铜包石墨填充PTFE基复合材料 摩擦学特性的研究

研究了铜包石墨和铜／石墨混合填充ＰＴＦＥ基复合材料的微观结构、力学性能及摩擦学特性．结果表明,铜包石墨填充ＰＴＦＥ复合材料的抗压缩性能、抗拉伸性能以及耐磨性能均优于铜／石墨混合填充ＰＴＦＥ复合材料,其原因在于铜包石墨既增强了填料与ＰＴＦＥ的界面结合强度,又保证了ＰＴＦＥ连续相的完整性．此外,石墨表面铜包敷层的结构疏松、晶粒细小,有利于提高转移膜的结合强度并减轻摩擦过程中对偶材料的损伤     

铜包石墨填充PTFE基复合材料摩擦学特性的研究

研究了铜包石墨和铜／石墨混合填充ＰＴＦＥ基复合材料的微观结构、力学性能及摩擦学特性。结果表明,铜包石墨填充ＰＴＦＥ复合材料的抗压缩性能、抗拉伸性能以及耐磨性能均伏于铜／石墨混合填充ＰＴＦＥ复合材料,其原因在于铜包石墨既增强了填料与ＰＴＦＥ的界面结合强度,又保证了ＰＴＦＥ连续相的完整性。此外,石墨表面铜包敷层的结构疏松、晶粒细小,有利于提高转称膜的结合强度并减轻摩擦过程中对偶材料的损伤。     

冲击载荷下,铝和不锈钢层裂破坏的实验研究

冲击载荷作用所引起的材料层裂破坏是一种重要的力学效应。以平面碰撞为例,当平板正碰后,在飞片与靶内产生一对反向压缩波。当此压缩波传至两边的自由面时,又产生两束相向而行的中心卸载波。此两束卸载波如果在靶内相遇,则靶材料将由压缩状态进入拉伸状态。当拉伸应力达到靶材料的断裂强度时,将在靶的自由面后剥落下一层薄片,即层裂片。     

纳米级石墨晶体层片力学性能的等效模型及分析

石墨晶体是由碳原子以sp2杂化轨道和邻近的三个碳原子形成共价键,在其平面内再构成网状层片结构。文中对基于原子键合力能关系的CCBE等效模型和经典的BEAM单元等效模型作了比较分析。其中CCBE包括两个节点,每个节点包含三个平移自由度。与经典BEAM单元相比,其两个节点均没有转动自由度。CCBE和BEAM单元的各个参数可以通过石墨晶体的相关实验获得。通过对石墨晶体层片的拉伸、剪切等效模型的柔度(刚度)系数计算分析,并与实验数据相对比,验证了CCBE等效建模方法的正确性和合理性。该等效建模方法为研究石墨的微观结构、性能等提供了一种有效的数值模拟方法。     

冲击载荷下石墨矿石动力学特性的层理效应及宏微观破坏机理

为探究冲击荷载作用下层理对石墨矿石动力学特性的影响规律，采用直径为50 mm的分离式霍普金森压杆（split Hopkinson pressure bar, SHPB）系统，对0°、 45°和90°层理角度的石墨矿石开展了不同冲击荷载（0.3、 0.4和0.5 MPa）下的动态压缩实验，并结合高速摄影和电子扫描技术分析了不同层理角度石墨矿石的动态力学特性和冲击破坏模式。研究结果表明：石墨矿石中矿物多呈同形粒状定向排列，接触界限不规则，白云母和石英含量较高，与石墨伴生，沿层理面富集；层理面的存在对石墨矿石的力学性质存在劣化作用，45°层理劣化作用最强；能耗特性随层理角度增大呈U形变化，与强度特征相似；同一应变率下，矿石破碎尺寸与能耗密度具有明显的相关性，0°层理破碎平均尺寸较小，能耗密度较大，45°层理破碎后块度最大，能耗密度最小；受外力作用时，石墨鳞片不仅从内部断裂，也易被伴生矿物撕裂，随层理角度的增大，试样破坏形式可归纳为张拉破坏—剪切破坏—张拉劈裂破坏的演化过程。冲击荷载作用下，石墨鳞片破坏程度主要受压力大小和作用方向控制，拉伸破坏可减少石墨鳞片内部断裂，低应变率可减少岩粉产生。因...     

