Numerical simulation and experimental validation of direct current air corona discharge under atmospheric pressure

Air corona discharge is one of the critical problems associated with high-voltage equipment. Investigating the corona mechanism plays a key role in enhancing the electrical insulation performance. An improved self-consistent multi-component two-dimensional plasma hybrid model is presented for the simulation of a direct current atmospheric pressure corona discharge in air. The model is based on plasma hydrodynamic and chemical models, and includes 12 species and 26 reactions. In addition, the photoionization effect is introduced into the model. The simulation on a bar-plate electrode configuration with an inter-electrode gap of 5.0 mm is carried out. The discharge voltage– current characteristics and the current density distribution predicted by the hybrid model agree with the experimental measurements. In addition, the dynamics of volume charged species generation, discharge current waveform, current density distribution at an electrode, charge density, electron temperature, and electric field variations are investigated in detail based on the model. The results indicate that the model can contribute valuable insights into the physics of an air plasma discharge.     

棒-板电极直流负电晕放电特里切尔脉冲的微观过程分析

本文基于流体动力学理论改进出一种新的棒-板电极负电晕放电混合数值模型, 模型中加入了27种主要碰撞反应, 并考虑了光电离和二次电子发射过程. 对棒-板间距3.3 mm, 施加电压-5.0 kV情况下进行数值计算, 得到负电晕放电的特里切尔脉冲. 重点分析了单个特里切尔脉冲持续过程中5个关键时刻的微观特征量发展规律, 丰富并量化描述了特里切尔脉冲的微观过程, 主要结论如下: 随着放电时间的发展, 电场集中分布区域向阳极移动且幅值变小, 这对电子崩的发展非常不利. 大部分放电区域都是电中性的, 只有在阴极鞘和阳极鞘附近有带正电的等离子体特性, 带负电的离子云随着放电时间的发展缓慢向阳极发散式移动. 整个特里切尔脉冲持续过程中, 阴极鞘内电子密度几乎为0; 特里切尔脉冲前期, 阴极鞘附近电子密度迅速增加至最大值并保持基本不变; 随着放电时间的增加, 放电间隙内电子密度整体增加, 并且向阳极发展. 在特里切尔脉冲后期, 电子的产生主要来自于N₂和O₂的碰撞电离, 电子的消失则主要由N₂⁺的复合决定, O₄⁺和O₂^-分别是数量最多的正离子和负离子. 关键词： 负电晕 混合模型 特里切尔脉冲 微观特征量     

Effect of air flow on corona discharge in wire-to-plate electrostatic precipitator

This paper analyses corona discharge in ambient air with laboratory-scaled wire-to-plate electrostatic precipitator (WPESP). The electric field is behind the electro hydrodynamic (EHD) flow in air. Its measurements provide complementary results for the corona discharge study because the classical theory based on the current and voltage data is unsatisfactory. Taking into account the dynamic air flow velocity is perpendicular to the active wires, measurement method of the positive and negative DC corona current density and electric field, has been introduced. It has been shown also that the dynamic air flow velocity modifies the current density and the electric field distributions on the planes surfaces of the WPESP.     

线-铝箔电极电晕放电激励器的推力理论与实验研究

空气电晕放电离子风激励器无需旋转部件, 仅通过消耗电能就能直接产生驱动力, 它是一种新型的动力技术, 备受国内外航空航天界的广泛关注. 目前对空气电晕放电离子风激励器的推力产生机理虽有各种解释, 但是现有理论均不能统一各种条件下的实验结果, 仍需要开展进一步的分析与研究. 本文以线-铝箔电极电晕放电激励器为研究对象, 通过实验研究发现作用在线电极与铝箔电极上的静电力不对称, 而且改变铝箔电极纵向高度和气压均能影响激励器的推力大小; 通过理论分析, 考虑电晕层与空间电荷的影响, 建立了线-铝箔电极电晕放电激励器的推力计算模型, 其计算值与实测值比较一致. 基于上述实验现象与理论建模分析, 本文认为线-铝箔电极电晕放电激励器的推力主要来源于线电极电晕产生的空间电荷对电极系统产生了不对称静电力作用, 使激励器出现净静电力作用.     

