Fabrication and characterization of mesoporous Co3O4 core/mesoporous silica shell nanocomposites

A mesoporous Co(3)O(4) core/mesoporous silica shell composite with a variable shell thickness of 10-35 nm was fabricated by depositing silica on Co(3)O(4) superlatticed particles. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of the composite with a shell thickness of ca. 2.0 nm was 238.6 m(2)/g, which varied with the shell thickness, and the most frequent pore size of the shell was ca. 2.0 nm. After the shell was eroded with hydrofluoric acid, mesoporous Co(3)O(4) particles with a pore size of ca. 8.7 nm could be obtained, whose BET surface area was 86.4 m(2)/g. It is proposed that in the formation of the composite the electropositive cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) micelles were first adsorbed on the electronegative Co(3)O(4) particle surface, which directed the formation of the mesoporous silica on the Co(3)O(4) particle surface. Electrochemical measurements showed that the core/shell composites exhibited a higher discharge capacity compared with that of the bare Co(3)O(4) particles.     

介孔氧化镍的合成、表征和在电化学电容器中的应用

以十二烷基硫酸钠为模板剂, 采用尿素为沉淀剂, 用均匀沉淀法, 适当控制尿素的水解速度, 制备具有介孔结构的氢氧化镍胶体, 在不同温度下焙烧处理得到孔分布集中的氧化镍介孔分子筛. 结果表明, 在523 K下焙烧得到的氧化镍BET比表面达到477.7 m²•g^－1. 结构表征还显示, 介孔氧化镍的孔壁为多晶结构, 其孔结构形成机理应为准反胶束模板机理. 循环伏安法表明用NiO介孔分子筛制备的电极有很好的电容性能. 与浸渍法和阴极沉淀法制得的NiO相比, 这种介孔结构的NiO能够大量用来制作电化学电容器电极, 并且保持较高的比电容量和良好的电容性能.     

A mesoporous metal-organic framework constructed from a nanosized C3-symmetric linker and [Cu24(isophthalate)24] cuboctahedra

The mesoporous framework [Cu(3)(L)(H(2)O)(3)]·(DMF)(35)·(H(2)O)(35) (NOTT-119) shows on desolvation a BET surface area of 4118(200) m(2) g(-1), a pore volume of 2.35 cm(3) g(-1), a total H(2) uptake of 101 mg g(-1) at 60 bar, 77 K and a total CH(4) uptake of 327 mg g(-1) at 80 bar, 298 K.     

Synthesis of micro/mesoporous silica using poly(ethylene glycol) as a template

Analysis of isotherms of low-temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption has revealed the formation of a micro/mesoporous structure in silica resulting from the sol-gel transition of SiO₂ in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol)s with different molecular masses used as templates. The specific surface area of pores has been determined by the BET and Langmuir methods; the volume and surface area of micropores have been estimated by the t-plot method; and the surface area and volume of pores, mesopore size distribution, and average pore diameter have been assessed using the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda method.     

Surface organobarium and organomagnesium chemistry on periodic mesoporous silica MCM-41: convergent and sequential approaches traced by molecular models