PBX材料蠕变性能的云纹干涉法实验研究

本文利用云纹干涉法对PBX材料蠕变行为进行了研究。实验中采用圆盘试件进行压缩实验。利用圆盘对径受压实验间接拉伸的特点,测量了PBX材料的拉伸蠕变及蠕变恢复曲线,同时也得到了圆盘部分区域压缩蠕变及蠕变恢复曲线。实验中,观察到蠕变的阶段上升现象,这一现象不同于一般的纯的高聚物的蠕变变形。并针对这一蠕变现象利用破坏力学理论进行了初步分析。文中的实验现象及实验数据将为PBX材料蠕变破坏变形的进一步的理论分析提供科学依据。     

强冲击载荷下单向加筋板拉伸撕裂的临界条件

针对固支单向加筋板在冲击载荷下的拉伸撕裂临界条件开展研究,首先将均布冲击载荷下的固支单向加筋板简化为带板梁模型,基于固支梁冲击变形理论解给出了加筋板最大永久变形理论解,之后基于复合运动场模型,修正了固支梁端点拉伸应变与最大永久变形关系式,并以等效应变达到失效应变作为拉伸撕裂条件,建立了加筋板在冲击载荷下的拉伸撕裂临界条件。经过数值模拟验证,该最大永久变形理论解和拉伸撕裂临界条件具有适用性,理论与数值误差小于15%。     

金属损伤复合材料胶接修补结构力学试验研究

为评估金属损伤复合材料胶接修补结构的剩余强度和剩余寿命,进行了含腐蚀和疲劳损伤LY12CZ航空铝合金板碳/环氧复合材料补片胶接修复结构的力学性能试验,分析了在静拉伸和疲劳载荷作用下修补结构的破坏模式、失效机理。试验研究发现:复合材料胶接修补技术有效改善了腐蚀和疲劳损伤这两类损伤区域的受力状况,恢复了其载荷传递路线,其静拉伸失效形式为金属韧性断裂后胶层脱粘的分步渐进式破坏;与含损伤未修补试样相比,胶接修补大幅度提高了试件的剩余强度和剩余寿命恢复率,修补后铝合金试件承载能力增加了约25%,疲劳寿命增加至修补前的约4倍~5倍。     

基于平台圆环试样的无机玻璃动态拉伸性能研究

无机玻璃的拉伸强度往往远小于压缩强度,服役过程中玻璃大多会发生拉伸断裂.论文采用平台圆环(flattened circular ring, FCR)试样测试钠钙硅酸盐玻璃的拉伸性能.分别利用电子万能试验机和电磁分离式Hopkinson压杆(electromagnetic split Hopkinson pressure bar, ESHPB)开展准静态、动态单轴单向和单轴双向实验,加载过程中采用高速相机对试样的破坏过程进行观测.结果显示,该材料试样强度具有明显的正加载速率相关性.动态单轴双向加载可比单向加载更快实现应力平衡,但两种应力波加载方式下试样的动态拉伸强度大致相同.高速摄像与动态加载同步分析表明,这是因为试样的裂纹产生时刻与应力峰值时刻几乎同时产生.对三种形式的拉伸实验结果进行对比,发现拉伸强度受试样形状影响,这与试样断裂路径上的拉伸应力分布有关.     

