Characterizations and Catalytic Properties of V-MCM-41 Synthesized by Template-ion Exchange Method

Much attention has been paid to the use of the new mesoporous material, MCM-41,as catalyst or catalyst support^[1,2]. Recently, we focus our study on the design of catalytically active sites such as vanadium species inside the mesopore of MCM-41. V-MCM-41 is generally synthesized by direct hydrothermal method in the literature, but a large part of vanadium sites seems difficult to be accessed during the catalytic reactions by this method. We have developed a novel method to introduce vanadium species by a template-ion exchange (TIE) method, i.e., by exchanging the template cation in the uncalcined MCM-41 with VO²⁺ ion in aqueous solution. Here, the results of the characterizations of such synthesized V-MCM-41 and its catalytic properties in oxidative dehydrogenation of propane are described.     

Spherical Al-MCM-41 Doped with Copper by Modified TIE Method as Effective Catalyst for Low-Temperature NH3-SCR

Aluminum containing silica spherical MCM-41 was synthesized and modified with copper by the template ion-exchange method (TIE) and its modified version, including treatment of the samples with ammonia solution directly after template ion-exchange (TIE-NH₃). The obtained samples were characterized with respect to their chemical composition (ICP-OES), structure (XRD), texture (low temperature N₂ sorption), morphology (SEM-EDS), form and aggregation of deposited copper species (UV-vis DRS), reducibility of copper species (H₂-TPR), and surface acidity (NH₃-TPD). The deposition of copper by the TIE-NH₃ method resulted in much better dispersion of this metal on the MCM-41 surface comparing to copper introduced by TIE method. It was shown that such highly dispersed copper species, mainly monomeric Cu²⁺ cations, deposited on aluminum containing silica spheres of MCM-41, are significantly more catalytically effective in the NH₃-SCR process than analogous catalysts containing aggregated copper oxide species. The catalysts obtained by the TIE-NH₃ method effectively operated in much broader temperature and were less active in the side process of direct ammonia oxidation by oxygen.     

Fe—MCM-22分子筛催化苯一步氧化制苯酚

基于水热合成法制备的Fe-MCM-22分子筛，实验考察了铁离子负载量对N2O为氧化剂的苯一步氧化制苯酚反应的影响．X射线粉末衍射（XRD）、N2吸／脱附和程序升温氨脱附法（NH3-TPD）表征结果表明，Fe-MCM-22分子筛具有较高的比表面积和规整的孔道结构，且铁杂原子以同晶替代的方式引入MCM-22分子筛骨架．活性评价结果表明，Fe-MCM-22分子筛活性与负载的铁离子含量有关，当n（Fe）／n（Al）=1：9时，苯转化率达到最高的18．6％．     

Effect of aging time and Al substitution on the morphology of aluminous goethite

Highly ordered submicron spherical Fe-MCM-48 was successfully synthesized by a mixed surfactant method using cheap water glass as silica source. The gyroid like structure of MCM-48 was captured by a TEM image for the first time, and it was corresponded well to the previous simulated gyroid model. A tentative mechanism of homogenization cooperative process involving the Helmholtz double electrical layer was purposed. After the loading of metal Ag, the resulting Ag/Fe-MCM-48 catalyst showed good catalytic performance in the catalytic combustion of benzene.     

Dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene with CO2 over Cr-MCM-41 catalyst

M-MCM-41 catalysts (M: V, Cr, Fe, and Ga) prepared by direct hydrothermal synthesis (DHT) have been tested for dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene with CO₂. The synthesized materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂ adsorption (77 K), and diffuse reflectance UV–vis spectroscopic measurements. Cr-MCM-41 showed the highest activity among M-MCM-41 catalysts tested, resulting in the production of styrene with the conversion of 65% and the selectivity above 90%. The rate of styrene formation increased with increasing Cr loading up to 1.7 wt.%. It is suggested that Cr(VI)O₄ in tetrahedral coordination is formed as an active monochromate species and reduced to Cr(III)O₆ in octahedral coordination as a less active polychromate species during the reaction. Deactivated catalyst was regenerated by a treatment with gaseous oxygen or CO₂, during which redistribution as well as reoxidation of polymeric Cr(III)O₆ octahedra to monomeric Cr(VI)O₄ tetrahedra was observed. The rate of CO formation increased together with that of styrene formation, while the rate of H₂ formation decreased, with increasing partial pressure of CO₂. It was confirmed that reverse water-gas shift reaction took place over Cr-MCM-41 by a separate experiment. The rate of CO formation during the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene with CO₂ over Cr-MCM-41 was well accounted for by assuming parallel occurrence of two reactions, i.e., direct oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene with CO₂ and simple dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene thermodynamically assisted by reverse water-gas shift reaction.     