The alkaline earth metal alkyl complexes [Ba(AlEt(4))(2)](n) and Mg(AlMe(4))(2) were directly grafted onto periodic mesoporous silica MCM-41, which had been dehydroxylated at 270 °C (specific surface area a(s): 1023 m(2) g(-1); pore volume V(p): 1.08 cm(3) g(-1); main pore diameter 3.4 nm). Alternatively, barium alkyl surface species were generated by sequential grafting of MCM-41 with Ba[N(SiHMe(2))(2)](2)(thf)(4) and AlEt(3) to yield the hybrid material AlEt(3)@Ba[N(SiHMe(2))(2)](2)(thf)(4)@MCM-41. For a better understanding of the surface chemistry, AlEt(3)@MCM-41 was also accessed. All hybrid materials were analyzed by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, nitrogen physisorption, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy; this clearly revealed distinct surface chemistry for the alkylaluminate-treated materials [Ba(AlEt(4))(2)]@MCM-41 and Mg(AlMe(4))(2)@MCM-41. In an attempt to mimic the surface chemistry, the organometallic precursors were treated with HOSi(OtBu)(3). The reaction of equimolar amounts of {Ba[N(SiHMe(2))(2)](2)}(n) and HOSi(OtBu)(3) produced a mixed silylamido/siloxide cluster of Ba(3)[OSi(OtBu)(3)](3)[N(SiHMe(2))(2)](3) with bridging-only siloxide ligands as well as one bridging and two terminal silylamido ligands. The Schlenk equilibrium was found to govern the [Ba(AlEt(4))(2)](n)-HOSi(OtBu)(3) and Mg(AlMe(4))(2)-HOSi(OtBu)(3) reactions, leading to the isolation of complexes of [Ba(AlEt(4))(2) (toluene)](2) and Mg[OSi(OtBu)(3))](2)(AlMe(3))(2), respectively. Allowing for a donor-induced cleavage of Mg(AlMe(4))(2), the reaction of [MgMe(2)] with one or two equivalents of HOSi(OtBu)(3) was studied. While putative Mg[OSi(OtBu)(3)](Me) and Mg[OSi(OtBu)(3)](2) could not be crystallized from the reaction mixtures, cluster complexes Mg(5)(O)[OSi(OtBu)(3)](5)Me(3) and Mg(4)(OH)(2)[OSi(OtBu)(3)](6) could be unambiguously identified by X-ray crystallography.     

Effects of ethanol on the in situ synthesized Cu/SiO_2 catalyst:Texture,structure,and the catalytic performance in hydrogenation dimethyl oxalate to ethylene glycol

The Cu/SiO₂ catalysts were in situ synthesized by the hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate（TEOS） in one phase solution using ethanol as co-solvent or TEOS/H₂O two phases solution,followed by the precipitation of copper on SiO₂ by ammonia evaporation. In the hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate,the catalyst prepared by one phase hydrolysis exhibited higher activity and ethylene glycol（EG） selectivity at lower temperature than that of two phases due to its larger BET surface area and multimodal pore distribution.At 488-503 K,the catalyst prepared in one phase solution with water/ethanol（W/E） volume ratio of 3:1 exhibited 90- 95%EG selectivity,while catalyst prepared by two phase hydrolysis reached 90%EG selectivity only at 498-503 K.     

锐钛矿型纳米TiO2介孔粉体表面织构的研究

以硫酸钛和尿素为原料,聚乙二醇-1000为空间构造剂,104℃下经尿素水解均匀沉淀法研制颗粒分散均匀、粒径可控的高热稳定性锐钛矿型纳米TiO2介孔粉体,并对其晶相、颗粒大小、比表面积、形貌和孔道结构进行了表征.结果表明,未经任何热处理的TiO2粉体即为锐钛型晶相,颗粒为均匀分散的类球型颗粒,且颗粒间形成直通型的介孔孔道,其孔径在10～30nm之间.控制焙烧温度可以达到控制颗粒大小及形貌的目的,经850℃焙烧5h的样品仍保持锐钛矿型晶相,未出现向金红石型晶相转变的迹象.     

疏水介孔二氧化硅膜的制备与表征

用甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTES)代替部分正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)作为前驱体，以聚乙烯醚-聚丙烯醚-聚乙烯醚三嵌段共聚物(P123)作有机模板剂，通过共水解缩聚反应制备了甲基修饰的介孔SiO₂膜。利用N₂吸附、FTIR、²⁹Si MAS NMR以及接触角测量仪对膜的孔结构和疏水性进行了表征。结果表明，修饰后的膜材料具有良好的介孔结构，最可几孔径为4.65 nm，孔体积为0.69 cm³·g^-1，比表面积为938.4 m²·g^-1；同时疏水性明显提高，当n_MTES/n_TEOS达到1.0时，其对水的接触角达到109°± 1.1°。气体渗透实验表明气体通过膜孔的扩散由努森机制所控制。     