激光选区熔化增材制造GP1不锈钢动态拉伸力学响应与层裂破坏

采用选择性激光熔化增材制造技术,制备了GP1不锈钢单轴拉伸板条试样和层裂圆片试样,并对材料微观结构进行了表征。借助Zwick-HTM5020高速拉伸试验机,并结合数字图像相关性全场应变测量技术,开展了增材制造GP1不锈钢材料的轴向拉伸力学性能实验研究,得到了不同应变率下材料的拉伸应力-应变曲线,结果显示:(1)GP1不锈钢流动应力具有比较显著的应变强化效应;(2)通过回收试样的电子背散射衍射表征,发现GP1不锈钢在拉伸变形过程中会发生奥氏体与马氏体之间的相变;(3)GP1不锈钢的屈服应力随着应变率呈幂指数增大,断裂应变在中低应变率下保持不变,但在高应变率下则显著减小。采用一级轻气炮实验装置和激光干涉粒子速度测量技术,开展了增材制造GP1不锈钢的层裂实验,发现GP1不锈钢的层裂强度随着飞片撞击速度增大而减小。单轴拉伸试样断口和层裂试样断口的显微分析结果表明:随着应变率增大,单轴拉伸断裂模式和断裂机理都发生了转变;层裂损伤易成核于激光熔池边界线的交汇处,断口韧窝形貌明显区别于单向拉伸断口。     

预应力混凝土结构的预应力测量技术的探索研究

本文着重叙述了在预应力轨枕模型和拉压双应力桥梁模型上采用环槽法和盲孔法测量模型预应力的方法,以及有关的分析计算结果.     

Deformation analysis of infinite-strip bearings of laminated elastic material interleaving with tension-only reinforcements

Bonding with fiber reinforcements can increase the stiffness of elastic layers only when the elastic layer is compressed. Fiber loses its rigidity when it is not stretched. The procedure to include this ‘tension-only’ nonlinearity in the deformation analysis of the fiber-reinforced bearing is developed. In the elastic layers bonded with tension-only reinforcements, the responses to the compression force and the bending moment are coupled unless the reinforcements are entirely in tension. The coupled relation, which is not linear, depends on the length of the tension zone in the reinforcement. Increasing the compression force on the bearings will extend the tension zone in the reinforcements and enhance the stiffness of the bearing, but the compression force may add more bending moment to the bearings and increase the lateral deformation. The vertical buckling load of the bearings with tension-only reinforcements varies with the lateral force and is smaller than the buckling load of the bearings with linear reinforcements.     

Liquid film flow due to an unsteady stretching sheet

We have studied two-dimensional flow of a thin liquid film over an impulsively stretching sheet under assumption of uniform initial film thickness. Using singular perturbation technique both momentum and film evolution equations are solved analytically for small Reynolds number and these solutions are verified numerically. Numerical computation for large Reynolds number shows an anomalous behaviour of film thinning rate in different time zone. These results are explained physically and the crucial role-played by viscosity in this case is highlighted. It is found that faster rate of thinning can be obtained if the sheet is stretched impulsively with continuously increasing stretching speed.     

The torsion of a composite,nonlinear-elastic cylinder with an inclusion having initial large strains

This article considers a static problem of torsion of a cylinder composed of incompressible, nonlinear-elastic materials at large deformations. The cylinder contains a central, round, cylindrical inclusion that was initially twisted and stretched (or compressed) along the axis and fastened to a strainless, external, hollow cylinder. The problem statement and solution are based on the theory of superimposed large strains. An accurate analytical solution of this problem based on the universal solution for the incompressible material is obtained for arbitrary nonlinear-elastic isotropic incompressible materials. The detailed investigation of the obtained solution is performed for the case in which the cylinders are composed of Mooney-type materials. The Poynting effect is considered, and it is revealed that composite cylinder torsion can involve both its stretching along the axis and compression in this direction without axial force, depending on the initial deformation.     

Impingement of surface waves on the edge of compressed ice

The impingement of small-amplitude surface waves on the edge of a solid compressed ice sheet in a basin of finite constant depth is considered. The influence of the cylindrical rigidity and the value of the compressing force on the dependence of the amplitude coefficients of reflection and transmission on the incident wave period is analyzed.Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 121–126, May–June, 1995.     