大气压脉冲调制射频氩气放电等离子体特性的数值研究

基于等离子体流体理论,建立了大气压脉冲调制射频氩气放电的一维流体模型。通过数值模拟的方 法研究了放电参数(放电电极间距、射频频率)对氩等离子体特性的影响。研究结果表明：当电压固定时,随着电 极间距的增加,等离子体区逐渐增大,最大电子密度也增加,在 0.20cm 达到最大值后略有降低;放电电流密度 与输入功率密度随着电极间距的增加而增加;鞘层区电子温度随着电极间距的增加而降低;在脉冲开启前期,等 离子体区电子温度随着电极间距的增加而增加,但当脉冲开启后期,电极间距对等离子体区电子温度影响较小。 不同射频频率下最大电子密度随电极间隙的增加而减小,也具有一个最优值。      

发射光谱研究多针对板电晕放电O活性原子特性

利用发射光谱技术在大气压下测量了空气中多针对板负直流电晕放电和正电晕流光放电产生的O(3p5 P→3s 5 S02777.4nm)活性原子发射光谱。在负电晕放电中,研究了放电功率、电极间距、N2含量和相对湿度等因素对O活性原子产生过程的影响;在正电晕流光放电阶段,研究了O活性原子相对密度在放电反应空间的分布特点。结果表明:O活性原子产量随放电功率的增加而增大,随电极间距增大而减少,随相对湿度和氮气含量的增加,其产量先增大后减少;O活性原子相对密度沿针尖轴向呈先增大后减小的趋势。     

同轴电极结构下真空放电等离子体生成及传播特性

采用放电电流为100~300 A、持续时间为13 s的单脉冲电源,设计了两种同轴电极结构作为放电阳极,分别为筒状电极、喷嘴状电极。利用MAXWELL 3D电场仿真软件对两种电极结构下的电场分布进行了仿真分析,并采用探针法对放电生成的等离子体的参数进行了测量,分析讨论了同轴电极结构对真空放电等离子体生成特性的影响。选取喷嘴状电极结构作为阳极,分别测量了采用铅、铝、铜三种材质的阴极时生成的等离子体的扩散速度及能量。实验与仿真结果表明:当阳极为喷嘴状电极时阴极尖端的电场强度较大,测得放电电流较大,击穿电压较低,等离子体密度也较大;采用铝材质阴极时生成的等离子体扩散速度最快,采用铅材质阴极时生成的等离子体的离子动能最大。     

气体介质对多间隙气体开关电晕均压与自击穿特性的影响

快脉冲直线变压器型驱动源(FLTD)是近年来快速发展的新型脉冲功率源技术,多采用多间隙气体开关作为开关器件。电晕均压措施有利于提升开关击穿性能,但不同气体中电晕放电有显著区别。本文首先研究了空气中针电极对单间隙电晕放电特性的影响,确定了电晕针电极的尺寸,之后研究了N2,CO2,SF6/N2混合气体、C4F7N/N2混合气体中的电晕放电特性,研究了电晕均压6间隙气体开关击穿电压及其稳定性随气体种类和气压的变化规律。实验结果表明,N2中电晕电流较大且不稳定,空气中电晕电流比N2中低,且电晕放电较为稳定,微量强电负性气体加入会极大降低电晕放电电流。当采用空气和N2作绝缘介质时,气体开关击穿电压随气压升高线性增加,但存在低值击穿,微量强电负性气体混合N2可显著提升击穿电压的稳定性。1%SF6/99%N2混合气体在0.18 MPa时,击穿电压约为197.33 kV,标准偏差占击穿电压比例为1.50%,1%C4F7N/99%N2混合气体在0.15 MPa时,击穿电压约为190.42 kV,标准偏差为0.55%。这表明,微量环保替代气体C4F7N与N2的混合气体对于提升多间隙气体开关击穿电压稳定性有显著作用。     

Computation and measurement of corona current density and V–I characteristics in wires-to-plates electrostatic precipitator

This paper deals with experimental and numerical investigation of wire-duct type electrostatic precipitator under clean air conditions. A laboratory-scale model is used to provide measurements of corona current–voltage characteristics and current density. Different configurations of electrodes are tested in order to improve the performance of the electrostatic precipitator. Moreover, the corona governing equations are successfully solved using Comsol Multiphysics. The present work simulates the whole geometry including all discharge wires in order to take into account their mutual effect. The results of the numerical model are compared with the experimental measurements of current density and current–voltage characteristics and the general agreement is quite good.     