IRMOF-1衍生介孔ZnO微球催化合成低聚聚碳酸酯二醇

IRMOF-1是一种最经典的IRMOF系列材料,通过直接在空气中不同温度下热处理IRMOF-1得到三种ZnO催化剂,并采用XRD、SEM、BET、CO_2-TPD等分析技术对所得样品的晶体结构、表观形貌、孔结构、表面碱性进行了表征。结果显示,ZnO为球状结构,是一种典型的介孔材料,BET比表面积和孔径分别为49.7~62.2 m2/g和2.18~2.92 nm。研究了ZnO微球在碳酸二苯酯(DPC)与新戊二醇(NPG)酯交换合成低聚碳酸酯二醇(PCDL)反应中的催化性能。结果表明,500℃下得到的ZnO微球在DPC与NPG酯交换反应中表现出良好的催化活性。     

Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous silica from selectively acid-treated saponite as the precursors

Mesoporous silicas were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of selectively acid-treated saponite (an ideal structural formula: Na(1/3)Mg(3)(Si(11/3)Al(1/3))O(10)(OH)(2)), having a 2:1 type layered structure as the silica source and its porous properties were examined and compared with that from kaolinite (an ideal structural formula: Al(2)Si(2)O(5)(OH)(4)), having a 1:1 type layered structure. Synthetic saponite was selectively leached in H(2)SO(4) solutions with various concentrations (0.05-1 M) at 70 degrees C for 0.5 h. The resulting products (precursors) were mixed with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr), NaOH and H(2)O, hydrothermally treated at 110 degrees C and removed the CTABr by calcining at 560 degrees C. A hexagonal mesoporous phase was obtained with higher Si/(Al(+Mg)) ratios of the resulting precursors. The XRD patterns of these products show the peaks assigned by a hexagonal lattice with a(0)=4.0-4.6 nm and the crystallinity becomes higher with higher Si/(Al(+Mg)) ratios of the precursors. The specific surface area (S(BET)) values of the present mesoporous silicas range from 800 to 1100 m(2)/g at CTABr/precursor=0.1 and although they are not as high as those from precursors prepared from calcining and acid-treatment of kaolinite (1420 m(2)/g), they are increased to 1400-1500 m(2)/g by increasing the ratio CTABr/precursor 0.2. The reason for the difference in the optimum preparation conditions between saponite and kaolinite may be attributed to the difference in the linkage of the SiO(4) tetrahedra in these precursors (i.e. layered or framework structures), which result in great differences in the selective leaching rates and structures of the resulting silica-rich products.     

有序介孔碳的微波快速合成和表面修饰及其负载性能

以低聚合度酚醛树脂为碳源、三嵌段共聚物F127(Mw=12600,PEO106PPO70PEO106)为模板导向剂,以微波辐照替代传统的烘箱热聚合,在常见功率下(400～800W)快速(15～60min)聚合,并高温碳化获得介孔碳。XRD、TEM、低温N2吸脱附等测试表明所得样品具有高度有序的介孔结构,比表面积和孔容分别可达614m2·g-1和0.47cm3·g-1。合成的介孔碳经NaBH4和胶体钯溶液两步修饰处理,表面被活化并沉积了Pd颗粒,导电性和亲水性均得到改善,载Pt的量和分散性明显提高,Pt/C催化剂的电化学活性面积由4m2·g-1增加到29m2·g-1。     

Three-dimensional low symmetry mesoporous silica structures templated from tetra-headgroup rigid bolaform quaternary ammonium surfactant