Heat transfer in stagnation-point flow towards a stretching sheet

 Steady two-dimensional stagnation-point flow of an incompressible viscous fluid over a flat deformable sheet is investigated when the sheet is stretched in its own plane with a velocity proportional to the distance from the stagnation-point. It is shown that for a fluid of small kinematic viscosity, a boundary layer is formed when the stretching velocity is less than the free stream velocity and an inverted boundary layer is formed when the stretching velocity exceeds the free stream velocity. Temperature distribution in the boundary layer is found when the surface is held at constant temperature and surface heat flux is determined. Received on 12 July 2000 / Published online: 29 November 2001     

Optomechanical soft metamaterials

We present a new type of optomechanical soft metamaterials, which is different from conventional mechan-ical metamaterials, in that they are simple isotropic and homogenous materials without resorting to any complex nano/microstructures. This metamaterial is unique in the sense that its responses to uniaxial forcing can be tailored by programmed laser inputs to manifest different nonlinear con-stitutive behaviors, such as monotonic, S-shape, plateau, and non-monotonic snapping performance. To demonstrate the novel metamaterial, a thin sheet of soft material impinged by two counterpropagating lasers along its thickness direction and stretched by an in-plane tensile mechanical force is con-sidered. A theoretical model is formulated to characterize the resulting optomechanical behavior of the thin sheet by com-bining the nonlinear elasticity theory of soft materials and the optical radiation stress theory. The optical radiation stresses predicted by the proposed model are validated by simula-tions based on the method of finite elements. Programmed optomechanical behaviors are subsequently explored using the validated model under different initial sheet thicknesses and different optical inputs, and the first-and second-order tangential stiffness of the metamaterial are used to plot the phase diagram of its nonlinear constitutive behaviors. The proposed optomechanical soft metamaterial shows great potential in biological medicine, microfluidic manipulation, and other fields.     

考虑进油压力的滑动轴承非线性油膜力数据库

通过对ReyTlolds方程的非线性变换，提出了考虑进油压力边界条件时径向滑动轴承非线性油膜力数据库的建库方法，扩展了油膜力数据库计算方法的应用，通过引入2个有限数据域的新变量对转子轴心速度项和进油压力边界条件进行有限化处理，得到了更符合实际工况的连续性油膜力数据库及计算模型，同有限元法对比分析了非线性油膜力数据库的适用性．结果表明，非线性油膜力数据库模型的精度较高，所建立的非线性油膜力计算模型可用于对转子系统瞬态运动进行简便和快捷的分析．     

Circles on the slowness surface of a cubic elastic material

It is well-known that either the outer or the medial sheet of the slowness surface of an elastic material with cubic symmetry intersects the cube faces in circles. In is shown here that there exist on the next sheet (medial or outer) three pairs of circles centred on the symmetry axes and situated in planes parallel to the cube faces.     

On the implementation of anisotropic yield functions into finite strain problems of sheet metal forming

In this article the implementation of anisotropic yield functions into finite element investigations of orthotropic sheets with planar anisotropy is discussed within a plane-stress context. Special attention is focused on the proper treatment of the orientation of the anisotropic axes during deformation into the finite-strain range. As an example problem the hydrostatic bulging of a membrane is considered in conjunction with a recently proposed anisotropic yield function. It is shown that the aspects of the plane-stress assumption, which do not come into consideration in isotropic analyses, can play an important role on the accuracy of the solution when the rotation of the orthotropic axes enters the computation directly due to the presence of material anisotropy. When the material anisotropy is considered and when the deformation of the workpiece is not limited to the plane of the undeformed sheet (such as cup drawing, hydrostatic bulging, etc.), the numerical experiments indicate that the only correct formulation is the one based on numerically imposing the requirement that for the plane-stress application, the in-plane material axes have to remain in the plane of the sheet during the deformation.