Linear optics calibration and nonlinear optimization during the commissioning of the SSRF storage ring

Phase I commissioning of the SSRF storage ring on 3.0 GeV beam energy was started at the end of December 2007. A lot of encouraging results have been obtained so far. In this paper, calibrations of the linear optics during the commissioning are discussed, and some measured results about the nonlinearity given. Calibration procedure emphasizes correcting quadrupole magnetic coefficients with the Linear Optics from Closed Orbit (LOCO) technique. After fitting the closed orbit response matrix, the linear optics of the four test modes is substantially corrected, and the measured physical parameters agree well with the designed ones.     

Design and first commissioning of a new mode with lower emittance in the SSRF storage ring

A new mode is designed with an emittance of 2.47 nm-rad at 3.0 GeV beam energy, lower than the nominal mode of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) storage ring. Details of the linear optics design and the nonlinear optimization are presented in this paper. During Phase I commissioning of the storage ring we tested the new optics mode and some expected results were obtained. After restoring the linear optics by means of the linear optics with closed orbit technique, the main parameters of the real machine agree well with the designed values and the injection efficiency and beam lifetime are acceptable.     

Measurement of optics for the SSRF storage ring in commissioning

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) is a low emittance third-generation synchrotron radiation light source. Some optics parameters of the storage ring were measured when commissioning. This report presents the common methods for measuring some optics parameters of the storage ring, including the betatron tune, beta function, chromaticity, natural chromaticity and dispersion. The results and analysis of measurement for the optics parameters are given here, which are indispensable for the orbit correction of the accelerator and the nonlinear optimization.     

Measurement of optics for the SSRF storage ring in commissioning

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) is a low emittance third-generation synchrotron radiation light source. Some optics parameters of the storage ring were measured when commissioning. This report presents the common methods for measuring some optics parameters of the storage ring, including the betatron tune, beta function, chromaticity, natural chromaticity and dispersion. The results and analysis of measurement for the optics parameters are given here, which are indispensable for the orbit correction of the accelerator and the nonlinear optimization.     

上海光源储存环线性模型校正

上海光源是我国刚刚建成的一台第三代中能同步辐射光源。为使得上海光源能够严格工作在设计状态下, 在调试过程中进行了一系列线性模型的校正, 主要包括闭轨校正、 基于束流准直（BBA）校正、 LOCO参数校正和线性耦合校正。经过反复的线性模型校正以后, 上海光源储存环的闭轨畸变均方根误差在水平和垂直两个方向可以分别控制到50和60 μm的水平, 包络函数畸变和色散函数畸变都可以控制到小于1%的状态, 工作点和束流发射度基本上校正到了设计值。线性耦合校正能够方便地将储存环的耦合度从0.02%调节到2%左右。调试结果表明, 上海光源采取的这一套线性模型校正方法, 能够有效地将上海光源的工作状态校正到设计状态, 并且为其他模式的调节奠定了基础。In the commissioning stage of Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF) storage ring, several methods were used to correct the linear optics. Beam Based Alignment(BBA) was used for BPM\|Quadrupole offsets measurement; Response matrix was used for orbit correction; LOCO was used for linear optics fitting, and quadrupoles strength were adjusted to correction the beta function; coupling was measured and corrected by skew quadrupoles. After correction, closed orbit are reduced to 50/60 μm in hortizontal and vertical plane; β beating and dispersion errors are less than 1%; betatron tune and emmittance are closed to the design value; betatron coupling also can be adjusted from 0.02% to 2%. These methods have been proved to be useful for storage ring calibrations, with the help of these methods, SSRF storage ring can be tuned to the design model and other model easily.     

Mitigating the effects of higher order multipole fields in the magnets of the Accelerator Test Facility 2 at KEK

The ATF2 project is the final focus system prototype for the ILC and CLIC linear collider projects, with the purpose of reaching a 37nm vertical beam size at the interaction point. In the nanometer beam size regime, higher order multipoles in magnets become a crucial point for consideration. The strength and rotation angle of the ATF2 QEA magnets were reconstructed from the IHEP measurements and compared with the KEK ones to be identical. Based on the study of the skew multipoles sensitivity, we report on the analysis of the possible mitigation of the measured multipoles. A suggestion is given which will benefit the ATF2 present commissioning to reach the goal beam size, and also the reduced β optics in future.     

