卡罗软件对小型D-D中子管产生的能量为2.45 MeV的4立体角中子源进行了准直屏蔽结构设计。准直屏蔽结构分为准直器和捕获穴,准直器采用铁+含硼聚乙烯+铅的三层过滤结构,用于屏蔽照射野外杂散中子,捕获穴主要功能是增加反方向中子的弹性散射次数,从而降低出射束低能散射中子的比例。通过MCNP模拟得到了准直器各层材料的最佳厚度和出射孔尺寸以及捕获穴最佳结构。经验证,中子照射野处2.45 MeV的中子通量比照射野外大三个量级,中子照射野处低能中子通量比2.45 MeV的中子通量低一个量级,墙壁外总剂量率（中子+）在2.5 Gy/h以下。该研究对于小角度单能中子源的快速获取具有一定的实用价值,获取的中子源可用于中子剂量仪器有效性检验、中子监测仪性能测试等方面的研究。     

Time lag as a characteristic feature in the identification of a moving object by a two‐detector X‐ray sensor

The authors conduct an experimental study of the dynamics of secondary (diffusely scattered and fluorescent) X‐ray radiation originating from the moving grains of minerals and offer a semi‐quantitative explanation for it. They compare the secondary radiation's amplitudes for the free falling grains of natural diamond and for its accompanying minerals that are changing over time. The signals are simultaneously registered by two detectors placed in the upper and lower spatial half‐planes relative to the horizontal flux of primary X‐ray radiation. The authors show that the time difference between the occurrence of dynamic signals' maximums in the detectors allows to identify the type of irradiated mineral. This time lag is negligibly small for a diamond but for the accompanying mineral it is close to its flight time through the irradiation zone. The authors have constructed and tested the laboratory model of a separator that showed a high degree of diamond extraction from the mixture of different minerals. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A multiplexed high‐resolution imaging spectrometer for resonant inelastic soft X‐ray scattering spectroscopy

The optical design of a two‐dimensional imaging soft X‐ray spectrometer is described. A monochromator will produce a dispersed spectrum in a narrow vertical illuminated stripe (～2 µm wide by ～2 mm tall) on a sample. The spectrometer will use inelastically scattered X‐rays to image the extended field on the sample in the incident photon energy direction (vertical), resolving the incident photon energy. At the same time it will image and disperse the scattered photons in the orthogonal (horizontal) direction, resolving the scattered photon energy. The principal challenge is to design a system that images from the flat‐field illumination of the sample to the flat field of the detector and to achieve sufficiently high spectral resolution. This spectrometer provides a completely parallel resonant inelastic X‐ray scattering measurement at high spectral resolution (～30000) over the energy bandwidth (～5 eV) of a soft X‐ray absorption resonance.     

低能粒子与X射线在碳纳米管(绳)内传输研究的现状

高能粒子(沟道)传输时, 粒子质量与入射能量有关。 低能粒子(沟道)传输时, 粒子(静止)质量与入射能量无关。 与其说高低能量区别, 不如说质量观念区别; 因此两者研究是不同观念的研究。 沟道连续势阱的柱状对称性与碳纳米管结构的变化无关。 X射线(沟道)传输表现为两方面: 在波动性方面, 它遵守光学散射规律; 在粒子性方面, 它被沟道连续势阱束缚。 For high energy particle transmission, its mass depends on its incident energy. For low energy particle transmission, its (static) mass is independent of its incident energy. The difference between the mass ideas is rather than that between high and low energies. Thus, these two transmission studies are very different in ideas. The column symmetry of transverse continuum potential well is independent of the nanotube structure. X ray transmission consists of two aspects: as wave, it is scattered by the laws of ray optics; as particle, it is captured in the transverse continuum potential well.     

Determination of kernel emission spectrum of a mini X‐ray tube for EDXRF applications

Knowing the spectrum near the output of the relatively new mini X‐ray tube (MXRT) commercial models is fundamentally important in energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence scan images, especially in the in vivo applications. This information is relevant for determining the absorbed dose during a measurement and for absolute quantification by a fundamental parameter method. However, it is not possible to measure it directly using a silicon drift detector (SDD) given the high saturation in the counts. In this work, an experimental methodology is developed for determining the kernel spectrum emitted by the MXRT, enabling the quantification of its energy flux density over short distances. Different distances were used: source–detector, solid emission angle (collimation), attenuation characteristics of the medium (air), and in a vacuum, within an energy range of 1–40 keV, to determine the X‐ray tube spectrum. The spectrum is measured by an SDD, taking its efficiency and dead time into account. In order to verify the method, a spectrum that is rebuilt starting with the kernel is compared, under the same conditions, with a reference spectrum that is directly measured in air and with a theoretical spectrum obtained by the Ebel model. The results are consistent and validate the methodology employed in this work. Additionally, low‐energy peaks were detected, corresponding to the tube material's L lines, which are not present in the original spectrum reported by the manufacturer. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.