Two kinds of highly ordered mesoporous silica materials (FDU-11, FDU-13) with novel three-dimensional (3-D) tetragonal and orthorhombic structures were synthesized by using tetra-headgroup rigid bolaform quaternary ammonium surfactant [(CH(3))(3)NCH(2)CH(2)CH(2)N(CH(3))(2)CH(2)(CH(2))(11)OC(6)H(4)C(6)H(4)O(CH(2))(11)CH(2)N(CH(3))(2)CH(2)CH(2)CH(2)N(CH(3))(3).4Br] (C(3-12-12)(-)(3)) as a template under alkaline conditions. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) show that mesoporous silica FDU-11 has primitive tetragonal P4/mmm structure with cell parameters a = b = 8.46 nm, c = 5.22 nm, and c/a ratio = 0.617. N(2) sorption isotherms show that calcined FDU-11 has a high BET surface area of approximately 1490 m(2)/g, a uniform pore size of approximately 2.72 nm, and a pore volume of approximately 1.88 cm(3)/g. Mesoporous silica FDU-13 has primitive orthorhombic Pmmm structure. The cell parameters are a = 9.81, b = 5.67, and c = 3.66 nm. N(2) sorption isotherms show that calcined FDU-13 has a high BET surface area of 1210 m(2)/g, a uniform mesopore size of approximately 1.76 nm, and a large pore volume of approximately 1.83 cm(3)/g. Such low symmetries for 3-D mesostructures (tetragonal and orthorhombic system) have not been observed before even in amphiphilic liquid crystals, which maybe resulted from an oblate aggregation of the bolaform surfactant and its strong electrostatic interaction with inorganic precursor. A probable mechanism has been proposed for the formation of such a 3-D low symmetrical mesostructure. These results will further extend the synthesis of mesoporous materials and may open up new opportunities for their new applications in catalysis, separation, and nanoscience.     

A systematic morphosynthesis of barium sulfate in the presence of phosphonate inhibitor

A systematic study of the influence of various experimental parameters on the morphology and size of BaSO4 crystals after crystallization from water in the presence of diethylenetriamine penta (methylphosphonic acid) (DETPMP) was presented. Depending on the experimental conditions, there are various crystal morphologies including flowers, ellipsoids, spheres, or conjoined spheres. The results indicated that the experimental parameters, such as the concentration of the inhibitor, the pH of solution, the aging of the particle growth, and the ratio [Ba2+]/[SO4(2-)], are important for the morphology and size of BaSO4. The morphogenesis of BaSO4 is controlled by the chelation of DETPMP with Ba2+ at the nucleation and the surface adsorption inhibition of crystal growth.     

CdTe纳米晶-BaSO4复合荧光微球的制备

利用表面活性剂双层修饰技术在水溶性荧光CdTe纳米晶表面先后包覆了双十八烷基二甲基溴化铵和十二烷基硫酸钠, 从而在纳米晶外表面引入—SO-4反应位点, 以—SO-4为活性中心进一步制备了包覆CdTe纳米晶的BaSO4复合荧光微球. 通过扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、共聚焦荧光显微镜和X射线粉末衍射等方法确定了复合微球的尺寸及组成. 由于BaSO4的保护, CdTe-BaSO4复合微球荧光的耐酸性比CdTe原液的提高明显.     

Solvent evaporation induced aggregating assembly approach to three-dimensional ordered mesoporous silica with ultralarge accessible mesopores

A solvent evaporation induced aggregating assembly (EIAA) method has been demonstrated for synthesis of highly ordered mesoporous silicas (OMS) in the acidic tetrahydrofuran (THF)/H(2)O mixture by using poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PEO-b-PMMA) as the template and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as the silica precursor. During the continuous evaporation of THF (a good solvent for PEO-b-PMMA) from the reaction solution, the template molecules, together with silicate oligomers, were driven to form composite micelles in the homogeneous solution and further assemble into large particles with ordered mesostructure. The obtained ordered mesoporous silicas possess a unique crystal-like morphology with a face centered cubic (fcc) mesostructure, large pore size up to 37.0 nm, large window size (8.7 nm), high BET surface area (508 m(2)/g), and large pore volume (1.46 cm(3)/g). Because of the large accessible mesopores, uniform gold nanoparticles (ca. 4.0 nm) can be introduced into mesopores of the OMS materials using the in situ reduction method. The obtained Au/OMS materials were successfully applied to fast catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol in the presence of NaHB(4) as the reductant. The supported catalysts can be reused for catalytic reactions without significant decrease in catalysis performance even after 10 cycles.     

