Cloud Attenuation in Millimeter Wave and Microwave Frequencies for Satellite Applications over Equatorial Climate

A propagation experiment has been carried out at Penang using the SUPERBIRD-C satellite beacon. Cloud occurrences were observed during different months and it is seen that the low cloud occurrences over Penang is very significant from October to January. The cloud attenuation results that are presented, which include the testing of models, have been obtained from the data gathered over five years. The specific attenuation of radio wave due to clouds at various frequencies 12 GHz, 20 GHz, 75 GHz, 50 GHz and 100 GHz has been estimated whereby the values varies from 0.14 dB/km at 12 GHz to 10.1 dB/km at 100 GHz.     

Cloud Characteristics and Cloud Attenuation in Millimeter Wave and Microwave Frequency Bands for Satellite and Remote Sensing Applications over a Northern Indian Tropical Station

Microwave and millimeter wave frequency bands are in demand for requirement of more channels in radio communication systems. It has also been recognized that microwave and millimeterwave frequency radiometers on board satellites as promising tools for remote sensing.The frequency more than 10 GHz is affected by rain and cloud. Though the effects of rain on radiowave is more than cloud but the occurence of cloud is more than rain. Cloud has been found to occur for weeks together over this part of the world. It is therefore essential to study cloud morphology over different geographical region.In this paper, an attempt has been made to the cloud occurrences over an Indian tropical station, Delhi (28.35°N, 77.12°E) observed during different months and daytime and nighttime. It is seen that low clouds occurrence over Delhi is very significant and particularly during July, August and September. The specific attenuation of radiowave due to clouds at various frequencies 10 GHz, 20 GHz, 50 GHz and 100 GHz has been deduced. The specific attenuation of radio wave due to cloud at 10 GHz varies from 0.0608 dB/km to 0.1190 dB/km while at 100 GHz the specific attenuation varies from 6.8460 dB/km to 11.9810 dB/km     

Cloud Morphology Over Three Indian Tropical Stations for Earth Space Communication

Microwave and millimeter wave frequency bands are in demand for requirement of larger bandwidth for various applications of radio systems. In future in India too, microwave and millimeter wave frequencies will be in use very extensively for radio communication purposes and remote sensing applications. But, the attenuation due to cloud as well as thermal noise associated with could in millimeter wave and microwave frequency bands are of great concern to system engineers and radio researchers. Both cloud attenuation and cloud noise temperature lead to degradation in the performance of microwave communication and radar propagation. The effects of rain on radio wave are more than cloud but the occurrence of cloud is more than rain. In some parts of India cloud occurs for weeks together. The cloud morphology particularly in relation to radio wave propagation over different geographical region of India is therefore very essential and important. In view of this, systematic studies on cloud occurrence morphology over different geographical locations in India have been undertaken. In recent past some results on cloud occurrences over different stations in India have been reported. In this paper, cloud characteristics and cloud attenuation over three more stations are presented. Based on low level cloud coverage observations, cloud occurrences frequency over Mumbai (19.07°N, 72.50°E), Nagpur (21.06°N, 79.03°E) and Ahmadabad (23.04°N, 72.38°E) situated in Indian tropical west coast, central plain and semi arid region of western India in different months during daytime and nighttime has been deduced. The low-level cloud over Mumbai, Nagpur and Ahamedabad has been found to occur for many days and nights and particularly in the months of June, July, August and September. The attenuation of radio wave due to clouds at various frequencies ∼10, 18, 32, 44 and 70 GHz over the aforesaid three stations also been deduced.     

Cloud Height, Cloud Temperature and Cloud Attenuation in Microwave and Millimeterwave Frequency Bands over Indian Tropical East Coast

Based on radar RHI (Range height indicator) measurements, cloud height has been deduced during the worst months (July–August) over Kolkata. Such cloud height results have been utilized to estimate cloud temperature. The attenuation of radiowave due to cloud in various probability levels has been determined in millimeter wave and microwave frequency bands. Such results on different probability levels are useful for satellite communication and remote sensing application over the aforesaid station in tropical India.     