Analysis and correction of linear optics errors,and operational improvements in the Indus-2 storage ring

Estimation and correction of the optics errors in an operational storage ring is always vital to achieve the design performance. To achieve this task, the most suitable and widely used technique, called linear optics from closed orbit(LOCO) is used in almost all storage ring based synchrotron radiation sources. In this technique, based on the response matrix fit, errors in the quadrupole strengths, beam position monitor(BPM) gains, orbit corrector calibration factors etc. can be obtained. For correction of the optics, suitable changes in the quadrupole strengths can be applied through the driving currents of the quadrupole power supplies to achieve the desired optics. The LOCO code has been used at the Indus-2 storage ring for the first time. The estimation of linear beam optics errors and their correction to minimize the distortion of linear beam dynamical parameters by using the installed number of quadrupole power supplies is discussed. After the optics correction, the performance of the storage ring is improved in terms of better beam injection/accumulation, reduced beam loss during energy ramping, and improvement in beam lifetime. It is also useful in controlling the leakage in the orbit bump required for machine studies or for commissioning of new beamlines.     

A GUI tool for beta function measurement using MATLAB

The beta function measurement is used to detect the shift in the betatron tune as the strength of an individual quadrupole magnet is varied. A GUI (graphic user interface) tool for the beta function measurement is developed using the MATLAB program language in the Linux environment, which facilitates the commissioning of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) storage ring. In this paper, we describe the design of the application and give some measuring results and discussions about the definition of the measurement. The program has been optimized to solve some restrictions of the AT tracking code. After the correction with LOCO (linear optics from closed orbits), the horizontal and the vertical root mean square values (rms values) can be reduced to 0.12 and 0.10.     

基于LOCO的上海光源储存环线性光学参数校正

 为了测量和校正线性光学参数,在上海光源储存环调束过程当中使用了基于响应矩阵的线性光学参数分析(LOCO)的方法。介绍了应用LOCO进行计算和校正的过程,包括：数值模拟得到束流位置探测器的测量精度对拟合结果的影响,调整四极铁电源电流强度来校正工作点和beta函数周期性的恢复。测量结果表明,在四极铁强度调整幅度在1.5%以内的情况下,储存环的束流光学参数成功地恢复到和设计值相当接近的状态,beta函数和色散函数畸变小于1%。通过束流光学参数的校正,使得在今后的工作当中可以轻松地控制储存环的工作模式。     

Design and first commissioning of a new mode with lower emittance in the SSRF storage ring

A new mode is designed with an emittance of 2.47 nm-rad at 3.0 GeV beam energy, lower than the nominal mode of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility （SSRF） storage ring. Details of the linear optics design and the nonlinear optimization are presented in this paper. During Phase I commissioning of the storage ring we tested the new optics mode and some expected results were obtained. After restoring the linear optics by means of the linear optics with closed orbit technique, the main parameters of the real machine agree well with the designed values and the injection efficiency and beam lifetime are acceptable.     

A linear Bragg–Fresnel optics fabricated for 1D focusing of 18 nm X-ray radiation

The theoretical and technique results of a 1D focusing linear Bragg–Fresnel optics working at 18 nm X-ray radiation are given in the present paper. A theoretical method describing its optical performances is introduced briefly, the parameters of the diffraction pattern are presented. The preparation of multilayer mirrors, the decision of X-ray absorber layer thickness and the fabrication process of the diffraction pattern are described. The studied results of thermal and chemical stabilities for Mo/Si multilayer structure are shown. Some measured results for the 1D focusing linear Bragg–Fresnel optics are given.     