酸化膨润土负载金催化剂用于CO氧化

用盐酸和硫酸对膨润土（Ben）进行改性处理,采用浸渍法（IMP）、沉积-沉淀法（DP）和阳离子吸附法(CA)制备改性膨润土负载的金催化剂,以CO氧化作为探针反应对催化剂的催化性能进行了研究,采用BET、XRD、TEM和TPD等对催化剂进行表征。 结果表明,经过简单的酸处理后的膨润土比表面积和孔体积有了大幅度的提高,硫酸酸化的膨润土作为载体较之盐酸酸化土更容易得到活性较高的金催化剂,XRD粒径计算结果和TEM观察结果证明,硫酸酸化的膨润土作为载体相比盐酸酸化土可以得到Au颗粒度更小的催化剂。 不同制备方法中,阳离子吸附法能较好的将Au负载于膨润土载体上,得到小颗粒的金催化剂,且在吸附48 h、450 ℃焙烧、150 ℃下H2还原的预处理条件下得到的催化剂活性最好。     

Mesoporous α-Fe2O3 nanospheres: structural evolution and investigation of magnetic properties

A solvothermal route is adopted to produce mesoporous α-Fe(2)O(3) nanospheres by using polyethylene glycol as soft template and n-butanol/H(2)O as mixed solvent. The mesoporous α-Fe(2)O(3) nanospheres are subjected to calcination at different temperatures, and the specific surface area, pore size, and magnetic properties of the as-prepared nanospheres are investigated. The studies reveal that the pore sizes of the mesoporous α-Fe(2)O(3) nanospheres increase with higher calcination temperature, and high-temperature calcination brings about tightness of the pore wall. Magnetic studies show that aggregation of the small particles raises the Morin transition temperature.     

Mesoporous MnO2 synthesized by hydrothermal route for electrochemical supercapacitor studies

Poorly crystalline mesoporous MnO₂, which is suitable for supercapacitor studies, is synthesized from neutral KMnO₄ aqueous solution by hydrothermal route. But it requires a high temperature (180 °C) and also a long reaction time (24 h). Addition of a tri-block copolymer, namely, poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (P123), which is generally used as a soft template for the synthesis of nano-structured porous materials, reduces the hydrothermal temperature to 140 °C and also reaction time to 2 h. When the reaction time is increased, the product morphology changes from nanoparticles to nanorods with a concomitant decrease in BET surface area. Also, the product tends to attain crystallinity. The electrochemical capacitance properties of MnO₂ synthesized under varied hydrothermal conditions are studied in 0.1 M Na₂SO₄ electrolyte. A specific capacitance of 193 F?g^?1 is obtained for the mesoporous MnO₂ sample consisting of nanoparticle and nanorod mixed morphology synthesized in 6 h using P123 at 140 °C.     

Functional crosslinked polymer particles synthesized by precipitation polymerization for liquid chromatography

Highly crosslinked functional polymer particles with narrow size distribution have been produced by precipitation copolymerization of divinylbenzene, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and vinylbenzyl chloride using a simple reflux protocol. After establishing the satisfactory synthesis conditions, we produced uniform chlorobenzyl particles with different size depending on the polymerization times. The porosity of those particles was modulated from microporous to mesoporous structure by using various porogens such as toluene, dodecanol, cyclohexanol and polypropylene glycol. These particles were tested as stationary phase in high-performance liquid chromatography for the separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in reversed-phase mode. The separation was observed even for elution 100% organic (methanol) without any participation of water fraction in the eluent composition. The influences of particles size, specific surface area and packing conditions on the separation behavior were investigated.     

Effect of deposition conditions on properties of nanostructured magnesium hydroxide powders

Change in the dispersity, microstructure, and adsorption properties of mesoporous magnesium hydroxide powders synthesized by the precipitation method from solutions upon introduction of surfactants and under the action of microwave and ultrasonic irradiation was studied. Highly dispersed nanostructured Mg(OH)₂ powders were obtained with average sizes of primary and secondary particles of, respectively, 13–27 and 180–383 nm. The specific surface area, pore volume, and average pore diameter of the samples under study varied, depending on the preparation conditions, within the ranges 86–98 m² g^–1, 0.491–0.737 cm³ g^–1, and 24–32 nm, respectively. It was shown that highly dispersed mesoporous magnesium hydroxide powders can be directionally synthesized by the precipitation method, which opens up wide opportunities for their application as nanoreactors for synthesis of nanosize isolated particles and development of poly-path catalysts on their basis.