Centimeter and millimeter wave attenuation by atmospheric gases and rainfall at a tropical station

The radiowave attenuation due to oxygen and water vapour has been computed over the frequency range 3–350 GHz making use of the mean surface air pressure, temperature and water vapour at Ile-Ife (geog. lat 7.5°N, long 4.5°E) in Southern Nigeria. It is observed that the attenuation at this tropical location is generally higher than at temperate climates. A similar analysis was performed for rainfall attenuation using rainfall intensity measurements. The results obtained with three different expressions for the rain height showed that a rain height of 3 km is a reasonable assumption for estimating earth-space rainfall attenuation at this location. It is found that for frequencies above 200 GHz, the polarization dependence of the specific attenuation due to rainfal becomes negligible. The computed attenuation is lower that that predicted using the corresponding CCIR rain climate data. The results show that whilst the contribution of oxygen and water vapour to the total atmospheric attenuation could be neglected when compared with rainfall attenuation up to about 150 GHz, the contribution becomes significant for frequencies above 190 GHz.     

Rain Height in Relation to 0°C Isotherm Height Over Some Indian Tropical Locations and Rain Attenuation for an Indian South Coastal Station for Microwave and Millimeter Wave Communication Systems

There is a dearth of results on rain height over Indian tropical stations.The results on rain height in relation to 0°C isotherm height over four stations having different latitudes are presented in this paper. Four stations have been chosen in such a way that all have different latitudes and are located in different geographical regions having different local weather conditions. The seaonal variation of rain height in relation to 0°C isotherm height has been found to be appreciable over the station located in Indian east coast and Gujarat region, while seasonal variation is not significant at lower and intermediate probability levels over the stations located in Indian south-east coast and island. The prevailing local weather conditions over different stations also have been discussed. Based on observed rain heights and rain rates, the attenuation of radio wave at different frequencies lying in the range from 10 GHz to 150 GHz for different probability levels over Indian south-east coastal station have been deduced and presented in this paper.     

Measurements of cloud contribution to rain millimeter wave attenuation by using a radar and radiometers

The measurement technique of cloud contribution to rain attenuation and the equipment consisted of the coherent pulse Doppler radar at wavelength =3.2 cm, the radiometers at=0.4; 0.8 and 1.35 cm and apparatus for signal recording and processing is described. The results of such measurements are given. The Doppler spectrum of the rain backscattered radar signal was used for determination of rain drop size distribution height profile then rain attenuation was calculated and cloud attenuation was determined as the difference between the total attenuation measured by using the radiometers and rain attenuation. The results of this work gave possibility to improve the known rain model of P.Misme for prediction of rain attenuation statistics for Earth-satellite links at millimeter wave.     

Rain induced depolarization from 1 GHz to 300 GHz in a tropical environment

The rain induced depolarization in a tropical environment has been studied using a tropical raindrop size distribution developed by Ajayi and Olsen (A-O). The differential attenuation, differential phase shift and cross polarization discrimination, XPD, were computed over a frequency range of 1GHz to 300GHz for spheroidal drops and up to 33GHz for Pruppacher-Pitter drops. The variations of XPD with frequency, rainfall rate and copolar attenuation, CPA, were investigated. A mathematical relationship was established between the XPD and the CPA, canting angle and frequency of propagation from 5GHz to 300 GHz for spheroidal drops and up to 33 GHz for Pruppacher-Pitter drops. The results obtained using the A-O drop size distribution have been compared with those assuming the Laws and Parsons (L-P) distribution. The Pruppacher-Pitter drop shape has been found to give rise to higher XPD, especially at low CPA and high frequencies.     

放电功率变化对电磁波在电感耦合闭式等离子体中的衰减特性

射频电感耦合等离子体(ICP)放电方式能够在较宽的压强范围内产生大面积、密度高的等离子体,在对电磁波衰减应用中具有较大优势。通过研究ICP等离子体与电磁波相互作用的过程,改进闭式等离子体模型,建立电磁波在非均匀等离子体中传播的分层计算模型,对实测诊断分布情形下等离子体与电磁波的相互作用进行研究,得到不同功率条件下电磁波衰减的变化情况;提出射频电感耦合闭式等离子体用于电磁波衰减的方法并实验验证,基于等离子体覆盖金属平板的测量模型,在实验室内搭建了以金属板为衬底的弓形微波反射测试系统,研究了闭式等离子体对4～8 GHz频段范围内微波反射的作用特性,以及不同射频功率对微波反射的影响规律,并将实验测量与计算结果进行对比分析。实验表明,通过功率调节,电感耦合闭式等离子体对5.92～6.8 GHz频带电磁波具有明显的衰减作用。     