Effect of relative humidity on current–voltage characteristics of monopolar DC wire-to-plane system

This paper deals with the DC monopolar corona discharge in wire-to-plane geometry under variable humid air conditions. The classical formulas of Townsend commonly used for the current–voltage characteristics were used to determine the various corona parameters for the both polarities of the corona discharge. A circular biased probe has been adapted to the plane and is used to measure the ground plane current density and electric field during the monopolar corona discharge. A new approach to the problem of corona discharge in transmission system has been described in this paper. The effect of varying the humidity and wires diameter is also investigated. The values of the electric field and the current density are maximum beneath the corona wire and decrease when moving away from them and the current–voltage characteristics follow the quadratic Townsend's law. The experimental results show that the monopolar corona discharge is strongly affected by the air humidity. The current density and the electric field are measured and compared with the computed values. The agreement between the calculated values and those obtained experimentally is satisfactory. The per unit electric field and current density are also represented by a unique function.     

Experimental study of a modified dual-type high-voltage electrode for electrostatic separation applications

Several electrode arrangements have been proposed to enhance the efficiency of insulating materials charging by corona discharge. Recent studies pointed out that the presence of metal strips in the proximity of a dual-type high voltage electrode increases the total current measured at the surface of the collecting electrode, decreases the corona onset voltage value and enlarges the reparation of current density as well. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the benefits of using such an electrode arrangement for corona charging of non-conductive particulate materials in belt-type corona-electrostatic separators. The experimental study was carried out with samples of Aluminum and Polystyrene particles in the size class 125–250 μm. The presence of grounded strips reduces the electric wind, which is associated to corona discharge but not tolerated in such processes that involve micronized materials. At the same time, it improves the corona charging conditions of non-conductive materials and as consequence the overall efficiency of the corona-electrostatic separation process. The use of the new electrode configuration is characterized by both high recovery rates and better purities of the separated products.     

空气电晕放电中的OH自由基发射光谱

测量了大气压下向空气中喷射不饱和水蒸气的电晕放电产生的OH自由基的发射光谱。通过对光谱线强度变化的分析,研究了电场强度、放电方式、水蒸气比例等因素对OH自由基产生过程的影响,及OH自由基浓度在放电反应空间的分布特点。     

三种电极的大气压氩等离子体射流光学特性

采用铜片-单匝线圈电极、螺旋缠绕电极和双铜片电极3种结构的放电装置,以氩气作为工作气体,在正弦波激励下获得了大气压等离子体射流。利用电学方法测量了放电电流以及电荷量,并对放电脉冲和放电功率进行了研究;利用发射光谱法对射流的等离子体参量进行了空间分辨测量,并根据ArⅠ 763.5 nm和Ar Ⅰ 772.4 nm的光强计算了电子激发温度。结果发现：在外加电压的正负半周期内,电流脉冲的个数和幅值呈现非对称的变化趋势;随着外加电压的增加,3种结构电极的放电功率从1.7 W逐渐增加到6.0 W;在相同的外加电压情况下,电极面积越小,等离子体射流的长度越长;3种等离子体射流的电子激发温度在1 348.5~3 212.1 K之间,并且随着气体流量的增加,各位置的电子激发温度总体上呈下降趋势,而等离子体的电子密度呈上升趋势。实验结果表明：外加电压对放电功率有一定影响;射流长度与电极面积有关;气体流量对电子激发温度和电子密度的空间分布起重要作用。     

基于电晕放电的大功率LED散热研究

针对大功率LED芯片的散热问题,提出了一种基于电晕放电原理的离子风散热方案。通过试验,研究了电晕放电的电学性能,同时探寻了放电电压对制冷效果的影响以及温降随电晕放电功率的变化规律。结果表明,放电间距相同时,对发生器施加负电晕能够在较低的电压下产生离子风,降温效果显著。电晕电流平方根与放电电压呈线性关系。电晕放电功率为1.5 W、放电间距为10 mm时,散热效果最好。     

多针电晕增强大气压辉光放电稳定性研究

利用多针电晕增强放电装置，在无气流和存在高速气流的情况下都得到了稳定的大气压辉光.通过纪录发光图片、电流-电压波形和伏安特性曲线的方法对影响放电稳定性的因素做了细致地研究，发现了在从电晕放电到辉光放电的过程中存在着过渡阶段，表现为出现带有直流成分的Trichel脉冲.气流速度、极板间距以及针尖锥度和凹坑曲率半径的匹配程度都对放电的稳定性和电流密度有着重要的影响. 关键词： 大气压辉光放电 多针电晕 等离子体     

