沉积方向和粒径组成对砂土力学特性的影响

运用砂土毛细效应所形成的假凝聚力制备具有不同沉积方向的试样,开展三轴固结排水剪切试验,研究粒径组成对初始各向异性砂土力学特性的影响,分析了粒径组成、沉积方向、强度特性和体积变化之间的相互关系。研究结论表明,试样剪切带的形成受到颗粒级配的影响,它是应力应变关系中陡降阶段的产生原因。沉积方向对粗砂和细砂的偏应力峰值强度均有影响,对残余强度的影响受制于颗粒级配。沉积方向与试样破坏面接近时,试样强度低、剪胀变形小且更容易破坏,粒径组成对砂土三轴剪切力学特性的影响更显著。     

纵横载荷作用下功能梯度梁的弯曲和过屈曲

基于一阶非线性梁理论和物理中面概念,导出了纵横向载荷作用下功能梯度材料(FGM)梁非线性弯曲和过屈曲问题的控制方程,并获得了该问题的精确解;据此解研究了梯度材料性质、外载荷、横向剪切变形以及边界条件等因素对功能梯度材料梁非线性力学行为的影响,分析中假设功能梯度材料性质只沿梁厚度方向,并按成分含量的幂指数函数形式变化。结果表明:纵横载荷共同作用下,功能梯度梁的弯曲构形将有无限多个;随着梯度指数的增大,梁的变形减小,临界载荷升高;随着长高比的增大,横向剪切变形的影响减小。     

A MULTISCALE MECHANICAL MODEL FOR MATERIALS BASED ON VIRTUAL INTERNAL BOND THEORY

Only two macroscopic parameters are needed to describe the mechanical properties of linear elastic solids, i.e. the Poisson's ratio and Young's modulus. Correspondingly, there should be two microscopic parameters to determine the mechanical properties of material if the macroscopic mechanical properties of linear elastic solids are derived from the microscopic level. Enlightened by this idea, a multiscale mechanical model for material, the virtual multi-dimensional internal bonds (VMIB) model, is proposed by incorporating a shear bond into the virtual internal bond (VIB) model. By this modification, the VMIB model associates the macro mechanical properties of material with the microscopic mechanical properties of discrete structure and the corresponding relationship between micro and macro parameters is derived. The tensor quality of the energy density function, which contains coordinate vector, is mathematically proved. Prom the point of view of VMIB, the macroscopic nonlinear behaviors of material could be attributed to the evolution of virtual bond distribution density induced by the imposed deformation. With this theoretical hypothesis, as an application example, a uniaxial compressive failure of brittle material is simulated. Good agreement between the experimental results and the simulated ones is found.     

功能梯度中厚圆/环板轴对称弯曲问题的解析解

基于一阶剪切变形板理论，导出了热/机载荷作用下，位移形式的功能梯度 中厚圆/环板轴对称弯曲问题的控制方程，获得了问题的位移和内力的一般解析解. 作为特 例，分别研究了边缘径向固定和可动的夹紧和简支的4种实心功能梯度圆板，给出了它们的 解，并分析了热/机载荷作用下解的形态，讨论了横向剪切变形、材料梯度常数和边界条件， 对板的轴对称弯曲行为的影响.     

基于剪切变形的矩形梁剪力滞求解方法

Timoshenko梁通过假设截面的剪切刚度和附加平均剪切转角变形的方式来近似修正初等梁中未考虑剪切变形能的问题,这与梁剪应力沿梁高变化的实际不符。本文基于材料力学剪应力计算式和相应的剪切变形理论,从剪切变形与梁的位移关系入手,导出矩形梁考虑剪切变形时的纵向位移沿梁高方向的函数关系式,证明该位移可分解为纯弯曲引起的位移和剪力引起的剪力滞翘曲位移之和。应用剪力滞广义坐标与广义力的概念,基于能量变分原理得到等截面梁剪力滞控制微分方程组及其通解形式。对均布荷载作用下矩形简支梁的算例分析表明,本文算法与弹性力学精确解对比,两者的应力和挠度剪力滞系数求解结果非常接近,本文算法有足够的精度,且比弹性力学简单。     