直线感应加速器中束流负载对加速腔压波形的影响

在神龙二号直线感应加速器的调试中,虽然电容探头和电阻分压器测到的空载加速腔电压波形基本一致,但是带束流负载时两者的波形有明显差异,针对此实验现象开展了研究。仔细模拟了束流波形和电压波形相对时间差异引起的波形差异,得到束流提前、同步和滞后条件下的腔压波形,确认相对时间差是导致波形差异的一个重要原因。建立了加速腔的分布参数电路模型,模拟结果表明束流负载效应到达两种探头的时间不同,这会导致腔压波形的不同;由于电容探头距离加速间隙更近,所以电容探头测到的波形更接近束流实际得到的加速波形。后续的调试实验获得了没有加速电压时束流产生的负载效应波形,证明束流负载到达两个探头的时刻确实不同,对加速器出口束流能谱的测量结果也表明束流的能谱分布和电容探头波形的叠加结果基本符合,上述结果表明该研究所用的模拟和分析方法是有效的,可以用于加速器的调试和性能优化。     

利用彩虹强度角谱分布对圆柱直径的测量

采用ＣＣＤ线阵的散射光强角分布测量系统,测量了水、酒精液柱、光纤的彩虹角分布。根据严格米氏理论,数值研究了大尺寸参数圆柱的彩虹现象,获得与实验相吻合的数值结果。讨论了几何光学和艾里理论局限性,将米氏理论和几何光学结合,对彩虹现象给予了更为合理的解释。利用第一级彩虹角反演折射率,以及将彩虹强度导数角分布进行快速傅里叶变换获得了角谱反演圆柱粒子的直径。并讨论了利用角谱反演粒子折射率和直径的精度。     

In situ measurement of absorption in high-power interferometers by using beam diameter measurements

We present a simple technique to make in situ measurements of the absorption in the optics of high-power laser interferometers. The measurement is particularly useful to those commissioning large-scale high power optical systems.     

X射线激光在等离子体中传播过程的简化模拟研究

对于电子密度为线性分布的等离子体,在几何光学近似下,通过简化模型研究了X射线激光的传播和增益过程,并给出了计算X射线激光的偏转角、发散角和最大光强的简单方法。其结果与理论模拟和实验结果都符合得比较好。     

模拟双星的液晶自适应校正分辨

研究了液晶自适应光学系统对模拟双星的校正.首先测定了LCOS液晶波前校正器的位相调制特性.结果表明其可以实现一个波长的调制量.同时,利用Gamma校正实现了位相和灰度级的线性调制关系.然后把液晶波前校正器和哈特曼波前传感器组成自适应光学系统,并和口径220 mm的望远镜对接,实现了对模拟双星的探测和校正分辨.     

响应矩阵分析方法在BEPC储存环上的应用

由于储存环中各种元件误差的存在, 机器的实际运行模式与设计模式有一定的偏差. 目前广泛开展的响应矩阵方法研究, 可以分析出磁铁元件以及束流位置测量元件的误差, 使束流基本参数得到校正. 介绍了用响应矩阵分析方法, 在BEPC储存环上进行的局部轨道校正的实验研究, 以及BEPC储存环束流参数校正的模拟研究.     

Sky implementation of modal predictive control in adaptive optics

We present what we believe are the first experimental results obtained with modal linear predictive control of an adaptive optics system operating on sky at a visible wavelength on a 1.52-m telescope (Observatoire de Haute-Provence, France). This system yields substantially better results than optimized integral control: a 30% relative gain in Strehl ratio is measured, even in conditions of low wind speed.     

Orbit response matrix analysis and lattice periodicity restoration of the SSRF storage ring

In this paper, we present numerically and experimentally the linear beam-optics distortion in the SSRF storage ring and the correction of optics by using a number of quadrupole magnets installed in the storage ring. The measured orbit-response matrices were fitted to the model-response matrices to obtain the β and the dispersion functions in the storage ring. By readjusting the currents of quadrupole-magnet power supplies, we were able to successfully restore the optics parameters to values very close to the design ones, with rms deviations around 1%. This periodicity restoration is verified with the β function measurement,     

Horn structures for integrated optics

The results of an experimental study of linear and shaped horns for integrated optics in Ti-diffused LiNbO₃ waveguide structures are reported. The single mode to single mode coupling efficiencies for various tapers are measured with greater than 90% throughput for shaped horns. The use of tapered horn structures in an optical switch design is discussed.