nV-MCM-41 催化剂的制备及其催化 CO2氧化丙烷脱氢反应性能

丙烯是一种重要的化工原料, 其下游产品丰富, 用途广泛, 主要用于生产聚丙烯、丙烯腈、丙烯酸和丁醇等化工产品.丙烯的需求正在不断增长, 而传统的丙烯生产方法如蒸汽裂解和石油催化裂化, 存在反应温度高、积碳严重且丙烯收率较低等问题. 因此研制丙烷脱氢制取丙烯的高效催化剂尤为重要. 研究发现, 以 CO2作为温和氧化剂进行逆水气变换反应可有效促进丙烷脱氢. 催化剂主要由活性组分与载体构成, 本文选择可用于活化丙烷的钒作为主要活性组分. 钒氧化物在载体上的高度分散是提高丙烷脱氢反应活性的关键. MCM-41 拥有较大的比表面积和高度有序的介孔结构, 可更有效地分散活性位点. 本文采用一步法合成了不同钒含量的 nV-MCM-41 催化剂 (1.9-10.6 wt%), 并研究了其在以下条件下催化丙烷氧化脱氢制丙烯反应性能: 600 °C, 催化剂质量 0.2 g, 进料气体组成 C3H8/CO2/Ar (摩尔比) = 1/4/4, 进料气体总流量 15 mL/min. 其中 6.8V-MCM-41 催化剂具有最高的活性, 其初始丙烷转化率达 58%, 丙烯选择性达 92%, 远高于相似反应条件下早期研究的 nV-SBA-15 催化剂. 并在四次反应-再生循环中始终保持其原来的高反应活性. 本文借助于 N2吸附-脱附、拉曼光谱 (Raman)、X 射线光电子能谱 (XPS)和热重 (TG) 等手段探究了不同钒含量的 nV-MCM-41 催化剂在丙烷脱氢反应中催化性能差异的原因.氮气吸附-脱附结果表明, 所有催化剂都存在典型的高度有序的介孔结构, 并没有因为钒组分的掺杂而破坏. nV-MCM-41催化剂拥有较大比表面积,并随钒掺杂量的增加而减小. 其中,10.8V-MCM-41催化剂的比表面积急剧下降,可能是由于产生了结晶的 V2O5阻塞了孔道. Raman 结果表明, 当钒负载量超过 6.8 wt% 时, 出现了 V2O5的结晶峰. 另外根据单分散的四面体钒氧化物的特征峰面积发现, 6.8V-MCM-41 催化剂中钒物种分散度最高, 与其具有最高催化活性结果一致. XPS 结果也进一步证明 6.8V-MCM-41 钒物种的分散度最高. 在连续反应过程中 6.8V-MCM-41 催化剂失活较快,可归结于活性钒位点的还原与催化剂表面的积碳. 通过氧化再生, 可恢复催化剂活性, 并且在 4 次再生循环中始终保持其良好稳定的活性.     

Synthesis, characterization, and stability of Fe-MCM-41 for production of carbon nanotubes by acetylene pyrolysis

Fe-substituted MCM-41 molecular sieves with ca. 1, 2, and 3 wt % Fe were synthesized hydrothermally using different sources of colloidal silica (HiSil and Cab-O-Sil) and characterized by ICP, XRD, N2 physisorption, UV-vis, EPR, TPR, and X-ray absorption. Catalysts synthesized from Cab-O-Sil showed higher structural order and stability than those from HiSil. The local environment of Fe in the mesoporous material as studied by UV-vis reveals the dominance of framework Fe in all the as-synthesized Fe-MCM-41 samples. Dislodgement of some Fe species to extraframework location occurs upon calcination, and this effect is more severe for Fe-MCM-41 (2 wt %) and Fe-MCM-41 (3 wt %), as confirmed by EPR and X-ray absorption. These materials have been used as catalytic templates for the production of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by acetylene pyrolysis at atmospheric pressure. A relationship between the Fe loading in MCM-41 and the carbon species produced during this reaction has been established. Using our optimized conditions for this system, Fe-MCM-41 with ca. 2 wt % Fe showed the best results with particularly high selectivity for single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) production. This catalyst was selective for carbon nanotubes with a low amount of amorphous carbon for a narrow range of temperatures from 1073 to 1123 K. To account for the different selectivity of these catalysts for CNTs production, the local environment and chemical state of Fe in the used catalyst was further probed by X-band EPR.     

