不同病原体引起的儿童化脓性扁桃体炎的临床特点

目的探究不同病原体引起的儿童化脓性扁桃体炎的临床特点。方法选择2014年住院确诊且有明确病原体的化脓性扁桃体炎患儿97例,比较不同病原体引起的化脓性扁桃体炎的流行病学特点、临床症状与体征、实验室检查结果等。结果A族β溶血性链球菌（GABHS）、EB病毒、腺病毒和肺炎支原体（MP）引起的化脓性扁桃体炎患儿发病年龄分别为（6.29±2.17）、（3.41±1.81）、（3.35±2.50）、（3.88±2.95）岁,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,其中GABHS感染患儿年龄最大。GABHS感染患儿发病年龄多在5岁以下,冬春季为发病高峰季节。有咽部出血点表现的多为GABHS和腺病毒感染,EB病毒感染患儿易出现肝、脾和颈部淋巴结肿大,腺病毒感染患儿易出现结膜炎。不同病原体引起的急性化脓性扁桃体炎患儿血清中性粒细胞（NC）、C-反应蛋白（CRP）、血清降钙素原（PCT）水平比较,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）;与GABHS感染患儿相比,EB病毒、MP感染患儿CRP水平均较低（均P＜0.05）,EB病毒、腺病毒和MP感染患儿PCT水平均较低（均P＜0.05）。结论在化脓性扁桃体炎患儿中,除GABHS感染外,腺病毒、EB病毒和支原体感染也占相当一部分。对于年龄＜5岁,冬末春初发病,有明显咽痛、咽后壁出血样表现,CRP明显升高,PCT＞0.5ng/ml的患儿,应考虑GABHS感染的可能,并及早、足疗程使用抗生素。     

儿童过敏性紫癜的临床特点及血淋巴细胞亚群的变化

目的探讨过敏性紫癜（HSP）患儿的临床特点及发病机制。方法对76例HSP患儿急性期的临床表现进行分析总结；并采用流式细胞仪分析技术及免疫比浊法对外周血淋巴细胞亚群（CD3、CD4、CD8、CD19、NK细胞）及血清补体C3进行检测，与30例健康儿童进行对照比较。结果76例患儿中发病同时或发病前2周内有呼吸道感染62例（81.6%）。76例患儿均先后出现紫癜，以双下肢皮肤紫癜最多见，合并消化道症状56例（73.7%），其中以消化道症状为首发症状21例（27.6%）；合并肾损害36例（47.3%），其以微量蛋白尿型、血尿和蛋白尿型为多见，肾病综合征型少见。HSP组急性期外周血CD4及NK细胞数量降低、CD19显著升高，与对照组比较，差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.01）；血清补体C3增高，与对照组比较，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）；血CD8增高，但与对照组比较，差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 HSP患儿发病与呼吸道感染有密切关系，胃肠道症状为首发症状的比例较高，合并肾损害也较多，但以微量蛋白尿型、血尿和蛋白尿型为多见，预后良好。儿童HSP的发病与T、B淋巴细胞及NK细胞的功能紊乱有关，且补体系统也参与HSP的发病。     

危重型手足口病9例临床分析

手足口病（HFMD）是由肠道病毒引起的急性传染病,以柯萨奇A组16型（CoxA16）、肠道病毒71型（EV71）多见,患者和隐性感染者均为传染源,主要通过消化道、呼吸道和密切接触等途径传播,主要症状为手、足、口腔等部位的斑丘疹、疱疹。少数病例可出现脑膜炎、脑炎、脑脊髓炎、肺水肿、循环障碍等,EV71引起的神经系统并发症多见,病情重,进展迅速,病死率高,致死原因主要为脑干脑炎及神经源性肺水肿。我院2010-04-08共收治重症手足口病患儿300余例,其中9例危重型手足口病患儿予以机械通气辅助呼吸,现将病例资料分析如下。     

