卤素取代与溶剂效应对荧光素的荧光光谱的影响

基于卤族元素对荧光素荧光性能的影响作用,采用甲磺酸为催化剂,分别以4-卤代(氟、氯、溴)间苯二酚为原料通过Friedel-Crafts酰化/环化脱水反应合成了2',7'-二卤代荧光素(DFF、DCF、DBF)。分析了不同卤族元素取代对荧光素的紫外-可见吸收和荧光发射光谱的影响,结果表明,与荧光素光谱相比,氟原子和氯原子取代对增强荧光发射强度效果明显,溴原子的引入降低荧光发射强度。考察了荧光染料浓度对其荧光强度的影响,结果发现,三种卤代荧光染料的浓度在1×10-5mol/L时均具有最大荧光发射强度。研究了染料的溶剂效应,发现荧光光谱随溶剂类型而变化,在极性溶剂中染料的荧光强度高、荧光发射波长较长,此外,在极性质子溶剂中斯托克斯位移比极性非质子溶剂中的大。     

溶剂对4-叠氮苯甲酸共配叠氮铜配合物磁学性质影响的理论研究

基于DFT-BS方法,在不同泛函方法和基组下研究μ-1,1叠氮、4-叠氮苯甲酸、溶剂共配的叠氮铜配合物[Cu2(4-aba)3(N3)3(CH3OH)3]2-的磁学性质。结果显示,在B2PLYP/TZVP水平下计算得到顺磁中心间的磁耦合常数为33.48 cm-1,与实验值33.80 cm-1最吻合,可准确描述其磁学性质。配合物[Cu2(4-aba)3(N3)3(CH3OH)3]2-的分子磁轨道主要贡献来自于顺磁中心Cu(1)、Cu(2)的3dx2-y2轨道、N3-离子的π型轨道、4-叠氮苯甲酸的π型轨道和溶剂甲醇氧原子的p轨道。在4-叠氮苯甲酸共配的叠氮铜配合物中引入共配溶剂水及醇类,随溶剂R基供电子效应的增加,反铁磁性部分对磁耦合常数的贡献减小,其磁耦合常数J值随之增大。     

卤代苯和卤代萘用三氧化硫进行的磺化反应

本文研究 了在非极性溶剂二氯甲烷中卤代苯和卤代萘用SO~3进行的磺化反应. 卤代苯最初开始磺化反应的产物是4-磺酸, 2-卤代萘的产物是8-磺酸. 当用过量的SO~3长时间反应时, 磺化反应得到三取代产物.     

一种简单、高效合成α-卤代甲基酮化合物的新方法

发展了一种简单、高效、温和的卤代炔烃水合反应体系.在阳离子金催化剂的催化作用下,以二氯乙烷为溶剂,室温下卤代炔烃发生水合反应,高收率、高区域选择性地得到单一的α-卤代甲基酮化合物(收率≥91%).该方法具有底物适用范围广、反应条件温和和环境友好等优点,为含α-卤代甲基酮结构单元的天然产物及复杂药物分子的合成提供了新方法.     

Cu（OTf）2催化苄基卤代物与三丁基烯丙基锡的偶联反应

研究了苄基卤代物与三丁基烯丙基锡的偶联反应,当以10mol%Cu(OTf)2为催化剂,CH2Cl2为溶剂时,1-氯甲基-4-苯基萘与三丁基烯丙基锡于室温反应1h,交叉偶联反应产物1-(3-丁烯基)-4-苯基萘(3b)收率即达93%.结果表明,芳环含供电子基的底物反应活性较高,在室温反应几分钟即可完成,而芳环含吸电子基的底物反应活性低.反应产物3b,1-溴-4-(3-丁烯基)萘(3c)和1-(3-丁烯基)-4-硝基萘(3f)未见报道,且其结构经表征确认.     