Analysis of geometric scaling of miniature,multi-electrode assisted corona discharges for ionic wind generation

The assisted corona discharge is a unique discharge configuration that utilizes multiple collecting electrodes to minimize the voltage required to initiate a corona discharge and to generate an ionic wind. In this work, the geometric parameters that govern the formation of the assisted corona discharge and subsequent ionic wind are evaluated. Flow velocity measurements suggest that the geometry of the electrode spacings is optimized for ionic wind generation when the current flowing to the collector electrode is maximized, and that as the electrode gap is decreased to microscale dimensions, ionic wind production is inhibited.     

DC corona ozone generation enhanced by TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> photocatalyst

Non-thermal electrical discharges, such as corona discharge are apart of the source of ozone, charged, and excited species and acoustic noise also the source of electromagnetic radiation of different wavelengths. The important component of this radiation from the standpoint of photocatalyst activation is the ultraviolet radiation. We studied the role of UV radiation on corona discharge ozone production by placing the titanium dioxide photocatalyst into the discharge region. We used hollow needle to mesh DC corona discharge at atmospheric pressure with TiO₂ globules on the mesh. The discharge was enhanced by the flow of air through the needle. We found that for the needle biased negatively addition of TiO₂ photocatalyst on the mesh electrode drastically increases discharge ozone production as well as the ozone production yield. These quantities are also influenced by the mass of the used photocatalyst and its distribution in the discharge chamber.     

An experimental study of relative humidity and air flow effects on positive and negative corona discharges in a corona-needle charger

In this paper, the effects of inlet air RH and air flow rate on positive and negative corona discharges in a corona-needle charger have been experimentally studied and discussed. Its corona discharge characterizations in terms of current-to-voltage relationships of the corona-needle charger on the effects of inlet air RH and air flow rate were evaluated at applied corona voltages between 0 and 3.1 kV, an air flow rates between 5 and 15 L/min, a relative humidity between 20 and 90%, and an operating pressure of about 101.3 kPa. Experimental results were shown that discharge current is strongly affected by the RH level of the inlet air. The positive discharge current was found to be decreased with increasing RH value at RH values below 60% and increased with increasing RH value at RH value above 60% in the same corona voltage. The negative discharge current was found to be stable with increasing RH value at RH values below 40% and increased with increasing RH value at RH value above 40% in the same corona voltage. For the air flow rate effects, the positive discharge current was found to slightly decrease when the air flow rate increased at RH value below 90% and to increase with the air flow rate at RH value of 90%. For the negative corona, the discharge current was also found to monotonically decrease when the air flow rate increased.     

Corona discharges in asymmetric electrode configurations

The dual electrode, which consists of an ionizing wire in parallel with a metallic cylindrical support, both connected at same high voltage supply, has been extensively studied in relation with various electrostatic applications. In practical situations, the dual electrode may be installed in the proximity of metallic objects that will affect the electric field repartition and, hence, the development of the discharge. The aim of the present work is to analyze the operating conditions of such electrodes in the presence of metallic rods or plates connected at fixed or floating potentials. The Superficial Charge Simulation Method was then employed for the numerical analysis of several electrode arrangements involving a dual corona electrode and a metallic rod parallel to it. The paper also reports the results of current–voltage characteristics and current density repartition measurements for the dual corona electrode alone or in the presence of other bodies at same or floating potential. The proximity of metallic objects leads to the increase of corona inception threshold and shifts the I–V characteristics to higher voltages. The objects at floating potential may reduce the discharge current to very low values, while those energized at the same voltage as the ionizing wire may simply anneal the discharge.     

He-O2高气压下电容耦合辉光放电数值分析

采用一维的等离子体流体力学模型研究了氦气-氧气高气压下电容耦合放电过程。分别给出了间隙为1.6,2.4和3.2 mm时外加电压的有效值与放电电流有效值特征曲线,并与已有的实验数据作对比,结果表明计算得到的电压-电流特征曲线与实验数据符合得很好。研究发现:氦气-氧气高气压下电容耦合放电过程中荷质比较大的离子在鞘层中的分布随着外电场的变化而变化,而荷质比较小的粒子在整个放电区域基本不随外电场变化而变化;同时杂质形成正负离子在主等离子体区域两端出现了峰值。