Temperature Effects on Attenuation Due to Rain for Millimeter and Centimeter Waves

Radio wave operating in millimetrewave and microwave frequency bands are adversely affected due to rain. Particularly the attenuation is of immense significance for sensitive remote measurements by satellites using frequencies greater than 10 GHz. Maintenance of an uninterrupted communication link requires a precise knowledge of the attenuation effect due to rain for commissioning right kind of transmitting sources for various purposes required in present day situation. Precise measurement of attenuation at various frequencies will enable us to choose the right frequency, polarization, incident angle and power of the source for different purposes. In this paper we have compared the results of earlier works using aR^b Olsen et al, (1) and the formulation by Moupfouma, (2) on the basis of theoretical analysis for explaining the observed results. Effect of temperature, considered in detail in this communication, has contributed the necessary correction factor of the rain attenuation for explaining the observed results. Theoretical analyses to measure the attenuation of the propagating wave due to temperature variation in the rain path have been presented. Correction factor due to temperature profile (temperature from the ground to the rain height within which the radio wave traces its path) has been incorporated in two models by using the concept of dipole energy changes. The effect of this temperature is noted to be quite significant and incorporates an error to the extent of 7–8%.     

Radiometric Measurements of Rain Attenuation at 22.2 and 31.4 GHz Over Calcutta

Measurements of rain attenuation over Calcutta have been made using radiometers operating at frequencies of 22.235 and 31.4 GHz. The results have been correlated with observations of rainfall rates made with a fast-response rain gauge. The distributions of peak rain rates over Calcutta for two different years and the cumulative occurrences of rainfall rates and attenuations at the two frequencies are presented.     

复杂大气背景下机载通信终端与无人机目标之间的激光传输特性研究

云层、气溶胶和大气分子是大气环境的主要组成部分.本文基于逐次散射法求解辐射传输方程,建立了复杂大气背景下机载无线光通信终端与地空无人机目标之间的激光传输模型.考虑真实大气背景中卷云、大气分子和气溶胶存在的情况下,数值计算了1.55 mm激光经机载通信终端发出后通过大气背景的直接传输和一阶散射传输后接收功率随无人机目标高度的变化关系,分析了飞机在云上、云中和云下以及卷云冰晶粒子有效半径、飞机与无人机之间的水平距离对接收激光信号传输功率的影响.数值结果表明:激光通过卷云传输的功率很大程度上取决于飞机在云上、云下或云中的位置;飞机与无人机目标之间的水平距离和卷云冰晶粒子的有效半径对激光直接传输和一阶散射传输影响较大;与云上大气相比,云下的大气分子和气溶胶对激光有较大的衰减.本文工作可为进一步开展地空链路上复杂大气背景对机载与低空无人机目标激光通信实验、无人机编队、指挥和组网技术的研究提供理论支撑.     

Measurement of Equivalent Dielectric Parameters of Sandstorms from the Microwave Attenuation

The theory is presented for one method of determining the equivalent dielectric parameters of sand storms from microwave propagation measurement over a line of sight link. The method required the transmission of linear polarized or circle-polarized signal and attenuation measurement. The equivalent dielectric parameters of sandstorms determined at frequencies of 33.5 GHz and 93 GHz over a terrestrial link.     

Attenuation of Centimetre, Millimetre and Sub-Millimetre Waves Due to Rain Over Tropical Indian Stations

The results on attenuation of the radio wave due to rain at frequencies lying in the centimetre, millimetre and submillimetre wave bands for different rain rates over three Indian tropical stations are presented in this paper. The study is possible due to the availability of the rainfall rates measured by rapid response rain gauges and rain height over these stations. The results on attenuation were deduced by taking both 0° C isotherm height and effective height. The Stutzman and Dishman model with -value of 0.033 which is found suitable for the estimation of rain attenuation over the Indian stations has been critically examined in comparison with the attenuations deduced from CCIR (presently known as ITU-R) method.     