卤代苯溶剂对镓咔咯配合物光物理性质的影响:外重原子效应

利用紫外-可见光谱、稳态和时间分辨荧光光谱以及飞秒瞬态吸收光谱探测了不同卤代苯溶剂对三种五氟苯基取代的镓咔咯(1-Ga、2-Ga、3-Ga)光物理性质的影响,结果表明卤代苯溶剂的色散力对于镓咔咯电子光谱吸收峰位置的影响起着主要作用;溶剂外重原子效应能显著降低镓咔咯的荧光量子产率。飞秒瞬态吸收光谱表明,光激发下,镓咔咯与卤代苯溶剂之间可发生电子转移反应,溶剂的重原子效应可以减缓电荷分离态复合物电荷重组速率。     

聚合反应介质对丙烯腈/衣康酸共聚物结构与性能的影响

利用混合溶剂沉淀聚合法研究了水/环丁砜(H_2O/TMS)等4种不同聚合反应介质对丙烯腈/衣康酸(AN/IA)共聚物的转化率、重均分子量(Mw)及分布(D)、表面微观形貌、竞聚率及链结构、聚合物热性能和纺丝性能的影响.结果表明,P(AN/IA)聚合物转化率随着混合溶剂中H_2O含量的增加,呈先升高后降低的趋势.P(AN/IA)的Mw与水/溶剂比例成线性增加的关系,其中,以H_2O/TMS作为混合反应介质所制备P(AN/IA)的Mw最大,D最小(小于2).AN与IA以H_2O/TMS为聚合介质时倾向于理想共聚,2IA链段分布几率仅为2.87%.以H_2O/TMS为聚合体系所制备P(AN/IA)结构疏松、颗粒粒径较小且易溶解,预氧化时环化反应放热速率低、放热区间宽,热稳定化阶段形成耐热梯形结构反应所需能垒小.P(AN/IA)/TMS纺丝溶液的表观黏度低,TMS为PAN的良溶剂.     

α-卤代酮的脱卤新方法

报道了一种以乙醇为溶剂,在锌粉和甲酸铵催化下的α-卤代酮的脱卤新方法。该体系也适用于α,α-二卤代酮和卤代苄的脱卤反应,产物结构结构经~1H NMR,IR和MS(ESI)确证。     

二氯二氰基苯醌及其阴离子自交换电子转移反应的理论研究

基于非平衡溶剂化能的约束平衡方法和溶剂重组能的新表达式, 实现了电子转移反应溶剂重组能的数值解, 研究了二氯二氰基苯醌(DDQ)及其阴离子体系DDQ-之间的自交换电子转移反应. 考虑了DDQ与DDQ-分子以平行方式形成受体-给体络合物时的两种构型. 引入线性反应坐标, 计算了该反应在不同溶剂中的溶剂重组能. 基于两态变分模型得到了反应的电子耦合矩阵元. 根据电子转移动力学模型, 计算了该自交换电子转移反应的速率常数.     

水-乙醇混合溶剂中弱酸电离的溶剂效应

本文用LKB2277Bioactivity monitor微量流动热量计测定卤代乙酸. 脂肪酸在水-乙醇混合溶剂中的标准电离焓,计算了热力学函数.结合文献数据,计算各酸根离子从水迁移到混合溶剂的迁移自由能,并讨论溶剂效应对弱酸电离的影响1.     

高分子的良溶剂和不良溶剂的两种定义辩析

介绍了目前国际学术界存在的对高分子溶液体系的溶剂优劣性的两种判断标准 ,即相互作用参数χ=1 /2和χ=0 ,前者基于混合自由能 ,后者基于混合热。作者阐明了其倾向于采用后者的观点 ,而后者在目前国内所有高分子物理学教科书中均未被介绍。     

溶剂对SBS溶液浇铸膜形态结构及性能影响

聚苯乙烯 聚丁二烯 聚苯乙烯 (ＳＢＳ)嵌段共聚物所兼具的高弹性与热塑性来源于其独特的微观相分离结构 ,其形态结构与性能的关系长期以来一直倍受人们的关注 .对于这种微相分离体系 ,除了传统意义上的良溶剂 (对两种嵌段均具有良好的溶解性 ,又称非选择性溶剂 )与不良溶剂外 ,还存在着对两种嵌段中的一种溶解性较好 ,对另一种溶解性较差的选择性溶剂[1,2 ].在溶液浇铸成膜过程中 ,不同溶剂与组成共聚物的两种嵌段的相互作用参数的差异将导致溶液中大分子构象的差异以及微观相分离过程的差异 ,从而影响浇铸膜的形态以及性能[3].本文首先利用…     