血液肿瘤患儿医院获得性血流感染的临床特点

目的 了解血液肿瘤患儿医院获得性血流感染（nosocomialblood streaminfection,NBSI）的临床特点及病原体分布和耐药性,为临床上预防NBSI 及早期合理应用抗菌药物提供依据。方法 回顾2011年1月至2013 年12 月血液肿瘤住院治疗并发生NBSI患儿的临床资料和血培养结果,分析患儿的临床表现特点,病原菌分布及耐药性、治疗方法及转归。结果 发热及C反应蛋白（CRP）增高是NBSI患儿共有的表现,细胞因子中IL-6 和IL-10 增高发生率在50%以上。1 500例次住院患儿发生NBSI161例次,发生率10.73%（161/1 500）,其中血培养阳性70 例,阳性率为43.48%（70/161）;70 例血培养阳性患儿共检出病原菌79 株,革兰阳性菌55.70%,革兰阴性菌43.04%,真菌1.27%;排在前3 位的病原菌依次为表皮葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌,分别占20.25%、15.19%、15.19%;葡萄球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺敏感,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南、美罗培南敏感。结论 血液肿瘤患儿发生NBSI缺乏特异症状体征,CRP 及IL-6和IL-10可能有助于NBSI 的诊断。NBSI病原学以革兰阳性菌为主,早期联合用药是成功治疗血液肿瘤患者NBSI 的关键。     

咳嗽变异性哮喘患儿白三烯水平与白三烯受体拮抗剂疗效的相关研究

目的探讨不同白三烯（LT）水平的咳嗽变异性哮喘（CVA）患儿接受白三烯受体拮抗剂（LTRA）治疗后体内LT水平变化与临床疗效的关系。方法以本地300例同年龄儿童所测定的尿LTE4值（25.17±14.26）ng/L作为基础对照,将使用LTRA孟鲁司特治疗的67例CVA患儿按LTE4水平是否高于基础对照水平的2SD,分成LTRA-高（H）组25例和LTRA-低（L）组42例,治疗1个月后观察尿LTE4水平变化和临床疗效;采用相同方法将使用吸入糖皮质激素（ICS）氟替卡松治疗的60例患儿分成ICS-H组20例和ICS-L组40例进行对照。结果所有CVA患儿尿LTE4水平与基础对照相比均有统计学差异（均P＜0.05）;在接受2种不同方法治疗1个月后,LTRA-H组、LTRA-L组和ICS-H组患儿尿LTE4水平均有明显下降（均P＜0.05）,但ICS-L组无明显变化（P＞0.05）。LTRA组与ICS组总体疗效相当（P＞0.05）;LTRA-H组疗效优于LTRA-L组（P＜0.05）,LTRA-L组与ICS-H组、ICS-L组疗效均无统计学差异（均P＞0.05）。结论 CVA患儿采用LTRA和ICS治疗总体疗效相当;体内LT水平与LTRA临床疗效密切相关,LT水平高者疗效优于低者;尿LTE4检测可以作为临床选用LTRA的指标。     

单发肺炎实变型肺MALT淋巴瘤的多排螺旋CT诊断及鉴别

目的分析单发肺炎实变型肺黏膜相关淋巴组织（MALT）淋巴瘤的多排螺旋CT（MSCT）表现，以提高其诊断及鉴别诊断水平。方法回顾性分析11例患者经手术病理证实的单发肺炎实变型肺MALT淋巴瘤的MSCT和临床资料。结果11例患者中右肺中叶5例，下叶2例，左肺上叶1例，下叶3例；大叶性实变7例，节段性实变3例，非节段性实变1例；2例病灶边缘模糊，类似于炎症，6例边缘模糊程度介于炎症与肺癌之间，3例边缘相对清楚；同邻近胸大肌密度相比较，9例病灶呈略低密度，2例与胸大肌密度接近，CT值39.6～53.3 Hu，平均42.5 Hu；11例病灶内部均未见明显坏死、囊变，9例病灶内见形态及走行相对正常的“空气支气管征”，其中3例内部同时伴有小囊腔；7例CT增强检查，均呈轻～中度较均匀强化，CT值50.5～85.7 Hu，平均66.1 Hu；5例病灶内见“血管漂浮征”；11例病灶均未见明显胸腔积液，2例病灶邻近胸膜增厚，2例伴有纵隔内淋巴结肿大。结论单发肺炎实变型肺MALT淋巴瘤CT上往往表现为肿瘤样的实变、炎症样模糊边缘，多轻、中度较均匀强化，内部常有固有结构的残留，部分可见“空气支气管征”及“血管漂浮征”。MSCT对该肿瘤的的诊断及鉴别具有一定价值。     

肺炎支原体肺炎患儿急性期和恢复期血浆H-ficolin和L-ficolin水平分析

目的了解肺炎支原体肺炎患儿急性期和恢复期血浆中H-ficolin、L-ficolin水平的变化。方法采用ELISA法检测85例肺炎支原体肺炎患儿急性期和恢复期血浆H-ficolin、L-ficolin水平,并进行相关性分析。结果急性期H-ficolin水平1.8~25.2μg/ml,平均（11.9±5.9）μg/ml,恢复期H-ficolin水平0.3~26.5μg/ml,平均（10.1±5.7）μg/ml,急性期明显高于恢复期（Z=2.161,P=0.031）。急性期L-ficolin水平0.2~10.6μg/ml,平均（4.5±2.3）μg/ml,恢复期L-ficolin水平0.03~10.2μg/ml,平均（4.6±2.2）μg/ml,急性期和恢复期无统计学差异（t=0.245,P=0.807）。患儿急性期血浆H-ficolin水平与L-ficolin水平明显相关（r=0.22,P=0.039）。结论H-ficolin可能参与儿童肺炎支原体肺炎疾病过程。     