Oxidation of condensed cyclic hydrocarbons with H2O2 in the presence of modified MCM-41 and SBA-15 mesoporous catalysts

Selective oxidation of condensed cyclic aromatics (naphthalene, tetralin and decalin) by hydrogen peroxide was performed in the presence of Ti, Fe or Cr containing MCM-41 and SBA-15 mesoporous catalysts. Using ultrasonic equipment, both in protic (methanol) and aprotic (acetonitrile) solvent, formation of naphthols could be detected in the oxidation of naphthalene. In the reaction of tetralin, the formation of 1-tetralone (an industrially important material) is higher than 30% over Cr-MCM-41 catalyst.     

Characterization of V-MCM-41 Mesoporous Materials

A series of vanadosilicate V-MCM-41 mesoporous materials with various compositions have been synthesized using vanadium sulfate as the source of vanadium. Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide was used as a surfactant in the synthesis. The samples were characterized with nitrogen sorption, X-ray diffraction, framework FTIR, diffuse reflectance UV-visible spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the solid products had the MCM-41 structure and contained only atomically dispersed vanadium consistent with framework vanadium in V-MCM-41. N₂ sorption measurements and TEM demonstrated the high mesoporosity of V-MCM-41. The incorporation of vanadium into MCM-41 decreased the surface area to some extent. The morphology of V-MCM-41 was plate with stepped and smooth surfaces. TEM reveals a regular hexagonal array of uniform channels with curved and rectilinear morphologies. The hexagonal array structure of uniform pore size was observed by TEM. It is proved that the pores were highly aligned.     

Preparation of Metal Ion-Planted Mesoporous Silica by Template Ion-Exchange Method and Its Catalytic Activity for Asymmetric Oxidation of Sulfide

For the preparation of metal ion-planted MCM-41 we have developed a template ion-exchange method, in which the template ions of as-synthesized MCM-41 are exchanged for the metal ions in aqueous media. The cations of Al, Ti, Cr, Mn, Zn, and Zr could be incorporated with high dispersion, while those of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ga, Pd, and Pt formed small particles on the outside of the MCM-41 particles. Investigation on the time course of the template ion-exchange process suggested that the exchange proceeded first between the template ion and a proton and subsequently between the proton and a metal cation. Among the resulting metal ion-planted MCM-41s, Mn-MCM-41 showed excellent activity for the epoxidation of aromatic olefins. Trans-stilbene oxide was obtained in 93% yield from stilbene in MeCN–DMF solution at 328 K for 96 h. Ti-MCM-41 was the most suitable catalyst for the oxidation of sulfide with H₂O₂. It should be noted that the oxidation proceeded asymmetrically on Ti-MCM-41 in the presence of optically active tartaric acid in a CH₂Cl₂ solution. The chemical yield and optical yield of sulfoxide reached 54 and 30% ee, respectively.     

锌锡双金属掺杂MCM-41的合成及表征

以硅酸钠为硅源, 锡酸钠，硝酸锌为金属源，十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为模板剂，采用直接水热合成法合成出了锌锡双金属同时掺杂的介孔MCM-41。通过ICP﹑XRD、TG-DTA﹑FTIR﹑HRTEM以及BET等技术对材料的结构和性质进行了表征。结果表明，合成的材料具有典型的六方介孔结构，比表面高，孔分布窄，热稳定性较高，且锌锡可能进入介孔MCM-41骨架中。该材料对苯酚羟基化反应具有良好的催化性能，双金属修饰MCM-41催化活性明显优于单组分掺杂。     

Oxidation of Cyclohexene with H202 Catalyzed by MCM-41 Supported Co(Il) Amino Acid Complex

Catalysis of oxidation of cyclohexene using zeolite supported transition metal complexes into a variety of products such as expoxide, carbonyl compounds, diols and oxidative cleavage products of C=C has received much attention primarily due to interest in selective and partial oxidations. A major advantage of this catalysis is the ease of separation, recyclobilicity, and site specificity in oxidative reactions. In this paper the catalyst Co(Ⅱ)-glu/ MCM-41 was prepared and its catalytic activity in selective oxidation of cyclohexene was also studied.     