Strategies to model the near-solute solvent molecular density/polarization

The solvent molecular distribution significantly affects the behavior of the solute molecules and is thus important in studying many biological phenomena. It can be described by the solvent molecular density distribution, g, and the solvent electric dipole distribution, p. The g and p can be computed directly by counting the number of solvent molecules/dipoles in a microscopic volume centered at r during a simulation or indirectly from the mean force F and electrostatic field E acting on the solvent molecule at r, respectively. However, it is not clear how the g and p derived from simulations depend on the solvent molecular center or the solute charge and if the g(F) and p(E) computed from the mean force and electric field acting on the solvent molecule, respectively, could reproduce the corresponding g and p obtained by direct counting. Hence, we have computed g, p, g(F), and p(E) using different water centers from simulations of a solute atom of varying charge solvated in TIP3P water. The results show that g(F) and p(E) can reproduce the g and p obtained using a given count center. This implies that rather than solving the coordinates of each water molecule by MD simulations, the distribution of water molecules could be indirectly obtained from analytical formulas for the mean force F and electrostatic field E acting on the solvent molecule at r. Furthermore, the dependence of the g and p distributions on the solute charge revealed provides an estimate of the change in g and p surrounding a biomolecule upon a change in its conformation.     

溶剂系统向量选择性参数Q值的研究

提出了溶剂和溶剂系统向量参数表示方法,给出了正相及反相二元溶剂系统Ｑ值参数表。得到经验公式：Ｒ＿ｆ＝ａ＋ｂｌｎＱ＋ｃＱ。     

An Efficient Synthesis of Stable Phosphorus Ylides Derived from Triphenylphosphine,Dialkyl Acetylenedicarboxylates,and an NH-Acid

Stable crystalline phosphorus ylides were obtained in excellent yields from the 1:1:1 addition reaction between triphenylphosphine and dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates in the presence of strong NH-acids, such as benzotriazole, 5-methylbenzotriazole, 5-chlorobenzotriazole, pyrrole, 2-acetylpyrrole, pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde, 4-nitro-acetanilide, 4-methoxyacetanilide, 4-bromoacetanilide, 4-methylacetanilide, 2-methyl-acetanilide, and 2,6-dimethylacetanilide. These stable ylides exist in a solution as a mixture of two geometrical isomers as a result of the restricted rotation around the carbon–carbon partial double bond resulting from the conjugation of the ylide moiety with the adjacent carbonyl group.     

Cellulose decomposition behavior in hot-compressed aprotic solvents

Microcrystalline cellulose (avicel) is treated in hot-compressed aprotic solvents,sulfolane and 1,4-dioxane,using a batch-type reaction system with a molten tin bath in a range from 290 to 390℃. The corresponding densities of the solvent are 0.25-1.26 g/cm3 and 0.21-1.03 g/cm3 for sulfolane and 1,4-dioxane,respectively. As a result,in both solvents,more than 90% of cellulose is found to be de-composed to the solvent-soluble portion in which levoglucosan is the main component with the high-est yield of about 35% on original cellulose basis. The decomposition rate to levoglucosan is,however,faster in sulfolane than in 1,4-dioxane,while levoglucosan is more stable in 1,4-dioxane. In addition,its yield is found to be solvent-density dependent to be highest around 0.4-0.5 g/cm3 for both solvents. To elucidate these decomposition behaviors,the results obtained in this study with aprotic solvents are compared with protic solvents such as water and methanol in previous works.     

Solvent polarity indicators: Extraction of some coumarin indicator dyes

Study of the extraction of ten different coumarins (unsubstituted, 6-methyl-, 7-methyl-, 4-hydroxy-, 7-hydroxy-, 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-, 7-methoxy-, 7-amino-4-methyl-, 7-diethyl-amino-4-methyl-, and 3-carboxy-) with nine organic solvents shows that the percentage extraction is generally high. Cyclohexanone and heptane were found to be, respectively, the most and least effective extracting solvents for the compounds under study. The results are discussed in terms of the effect of different solvent polarity parameters on the extraction process.     