Numerical simulations of 3D open cell structures – influence of structural irregularities on elasto-plasticity and deformation localization

The mechanical properties of open cell structures made from an elastic–plastic bulk material are investigated by Finite Element simulations. The influence of structural irregularities on elasto-plasticity and deformation localization of open cell structures is analyzed. Six regular three-dimensional generic structures with a relative density of 12.5% are modeled by a unit cell approach for predicting the entire tensors of elasticity. From these six structures the two structures with the lowest and the highest elastic anisotropy are selected for further studies, introducing various degrees of structural irregularities. The effect of these irregularities on the linear and nonlinear behavior as well as the influence on the deformation localization is studied employing finite sample models. Results are presented by means of the direction dependent Young’s moduli, deformation plots, overall stress–strain curves, and histograms of the energy distribution.     

改性石墨烯增强聚四氟乙烯摩擦学性能的分子模拟研究

采用分子动力学模拟研究了接枝改性氧化石墨烯对聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)的增强作用与摩擦学性能的影响,首先选用KH550、KH560和KH570三种硅烷偶联剂接枝氧化石墨烯(GO),在填入纯聚四氟乙烯后计算其机械性能与摩擦性能. 对比得出KH560的增强效果最好,杨氏模量和剪切模量分别提高了205%和116%,摩擦系数提高了39.6%. 然后选用聚酰亚胺(PI)接枝氧化石墨烯,对比了接枝改性与物理共混两种方式对增强效果的影响,结果表明接枝改性的增强效果优于物理共混. 最后通过分析界面间相互作用力、结合能、原子相对浓度和原子运动速度等方式揭示了接枝氧化石墨烯对聚四氟乙烯基体的增强机理.      

矩形箱梁力学性能分析的修正计算方法

本文对矩形箱梁翼板设置了不同的剪滞翘曲位移差函数,继而综合考虑剪力滞效应、剪切变形以及剪滞翘曲应力和弯矩自平衡条件等因素,且以能量变分原理为基础建立了矩形箱梁的弹性控制微分方程和自然边界条件,基于此修正了现行薄壁结构分析方法。与传统剪滞理论相比,本文方法深刻反映了矩形箱梁的力学特性。研究表明,(1)由于剪滞翘曲应力和弯矩自平衡条件的引入,矩形箱梁力学性能分解为独立的初等梁理论和剪滞理论体系,且箱梁力学性能为两者的叠加效应;(2)矩形箱梁断面尺寸确定,剪滞效应对其正应力的影响值不变,即剪滞效应的竖向力学行为与箱梁跨径无关;(3)尽管矩形箱梁的梁高对箱形梁剪滞翘曲应力和初等梁理论的应力值皆有一定影响,但其剪力滞系数不变,因此剪力滞效应与梁高无关;(4)剪力滞效应不仅影响箱梁翼板力学性能,而且对其腹板力学行为的影响不可忽视。因而,与传统剪滞理论相比,本文修正法不仅计算精度明显提高,而且更能真实反映矩形箱梁的力学性能。     

Detection and quantification of industrial polyethylene branching topologies via Fourier-transform rheology,NMR and simulation using the Pom-pom model

The significance of sparse long-chain branching in polyolefines towards mechanical properties is well-known. Topology is a very important structural property of polyethylene, as is molecular weight distribution. The method of Fourier-transform rheology (FTR) and melt state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is applied for the detection and quantification of branching topology (number of branches per molecule), for industrial polyethylenes of various molecular weight and molecular weight distributions. FT rheology consists of studying the development of higher harmonics contribution of the stress response to a large amplitude oscillatory shear deformation. In particular, when applying large-amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS), one observes the development of mechanical higher harmonic contributions at 3ω ₁, 5ω ₁,..., in the shear stress response. We correlate the relative intensity, I _3/1, and phase Φ ₃ of these harmonics with structural properties of industrial polyethylene, i.e. polymer topology and molecular weight distribution. Experiments are complemented by numerical simulations, using a multimode differential Pom-pom constitutive model (DCPP formulation), by fitting to the experimental linear and nonlinear viscoelastic behaviours. Simulation results in the nonlinear regime are correlated with molecular properties of the “pom-pom” macromolecular architecture. Qualitative agreement is found between predicted and experimental FT rheology results.     