Synthesis and characterization of M-MCM-48 (M = Cr,Ce) from silatrane via sol–gel process

Chromium and cerium incorporated into MCM-48 framework are hydrothermally synthesized via sol–gel process without any additives and characterized by X-ray diffraction, N₂ adsorption/desorption, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Diffuse reflectance UV–vis spectroscopy, and Thermogravimetric analysis. Results indicate that the materials possess a long-range ordered structure, high specific surface area, and narrow pore size distribution. SEM images illustrate the edge-truncated octahedron morphology of Cr-MCM-48 while Ce-MCM-48 preserves the truncated octahedron of the MCM-48 parent material. TEM images show the pore network of Ia3d symmetry after loading metals. Spectroscopic data confirm the existence of metals in the framework and extra-framework. At low Cr content, Cr-MCM-48 contains only Cr(VI) species while rich Cr content loading results in both the Cr(VI) and Cr(III) species. The hydrothermal stability of MCM-48 is enhanced by carefully incorporating metals into the parent material.     

Effect of calcination temperature on the structure and formaldehyde removal performance at room temperature of Cr/MnO2 catalysts

Research on Chemical Intermediates - In this paper, Cr/MnO2 catalysts were prepared by hydrothermal–calcination method and applied to the catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde (HCHO) at room...     

SBA-15负载钒氧化物催化剂上甲烷选择氧化反应

对SBA-15负载的钒、钼、钨氧化物催化的甲烷选择氧化反应性能进行了比较,发现VO_x/SBA-15催化剂优于MoOx/SBA-15和WOx/SBA-15催化剂.针对钒氧化物催化剂,考察了不同钒源、不同载体以及少量P元素的添加对催化性能的影响,结果表明以SBA-15为载体的催化剂的性能好于MCM-41和Cab-O-Sil为载体的催化剂;与V₂O₅,VO(C₂O₄)相比,NH₄VO₃是制备性能良好的VO_x/SBA-15的钒源;在VO_x/SBA-15中,添加少量P元素后,HCHO的选择性有一定程度的提高.XRD,N₂物理吸附、UN-Raman和H₂-TPR表征结果表明,负载量低于3 wt%时,钒组分可能主要以高分散的单核的VO_x物种存在,我们推测该物种对甲烷选择氧化制甲醛起关键作用.     

Synthesis, spectroscopy and catalysis of

Chromium acetyl acetonate [Cr(acac)3] complexes have been grafted onto the surface of two mesoporous crystalline materials; pure silica MCM-41 (SiMCM-41) and Al-containing silica MCM-41 with an Si:Al ratio of 27 (AlMCM-41). The materials were characterized with X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption, thermogravimetrical analysis, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the UV-Vis-NIR region (DRS), electron spin resonance (ESR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Hydrogen bonding between surface hydroxyls and the acetylacetonate (acac) ligands is the only type of interaction between [Cr(acac)3] complexes and SiMCM-41, while the deposition of [Cr(acac)3] onto the surface of AlMCM-41 takes place through either a ligand exchange reaction or a hydrogen-bonding mechanism. In the as-synthesized materials, Cr3+ is present as a surface species in pseudo-octahedral coordination. This species is characterized by high zero-field ESR parameters D and E, indicating a strong distortion from O(h), symmetry. After calcination, Cr3+ is almost completely oxidized to Cr6+, which is anchored onto the surface as dichromate, some chromate and traces of small amorphous Cr2O3 clusters and square pyramidal Cr5+ ions. These materials are active in the gas-phase and slurry-phase polymerization of ethylene at 100 degrees C. The polymerization activity is dependent on the Cr loading, precalcination temperature and the support characteristics: a 1 wt % [Cr(acac)3]-AlMCM-41 catalyst pretreated at high temperatures was found to be the most active material with a polymerization rate of 14000 g polyethylene per gram of Cr per hour. Combined DRS-ESR spectroscopies were used to monitor the reduction process of Cr(6+/5+) and the oxidation and coordination environment of Cr(n+) species during catalytic action. It will be shown that the polymer chains initially produced within the mesopores of the Cr-MCM-41 material form nanofibres of polyethylene with a length of several microns and a diameter of 50 to 100 nanometers. These nanofibres (partially) cover the outer surface of the MCM-41 material. The catalyst particles also gradually break up during ethylene polymerization resulting in the formation of crystalline and amorphous polyethylene with a low bulk density and a melt flow index between 0.56 and 1.38g per 10 min; this indicates the very high molecular weight of the polymer.     