永存原始玻璃体增生症的超声诊断价值

目的 探讨永存原始玻璃体增生症（PHPV）的超声表现，以提高对本病的诊断准确率。方法 回顾性分析9例经病 理检查证实的PHPV 患儿的超声表现，其中8例经超声检查确诊。结果 9 例（10 眼）PHPV 患儿在超声上均表现为患侧小眼球，眼轴缩短，玻璃体无回声区内出现从晶状体后连接到视乳头的圆锥形或漏斗状强回声团块，CDFI可见血流信号。5 例（6 眼）患侧眼球晶状体异常，表现为晶状体不同程度变形、轮廓不光滑，晶状体位置后移，前房变浅。3 例（3 眼）患侧玻璃体内出现絮状高回声。2 例（2 眼）患侧视网膜脱离。2 例（2 眼）患侧伴有白内障。超声诊断PHPV 的准确率为88.9%。结论 PHPV 的超声检查具有特征性的表现，有助于该病的鉴别诊断，指导制定治疗方案。     

柯萨奇-腺病毒受体在扩张型心肌病患者外周血白细胞表面的表达及意义

目的观察柯萨奇-腺病毒受体（CAR）在扩张型心肌病（DCM）患者外周血白细胞表面的表达及意义。方法选择DCM患者50例作为观察组,同期选择30例正常体检者作为对照组。入选后分别采用流式细胞术（FCM）检测外周血白细胞表面CAR表达水平;RT- PCR技术测定柯萨奇B组病毒-核糖核酸（CVB- RNA）表达;ELISA法检测CVB抗体效价。在客观比较病毒检测方法的同时,分析CAR在DCM患者中的表达及意义并探讨FCM在临床病原学检测中的价值。结果（1）经FCM技术检测,观察组外周血白细胞表面CAR表达水平较对照组升高（P＜0.01）,观察组CVB- RNA阳性22例（44.0%）,对照组阳性6例（20.0%）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组CVB抗体阳性32例（64.0%）,对照组阳性10例（33.3%）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。（2）CVB- RNA阳性者中外周血白细胞表面CAR表达水平较阴性者明显升高（P＜0.01）;22例CVB- RNA阳性者中CVB抗体全部阳性,而28例CVB- RNA阴性患者中CVB抗体阳性者亦有16例。结论外周血白细胞表面CAR高表达的DCM患者可能存在病毒持续感染;FCM技术检测白细胞表面CAR表达水平可以作为DCM患者病毒感染的定量指标。     

婴幼儿喘息性疾病血红素加氧酶-1与一氧化碳的临床意义

目的探讨血红素加氧酶-1（HO-1）与一氧化碳（CO）在喘息性疾病婴幼儿血清中含量变化及其临床意义。方法收集112例4岁以下喘息患儿,根据《儿童社区获得性肺炎管理指南（2013修订）》分为重症组（存在低氧血症）49例和轻症组（无低氧血症）63例;选择同期同年龄段急性支气管炎患儿58例为对照组。采用双抗体夹心ELISA技术测定患儿血清HO-1含量,应用双波长分光光度法测定患儿血中碳氧血红蛋白（COHb）含量,进行组间比较分析。结果急性期（入院时）3组间HO-1和COHb含量差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.01）,两两比较,仅重症组（2577.01±879.47）ng/L、（3.84±0.87）%明显高于轻症组（1382.90±731.80）ng/L、（1.17±0.60）%和对照组（1113.73±606.25）ng/L、（1.01±0.54）%（均P＜0.01）。重症组HO-1和COHb含量,均为急性期高于恢复期（均P＜0.01）。急性期重症组HO-1与COHb含量呈正相关（r=0.340,P＜0.05）。结论HO-1和CO可能参与婴幼儿喘息性疾病发展过程,急性重症期两者呈正相关,具有诊断疾病、判断严重程度与预后等临床意义。     

RECENT PROGRESS ON SPHERICAL HARMONIC APPROXIMATION MADE BY BNU RESEARCH GROUP ——In memory of Professor Sun Yongsheng

As early as in 1990, Professor Sun Yongsheng, suggested his students at Beijing Normal University to consider research problems on the unit sphere. Under his guidance and encouragement his students started the research on spherical harmonic analysis and approximation. In this paper, we incompletely introduce the main achievements in this area obtained by our group and relative researchers during recent 5 years （2001-2005）. The main topics are： convergence of Cesaro summability, a.e. and strong summability of Fourier-Laplace series; smoothness and K-functionals; Kolmogorov and linear widths.     