非晶合金剪切带动力学行为研究

剪切带是一种材料塑性变形高度局域化的变形模式, 广泛存在于非晶体系的形变中, 控制着这些无序体系失稳、灾难性断裂行为.传统的非晶体系如岩石, 胶体, 玻璃和聚合物等因较差的力学性能以及过于复杂的结构而不利于剪切带的实验研究. 近几十年来, 非晶合金的出现极大丰富了剪切带的研究, 推进了对剪切带的认识. 通过大量非晶合金中剪切带的实验和理论研究, 人们发现剪切带行为具有空间不均匀性和时间不连续性的特征, 表现出复杂的动力学特征, 和自然界以及物理系统中许多复杂体系的动力学行为相似.同时, 剪切带的性质尤其是其动力学行为对非晶合金的宏观力学行为和性能有重要的影响, 对理解这类材料的微观变形机理也起着重要的作用.本文结合团队近年来在非晶合金剪切带行为方面的研究结果, 对剪切带的运动行为和物理机制进行介绍, 包剪切带间歇性运动行为、以及间歇性运动在表征其动力学性质中的作用以及物理机制, 以及剪切带的自组织临界行为、物理机制等.最后对非晶合金剪切带行为研究中亟需解决的问题进行了总结和展望.      

Shear stability of metallic glasses

The effect of sample size on the shear deformation and compressive plasticity of different metallic glasses were investigated. The experimental results showed that the deformation and fracture behaviors of samples prepared from chemically identical Zr-, Ti-, Fe-, or Mg-based metallic glass ingots were strongly dependent on the sample size and machine stiffness, and a super-high compressive plasticity was achieved in the Zr-based metallic glasses with sample size of 1.0 mm in width. It is also found that the sample size can significantly influence the density of elastic energy dissipated in the shear band: with sample size decreasing and machine stiffness increasing, the density of the elastic energy dissipated in the shear band of metallic glasses is prominently decreased, thus the shear deformation turns to be more stable, resulting in the improvement of plasticity in ductile metallic glasses and the transition from fragmentation fracture to shear fracture in brittle metallic glasses. This finding is important for the potential applications of the present metallic glasses and for designing new metallic glasses with better mechanical properties.     

考虑剪切效应的旋转FGM楔形梁刚柔耦合动力学建模与仿真

本文对一类中心刚体-柔性梁系统在大范围转动下的刚柔耦合动力学问题进行了研究. 柔性梁为功能梯度材料(functionally graded materials, FGM)楔形变截面梁,材料体积分数在梁轴向呈幂律分布变化. 以弧长坐标来描述柔性FGM梁的几何位移关系,分别使用倾角和拉伸应变变量描述柔性梁的横向弯曲和纵向拉伸变形,并计及剪切效应. 采用假设模态法离散变形场,运用第二类拉格朗日方程进行方程推导,得到系统考虑剪切效应的刚柔耦合动力学模型. 基于全新的刚柔耦合动力学建模理论,研究不同轴向材料梯度分布的FGM楔形梁,通过数值仿真计算,分析讨论不同的转速、梯度分布规律以及变截面参数对系统动力学特性的影响. 结果表明,剪切效应对大高跨比的FGM楔形梁的变形影响较为明显,不容忽略;材料梯度分布规律和截面参数的选取均会对旋转FGM楔形梁的动力学响应和频率产生较大影响. 本文提出的考虑剪切效应的倾角刚柔耦合动力学模型是对以往非剪切模型的进一步完善,可应用于工程中的 Timoshenko梁结构的动力学问题求解.      

Mechanical activation of the transfer process in polymer systems

Mechanical activation (change in reactivity or activation energy) of polymer systems with a locally nonequilibrium (relaxation) response to mechanical perturbations is studied. Mechanical activation in such systems is caused by deviation of the medium microstructure from the state of local thermodynamic equilibrium. A system of equations for shear and uniaxial (elongation) deformation modes is formulated. The influence of local nonequilibrium in the medium microstructure on the mechanism and regular features of the macroscopic transfer process and also the effect of the stressed state of the polymer system and structural, kinetic, and orientation (steric) factors on the reactivity of polymer systems are analyzed. It is demonstrated that the reactivity of systems with a complicated internal structure has an energetic entropic character and depends on the reaction zone size (effect of a “nanoreactor”). The ranges of mechanical activation parameters affecting the reactivity and activation energy of polymer systems are determined for the shear and uniaxial modes of their deformation.     