Catalytic oxidation of 4-tert-butyltoluene over Ti-MCM-41

The surface-grafted titanium MCM-41 materials were prepared by anchoring titanocene onto the inner walls of MCM-41. The materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm and diffuse reflectance UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopies. The catalytic properties of Ti-MCM-41 were tested in oxidation of 4-tert-butyltoluene with tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP) in liquid phase. MCM-41 with loading 4.8 mol% Ti gave the maximal conversions of 23.6% of 4-tert-butyltoluene with a complete selectivity to 4-tert-butylbenzaldehyde.     

介孔载体嫁接的Schiff碱铬配合物催化氧化苯甲醇合成苯甲醛

将Cr(salen)配合物分别嫁接于介孔SiO2,MCM-41和SBA-15上制备成非均相Schiff碱铬配合物,并用FT-IR,UV-Vis,XRD,N2吸附和元素分析等对非均相铬配合物进行了表征.以30%的H2O2为氧化剂,以非均相铬配合物为催化剂,在无有机溶剂、相转移催化剂和添加剂的条件下,研究了选择性催化氧化苯甲醇合成苯甲醛的反应.结果表明,非均相铬配合物都表现出较好的催化性能.选择不同的介孔载体对非均相铬配合物的催化性能有较大的影响,Cr(salen)/MCM-41配合物显示有最好的催化性能;在优化的反应条件下,苯甲醇转化率可达52.5%,苯甲醛选择性为100%,且该非均相铬配合物重复使用4次后仍保持较好的催化性能.     

Visible light-induced partial oxidation of olefins on Cr-containing silica with molecular oxygen

Photocatalytic oxidation of olefins on Cr-containing silica with molecular oxygen by visible light irradiation (lambda > 400 nm) has been investigated. Cr-SiO(2) catalyst prepared by a conventional sol-gel method, containing highly dispersed chromate species, catalyzes efficient olefin oxidation with very high selectivity for partially oxidized products (>90%), whereas semiconductor TiO(2) promotes complete decomposition (CO(2) production). The Cr-SiO(2) catalyst shows much higher activity than Cr/SiO(2) prepared by an impregnation method or Cr proportional variant MCM-41 prepared by a templating method. ESR analysis reveals that photoirradiation of the chromate species with a tetrahedral coordination (T(d)(6+)) on Cr/SiO(2) and Cr proportional variant MCM-41 catalysts leads to the formation of excited state T(d)(5+) species (T(d)(5+*)), while irradiation to T(d)(6+) on Cr-SiO(2) produces T(d)(4+*) species. This can be explained by a homogeneous T(d)(6+) arrangement with Si species on the Cr-SiO(2) catalyst. On the strongly reduced T(d)(4+*), olefins are strongly attracted by an electron and/or proton donation, resulting in high oxidation activity. The Cr-SiO(2) catalyst is applicable to partial oxidation of various aliphatic and aromatic olefins with very high selectivity, and does not promote undesirable dimerization. The obtained findings suggest a potential use of Cr-SiO(2) as an efficient and recyclable heterogeneous photocatalyst for partial oxidation of olefins.     

青霉素酰化酶在含铁MCM-41介孔分子筛上的固定化研究

制备了具有长程有序结构、孔径分布狭窄的含铁MCM-41介孔分子筛，利用直接法和共价结合法将青霉素酰化酶固定在分子筛表面。结果表明，两种方法制备的固定化酶对青霉素G水解反应的表观活性分别为782U/g和256U／g；经6次连续操作使用，二者保持初始活性的49．4％和81．2％，后者的操作稳定性好于前者。共价结合法制备的固定化酶活性较低，是由于Fe—MCM-41表面修饰后比表面积和孔径明显减小所致。