Statistical Prediction Modeling of Rain Induced Attenuation and Depolarization

Millimeter wave rain co-polarization attenuation, CPA, and cross polarization discrimination, XPD, measurements have been made at 35GHz and 94GHz over a line-of-sight link. On the basis of these experimental results, a study of this rain medium has been made with the method of link measurements. In this paper, we presented a statistical prediction modeling of rain-induced attenuation and depolarization from the statistical distribution of the rain intensity, and the size, and canting angle of raindrops. Our computational results are in good agreement with data of measurements.     

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利用搭建的实验测量系统,从放电单元数量、放电单元分布及放电电压三个方面进行实验,测量了柱状放电等离子体阵列对2~18GHz TM电磁波的透射衰减影响.结果表明,放电单元数量的减少可以改善等离子体对10~18GHz入射波的衰减效果;在整个2~18GHz范围内,等离子体放电单元之间取适当的间距可以提高等离子体对入射电磁波的衰减性能;放电电压的增大有利于增大衰减程度和扩大衰减频带范围.     

Shift of millimeterwave window frequencies in relation to tropospheric radio meteorological parameters

In view of wide application areas of the millimeterwave frequency band (18–300 GHz) in recent years for various civil and defence applications including radar and communications, remote sensing and radio astronomy, we were prompted to undertake a theoretical estimate of the variation of specific attenuation (dB/Km) with radio meteorological parameters in clear weather conditions. The results of the estimation of the attenuation in this frequency band for some major locations in India from available radio meteorological data from NOAA, USA are presented in this paper. An appreciable amount of shift, which is mainly a function of the atmospheric pressure, temperature and relative humidity was noticeable in each of the window frequencies around 35, 94, 140 GHz and 220 GHz.     

典型大气窗口太赫兹波传输特性和信道分析

在已有大气传输模型的基础上,发展了新的太赫兹波大气传输衰减与色散模型,对宽频太赫兹波在真实大气中传输的衰减和色散特性进行了数值模拟研究.改进太赫兹时域光谱技术,对0.3—2.0 THz频段太赫兹波的大气传输特性进行了透射光谱测量,并得到了一组连续吸收参数.比对发现实验窗口区强度和吸收峰的位置都与计算结果符合得很好.据此选取了三个可行的信道:340,410和667 GHz窗口区,利用线性色散理论和无线通信原理分别从物理上精确地计算了这些信道的群速色散参数和信道容量,并分析了影响最大传输数据率的因素-天线增益.研究结果表明:太赫兹波大气传输1 km时,这三个信道群速色散很小,信号不易被展宽;最大传输速率达十几Gbps,高于单模光纤,但需要更高的天线增益.     

Sound attenuation in X-cut quartz,a-cut sapphire,and (100)-cut diamond at 70 GHz

The recently developed method of linear frequency modulation of a continuous wave (FM-CW) in soundecho experiments was applied to measure the sound attenuation in single crystals at 70 GHz. The residual sound attenuation at low temperatures and the crystal inhomogeneity were investigated using the method of sound-beam topography in several crystals of X-cut quartz and of a-cut sapphire of different origin. The temperature dependent part of attenuation was also determined and compared with other investigations, especially at 9 GHz and 1 GHz. We also present sound-attenuation measurements in (100)-cut type IIa diamond which are the first ever made in diamond. Echoes were observed up to 230 K at 70 GHz.     

掺还原铁粉混凝土板反射和透射性能

通过控制混凝土板的厚度、混凝土板中还原铁粉掺量、在混凝土板中加钢丝网,研究混凝土板对电磁波的反射和透射性能。反射率测量采用弓形架测试方法,透射衰减测量采用两端口测试方法。混凝土板对电磁波的反射率测试频段为2~18GHz,透射衰减测试频段为12~18GHz。不同的混凝土板对电磁波的反射率在-5dB左右。40mm厚的混凝土板中还原铁粉的掺量超过200kg/m3时,电磁波的透射衰减量可达到-50dB以上。通过分析实验结果,发现混凝土板的厚度、混凝土板中还原铁粉掺量和钢丝网对反射率大小影响较小,对透射衰减量影响较大。