光纤Bragg光栅应变桩在公路边坡中的监测研究

为实现对公路边坡的稳定性安全监测,需要检测边坡的应变变化。元绿公路K77+120~K77+215段为一坡度30°、高度差达65m的边坡,由于土质松散而形成一滑坡地带,在其自然坡面前端挖掘5个30m深钻孔,把光纤Bragg光栅应变传感器分别埋入5个钻孔之中,浇灌水泥使之固定,形成5个应变桩,实现对桩体的应变监测,从而反应边坡的应变变化情况。经过两个月的监测,1孔洞到5孔洞最大应变变化依次为400με、80με、130με、-60με、46με,且依次出现在6m、16m、14m、16m、30m深度的位置。表明此边坡在6m深度及15m深度地层结构比较松散。     

高灵敏度双光纤布拉格光栅应变传感实验教学系统

设计了基于双光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)的高灵敏度应变光纤传感实验教学系统.两只具有不同反射中心波长(1 546.209 nm和1 541.713 nm)的FBG串联熔接后,分别黏贴于等强度悬臂梁的上表面与下表面.通过测量两只FBG的反射中心波长差值与等强度悬臂梁应变量的关系,实现对应变量的传感测量.仿真结果显示,双FBG应变传感的灵敏度为单FBG应变传感的2倍,且具有温度自补偿特性.实验结果验证了仿真分析的结论,测得双FBG应变传感的灵敏度为2.10 pm/με,且传感测量准确性不受环境温度变化影响.     

光纤布拉格光栅与空芯光纤多模干涉混合型温度应变双参量传感器

针对光纤应变传感器由于温度敏感而引入的测量问题,提出了一种基于光纤布拉格光栅和空芯光纤多模干涉效应的混合型温度-应变双参量传感器。该传感器由两根单模光纤与一段内径小于单模光纤纤芯直径的空芯光纤熔接制成,其中一根单模光纤的光纤端面附近预刻一组光纤布拉格光栅。空芯光纤长度为厘米量级,光波以多模形式在空芯光纤侧壁中传播。结合光纤布拉格光栅和空芯光纤多模干涉效应对温度和应变的不同响应灵敏度,通过求解双参数耦合矩阵同时获取温度和应变两个参量,并有效解决了单个传感器在温度或应变测量时的温度-应变交叉敏感性问题。采用中心波长为1 550.172 nm的光纤布拉格光栅与一段长为2.5 cm、内径为5μm的空芯光纤制备了相应的传感器,并进行了温度和应变测试。结果表明,光纤布拉格光栅和空芯光纤的温度灵敏度分别达到10.530 6 pm/℃和1.802 1 pm/℃,应变灵敏度分别达到0.720 7 pm/με和1.243 2 pm/με。     

激光诱导光学材料后表面损伤的数值模拟

 采用3维时域有限差分方法和完全匹配吸收层,模拟了长方体缺陷在熔石英前后表面时对入射激光为TM波的调制作用,绘出了截面上的电场强度分布及最大电场强度随熔石英深度变化的曲线,并进行了比较和分析。结果表明：缺陷在前表面上时,后表面附近的最大电场强度2.522 41 V/m大于缺陷附近的1958 83 V/m;缺陷在后表面上时,材料中的最大电场强度为2.799 38 V/m,且出现在后表面附近。无论该缺陷在前表面还是在后表面,最大电场强度都是出现在后表面附近,表明光学材料的后表面在一定程度上更容易被损伤。     

光纤光栅在等强度悬臂梁均匀应变区的转换与有限元分析

等强度悬臂梁作为力学传感器的关键转换元件,不同尺寸和材料的悬臂梁,其自由端的挠度和作用力的量程及光纤光栅的最大微应变也不同。采用光学测量中的基本元件光纤光栅及等强度悬臂梁为模型基础,设计模型平面节点坐标有六个,平面节点坐标可以改变等强度悬臂梁的尺寸,模型厚度依次设置为0.005m、0.010m、0.015m、0.020m、0.030m。对初始尺寸,厚度为0.005m,材料选择为碳素钢的悬臂梁的仿真,结果表明,光纤光栅工作在均匀应变区时,其自由端挠度的量程为0~2.767×10-2 m,作用力的量程为0~437N,光纤光栅的最大微应变为171με。     