考虑尺度效应的微梁静态弯曲数值分析

基于修正偶应力理论及表面弹性理论,本文提出了一种新的双曲线剪切变形梁模型,用于均匀微尺度梁的静态弯曲分析。该理论可以直接利用本构关系获得横向剪切应力,满足梁顶部和底部的无应力边界条件,避免了引入剪切修正因子。根据广义Young-Laplace方程建立了梁的内部与表面层的应力连续性条件,单一的变量场可以描述梁的位移模式。通过在位移场中考虑表面层厚度以及表面层的应力连续条件,可以使新模型能够更准确地预测微尺寸和表面能相关的尺度效应。通过Hamilton原理推导出了梁的控制方程和边界条件。应变能除了考虑经典弹性理论,还要考虑微结构效应和表面能。Navier-type的解析解适用于简支边界条件,而基于拉格朗日插值的微分求积法(DQEM)可以研究在不同边界条件下的力学响应。把该数值解与Navier方法得出的解析解作了对比,得出:微尺度梁在考虑表面能或微尺寸效应、不同载荷和梁高变化下的响应一致;当不考虑微结构相关性和表面能效应时,该模型退化为经典的欧拉梁模型。     

石墨烯与柔性基底界面载荷传递的拉曼光谱实验

本文研究了CVD制备的大尺寸石墨烯与柔性PET基底在拉伸变形过程中切向界面载荷传递的问题,采用原位拉曼光谱实验给出了加载过程中石墨烯的正应变、正应力以及界面切应力的分布曲线。分析表明,石墨烯与PET基底间的载荷传递存在四个阶段,分别是初始阶段、粘附阶段、滑移阶段和界面脱粘破坏阶段。在此基础上,本文对50μm、140μm、270μm和600μm四种尺寸石墨烯试件的界面力学性能进行测量,得到了不同尺寸石墨烯试件的界面力学性能参数,并初步给出了基底变形引起的石墨烯切向界面粘接能的变化,同时分析了试件尺寸对石墨烯界面力学性能的影响。实验结果表明,石墨烯材料和柔性基底最大切应力与临界脱粘切向界面粘接能等界面强度指标受到尺寸的显著影响,尺寸越小切向界面强度越高,反之,尺寸越大则越低。     

Traction–separation laws and stick–slip shear phenomenon of interfaces between cellulose nanocrystals

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are one of nature's most abundant structural material building blocks and possess outstanding mechanical properties including a tensile modulus comparable to Kevlar. It remains challenging to upscale these properties in CNC neat films and nanocomposites due to the difficulty of characterizing interfacial bonding between CNCs that governs stress transfer under deformation. Here we present new analyses based on atomistic simulations of shear and tensile failure of the interfaces between Iβ CNCs, providing new insight into factors governing the mechanical behavior of hierarchical nanocellulose materials. We compare the two most relevant crystal interfaces and find that hydrogen bonded surfaces have greater tensile strength compared to the surfaces governed by weaker interactions. On the contrary, shearing simulations reveal that friction between the atomic interfaces depends not only on surface energy but also the energy landscape along the shear direction. While being a weaker interface, the intersheet plane exhibits greater energy barriers to shear. The molecular roughness of this interface, characterized by a greater energy barrier, exhibits stick–slip deformation behavior as opposed to a more continuous sliding and rebonding mechanism observed for the interfaces with hydrogen bonds. Analytical models to describe the energy landscapes are developed using energy scaling relations for van der Waals surfaces in combination with a modification of the Prandtl–Tomlinson model for atomic friction. Our simulations pave the way for tailoring hierarchical CNC materials by taking a similar approach to techniques employed for describing metals, where mechanical properties can be tuned through a deeper understanding of grain boundary physics and nanoscale interfaces.     