A mini review on synthesis,properties and applications of deep eutectic solvents

Organic solvents have been of great importance for many chemical synthesis, storage and separation processes. The industries and research laboratories are heavily dependent on organic solvents in bulk; are highly volatile, lipophilic, toxic and causes a number of issues to the human health and the environmental fitness. Neoteric solvents have been proposed as a better substitute to these harmful organic solvents, and scientists have come up with several neoteric solvents in the last three decades, to name a few: ionic liquids (ILs), switchable solvents, bio-based solvents and deep eutectic solvents (DESs). These neoteric solvents attract a great deal of interest from the scientific community due to plenty of possibilities, therefore, they have huge impact and novel studies are reported quite frequently on the same. In this review, we intend to focus to brief on deep eutectic solvents, about their properties, synthesis, promising applications, and how they gradually emerged from ILs and later stood out as a different class of neoteric solvent, which overcomes many shortcomings of ILs. DESs are possibly receptive synthetic compounds and their relationship based on the hydrogen bond donor or acceptor restricts their reactivity and allow to explore in different disciplines of science.     

Obtimization of separation conditions in reversed phase liquid chromatography using complex solvent mixtures

Summary Four different methods of calculation of retention in ternary mobile phases were compared and it was found that the simple calculation based only on two values of the capacity factors (one for each binary system that composes the ternary mobile phase) provides the accuracy of prediction that is, at least, comparable to the other methods of calculation that require a large number of preliminary experiments. The deviations from ideal behaviour in ternary solvent mixtures are discussed; some sources of errors can be avoided, at least partially, using binary systems of adequate compositions for preparation of ternary mobile phases. Several examples show the comparison of calculated and experimental selectivities in ternary solvent systems. A simple calculation can be used for rapid selection of an adequate ternary (or more complex) mobile phase, if it is necessary to achieve the separation of a given sample mixture.Presented at the 14th International Symposium on Chromatography London, September, 1982     

Enthalpy of solution of 1,4-naphthoquinone in CO2 + n-pentane in the critical region of the binary mixture: mechanism of solubility enhancement

The enthalpy of solution (Delta(solv)H(m)) and solubility of 1,4-naphthoquinone in CO(2) + n-pentane were measured at 308.15 K in the critical region of the binary fluid. In order to study the effect of phase behavior of the mixed solvent on Delta(solv)H(m), the experiments were carried out in the supercritical (SC) and subcritical region of the binary solvent. The density of the mixed solvent in different conditions was determined. The isothermal compressibility (K(T)) of the mixed solvent, and the partial molar volume (V(n-pentane)) of n-pentane in the solution were calculated. It was demonstrated that the Delta(solv)H(m) was negative in all conditions. Delta(solv)H(m) is nearly independent of pressure or density in all the solvents in a high-density region, in which compressibility of the solvent is very small; this indicates that the intermolecular interaction between the solvent and the solute is similar to that for liquid solutions. It is very interesting that Delta(solv)H(m) in the mixed SC fluid differs from the Delta(solv)H(m) in mixed subcritical fluids. The absolute value of Delta(solv)H(m) in the mixed SC fluid is close to that in pure SC CO(2) in the high-density region, and is much lower than that in pure SC CO(2) in the low-density region. In the mixed subcritical fluids, the Delta(solv)H(m) is also close to that in the pure CO(2) in the high-density region. However, at the same density, the absolute value of Delta(solv)H(m) in the binary subcritical fluid is larger than that in pure CO(2) in the high-compressible region of the mixed solvent. The main reason for this is that the degree of clustering in the SC solutions is small at the density in which the degree of clustering is large in the subcritical solutions. It can be concluded that solubility enhancement by n-pentane in the mixed SC fluid is entropy driven. In contrast, the solubility enhancement by n-pentane in subcritical fluids is enthalpy driven. The intermolecular interaction in the SC solutions and subcritical solutions can be significantly different even if their densities are the same.