基于模场自积增强检测的光纤声光旋转传感器

介绍了一种应变不敏感的基于模场自积增强检测的光纤声光旋转传感器.通过调节加载到光纤声致光栅上的微波频率能使双模光纤输出高纯度LP_(11)模式.采用自积增强算法显著提高传感分辨比例,改善探测速度,实现对环境旋转角度变化的动态监测.传感器在0°—180°的测量范围内,角度最大测量误差范围小于11%;在轴向应变为100—1500με之间对应变不敏感.     

荧光光纤光栅传感特性的实验研究

在载氢掺铒光纤上写入Bragg光纤光栅，得到新型光子学器件-荧光光纤光栅.分别对其Bragg波长（λB）及荧光寿命（τ）的温度（T）及应变（ε）响应特性进行了实验研究，并且给出了λB和τ分别关于（T，ε）的拟合方程.实验结果表明：荧光光纤光栅的λB对T和ε的响应具备一般Bragg光纤光栅的优良特性，测得温度灵敏度为11.1pm /℃，应变灵敏度为1.19pm/με；而且τ对T和ε的响应也具有良好的线性关系，温度灵敏度为0.59 μs/℃，应变灵敏度为6.16 ns/με.实验结论为解决温度应力交叉敏感、实现温度应力的同时监测提供一条新颖的途径.     

基于光纤过耦合器结构的温度应变传感器

从微纳光纤耦合的角度,采用单模光纤2×2耦合的方式,利用光纤过耦合设计出一种光纤传感器。通过改变光纤耦合器的拉锥参数使其达到过耦合状态,此时光纤自身的过耦合结构受环境影响导致光波长会对外界的温度和应变变化有较高的响应度,以此来实现对温度和应变的测量。实验中分别拉锥了过耦合长度为22 000μm和22 500μm的光纤过耦合器,并比较了它们的透射谱。温度和应变的传感测试结果表明,波长对温度响应度最低满足104 pm/℃,对应变响应度最低满足-21 pm/με。     

基于空芯光纤的温度、湿度、应变同时测量光纤传感器

提出一种基于空芯光纤的温度、湿度和应变同时测量的三参数光纤传感器。该传感器由一段空芯光纤熔接在两段单模光纤之间而成。独特的空芯结构使法布里-珀罗、马赫-曾德尔和反共振3种机制在传感器中并存。实验中,选取反射、透射谱中3个干涉谷dip 1、dip 2、dip 3,分别测试其谷底位置与温度、湿度和应变的对应关系,利用传递矩阵消除不同参数间的交叉敏感,实现了温度、湿度和应变的高灵敏度同步测量。测试结果表明,该传感器的温度灵敏度、相对湿度灵敏度和应变灵敏度分别可达22.4 pm/℃、37.5 pm/%、1.22 pm/με,在结构健康监测方面有望获得重要应用。     

基于纤芯失配和光纤布拉格光栅实现温度和应变同时测量

基于纤芯失配理论,提出了一种多模单模多模（MSM）结构与光纤布拉格光栅（FBG）级联实现温度和应变同时测量的光纤传感器。利用MSM结构的干涉谱和FBG对温度和应变的不同响应灵敏度,实现了对温度、应变的同时测量。实验结果表明,在20 ℃~80 ℃的温度范围内,MSM结构的干涉谱和FBG的温度灵敏度分别为0.091 nm/℃和0.0102 nm/℃;在0～650 με的应变范围内,应变灵敏度分别为 -0.0013 nm/με和0.0012 nm/με。因此利用敏感矩阵,即可实现对温度和应变的同时测量,且温度和应变的最大测量误差分别为±0.2 ℃和±8.25 με。该结构灵敏度高,结构简单,且不易受电磁等干扰,实验结果具有良好的线性度,在工程领域应用前景良好。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.