On a class of self-similar processes with stationary increments in higher order Wiener chaoses

We study a class of self-similar processes with stationary increments belonging to higher order Wiener chaoses which are similar to Hermite processes. We obtain an almost sure wavelet-like expansion of these processes. This allows us to compute the pointwise and local Hölder regularity of sample paths and to analyse their behaviour at infinity. We also provide some results on the Hausdorff dimension of the range and graphs of multidimensional anisotropic self-similar processes with stationary increments defined by multiple Wiener–Itô integrals.     

A REPRESENTATION FORMULA RELATED TO SCHR(O)DINGER OPERATORS

Schr(o)dinger operator is a central subject in the mathematical study of quantum mechanics.Consider the Schrodinger operator H = -△ V on R, where △ = d2/dx2 and the potential function V is real valued. In Fourier analysis, it is well-known that a square integrable function admits an expansion with exponentials as eigenfunctions of -△. A natural conjecture is that an L2 function admits a similar expansion in terms of "eigenfunctions" of H, a perturbation of the Laplacian (see [7], Ch. Ⅺ and the notes), under certain condition on V.     

On a class of Riemann surfaces

It is considered the class of Riemann surfaces with dimT1 = 0, where T1 is a subclass of exact harmonic forms which is one of the factors in the orthogonal decomposition of the spaceΩH of harmonic forms of the surface, namely The surfaces in the class OHD and the class of planar surfaces satisfy dimT1 = 0. A.Pfluger posed the question whether there might exist other surfaces outside those two classes. Here it is shown that in the case of finite genus g, we should look for a surface S with dimT1 = 0 among the surfaces of the form Sg\K , where Sg is a closed surface of genus g and K a compact set of positive harmonic measure with perfect components and very irregular boundary.     

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 30

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Instructions for contributions

正Applied Mathematics-A Journal of Chinese Universities,Series B(Appl.Math.J.Chinese Univ.,Ser.B)is a comprehensive applied mathematics journal jointly sponsored by Zhejiang University,China Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics,and Springer-Verlag.It is a quarterly journal with     

Journal of Mathematical Research with Applications Guide for Authors

正Journal overview:Journal of Mathematical Research with Applications(JMRA),formerly Journal of Mathematical Research and Exposition(JMRE)created in 1981,one of the transactions of China Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics,is a home for original research papers of the highest quality in all areas of mathematics with applications.The target audience comprises:pure and applied mathematicians,graduate students in broad fields of sciences and technology,scientists and engineers interested in mathematics.     

Staircase transportation problems with superadditive rewards and cumulative capacities

A cumulative-capacitated transportation problem is studied. The supply nodes and demand nodes are each chains. Shipments from a supply node to a demand node are possible only if the pair lies in a sublattice, or equivalently, in a staircase disjoint union of rectangles, of the product of the two chains. There are (lattice) superadditive upper bounds on the cumulative flows in all leading subrectangles of each rectangle. It is shown that there is a greatest cumulative flow formed by the natural generalization of the South-West Corner Rule that respects cumulative-flow capacities; it has maximum reward when the rewards are (lattice) superadditive; it is integer if the supplies, demands and capacities are integer; and it can be calculated myopically in linear time. The result is specialized to earlier work of Hoeffding (1940), Fréchet (1951), Lorentz (1953), Hoffman (1963) and Barnes and Hoffman (1985). Applications are given to extreme constrained bivariate distributions, optimal distribution with limited one-way product substitution and, generalizing results of Derman and Klein (1958), optimal sales with age-dependent rewards and capacities.To our friend, Philip Wolfe, with admiration and affection, on the occasion of his 65th birthday.Research was supported respectively by the IBM T.J. Watson and IBM Almaden Research Centers and is a minor revision of the IBM Research Report [6].     

Boundedness for commutators of multipliers on Hardy type spaces

In this paper, we study the commutators generalized by multipliers and a BMO function. Under some assumptions, we establish its boundedness properties from certain atomic Hardy space Hb^p（R^n） into the Lebesgue space L^p with p 〈 1.