A nonlocal strain gradient shell model incorporating surface effects for vibration analysis of functionally graded cylindrical nanoshells

In this paper, a novel size-dependent functionally graded(FG) cylindrical shell model is developed based on the nonlocal strain gradient theory in conjunction with the Gurtin-Murdoch surface elasticity theory. The new model containing a nonlocal parameter, a material length scale parameter, and several surface elastic constants can capture three typical types of size effects simultaneously, which are the nonlocal stress effect, the strain gradient effect, and the surface energy effects. With the help of Hamilton's principle and first-order shear deformation theory, the non-classical governing equations and related boundary conditions are derived. By using the proposed model, the free vibration problem of FG cylindrical nanoshells with material properties varying continuously through the thickness according to a power-law distribution is analytically solved, and the closed-form solutions for natural frequencies under various boundary conditions are obtained. After verifying the reliability of the proposed model and analytical method by comparing the degenerated results with those available in the literature, the influences of nonlocal parameter, material length scale parameter, power-law index, radius-to-thickness ratio, length-to-radius ratio, and surface effects on the vibration characteristic of functionally graded cylindrical nanoshells are examined in detail.     

Relationship between single and bulk mechanical properties for zeolite ZSM5 spray-dried particles

In this work typical mechanical properties for a catalyst support material, ZSM5 （a spray-dried granular zeolite）, have been measured in order to relate the bulk behaviour of the powder material to the single particle mechanical properties. Particle shape and size distribution of the powders, determined by laser diffraction and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, confirmed the spherical shape of the spray-dried particles. The excellent flowability of the material was assessed by typical methods such as the Hausner ratio and the Cart index, This was confirmed by bulk measurements of the particle-particle internal friction parameter and flow function using a Schulze shear cell, which also illustrated the low compressibility of the material. Single particle compression was used to characterize single particle mechanical properties such as reduced elastic modulus and strength from Hertz contact mechanics theory. Comparison with surface properties obtained from nanoindentation suggests heterogeneity, the surface being harder than the core. In order to evaluate the relationship between single particle mechanical properties and bulk compression behaviour, uniaxial confined compression was carried out. It was determined that the Adams model was suitable for describing the bulk compression and furthermore that the Adams model parameter, apparent strength of single particles, was in good agreement with the single particle strength determined from single particle compression test.     

Predictive nonlinear constitutive relations in polymers through loss history

A model is presented that calculates the highly nonlinear mechanical properties of polymers as a function of temperature, strain and strain rate from their molecular structure. The model is based upon the premise that mechanical properties are a direct consequence of energy stored and energy dissipated during deformation of a material. This premise is transformed into a consistent set of structure–property relations for the equation of state and the engineering constitutive relations in a polymer by quantifying energy storage and loss at the molecular level of interactions between characteristic groups of atoms in a polymer. The constitutive relations are formulated as a set of analytical equations that predict properties directly in terms of a small set of structural parameters that can be calculated directly and independently from the chemical composition and morphology of a polymer.     

Postbuckling of FGM cylindrical shells under combined axial and radial mechanical loads in thermal environments

A postbuckling analysis is presented for a shear deformable functionally graded cylindrical shell of finite length subjected to combined axial and radial loads in thermal environments. Heat conduction and temperature-dependent material properties are both taken into account. The temperature field considered is assumed to be a uniform distribution over the shell surface and varied in the thickness direction only. Material properties are assumed to be temperature-dependent, and graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. The formulations are based on a higher order shear deformation shell theory with von Kármán–Donnell-type of kinematic nonlinearity. A boundary layer theory of shell buckling, which includes the effects of nonlinear prebuckling deformations, large deflections in the postbuckling range, and initial geometric imperfections of the shell, is extended to the case of functionally graded cylindrical shells. A singular perturbation technique is employed to determine the interactive buckling loads and postbuckling equilibrium paths. The numerical illustrations concern the postbuckling response of perfect and imperfect cylindrical shells with two constituent materials subjected to combined axial and radial mechanical loads and under different sets of thermal environments. The results reveal that the temperature field and volume fraction distribution have a significant effect on the postbuckling behavior, but they have a small effect on the imperfection sensitivity of the functionally graded shell.